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LIBRARY 

Connecticut  Agricultural  College 


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Tables  and  diagrams  of  the  ttiermal 


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STEAM  TABLES  AND  DIAGRAMS 


MARKS  AND  DAVIS 


TABLES    AND    DIAGRAMS 


OF 


THE   THERMAL   PROPERTIES   OF 
SATURATED  AND  SUPERHEATED 

STEAM 


BY 

LIONEL   S.  MARKS,  M.M.E. 

PROFESSOR    OF    MECHANICAL    ENGINEERING,     HARVARD    UNIVERSITY    AND    MASSACHUSETTS 

INSTITUTE    OF    TECHNOLOGY 

AND 

HARVEY    N.  DAVIS,  Ph.D. 

PROFESSOR    OF    MECHANICAL    KNGINEERING,    HARVARD    UNIVERSITY 


Fourteenth  Impression 


L  O  N  G  ]M  A  N  S  ,     GREEN     AND     CO 

55    FIFTH    AVENUE,    NEW    YORK 

39  PATERNOSTER  ROW,  LONDON,  E.G.  4 

TORONTO,    BOMBAY,    CALCUTTA,    AND    MADRAS 

1927 


COPYRIGHT,    1909,    BY    LONGMANS,    GREEN   &   CO. 
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PREFACE 

The  tables  of  the  properties  of  saturated  steam  which  have  appeared  up  to  the  present 
time  have  all  been  based  upon  the  classic  investigations  of  Regnault,  carried  out 
more  than  sixty  years  ago.  It  has  been  apparent  for  some  time  that  the  total  heatf 
of  dry  and  saturated  steam,  as  determined  by  those  admirable  researches,  are  belo^\ 
the  correct  values.  The  great  difficulty  in  obtaining  steam  which  is  exactly  dry  and 
saturated  has  not  been  appreciated  until  very  recently;  and  it  is  undoubtedly  true 
that  Regnault  was  investigating  steam  containing  a  small  amount  of  moisture  when 
he  tliought  that  he  was  dealing  with  dry  steam.  Fortunately,  the  recent  investiga- 
tions of  Dieterici,  Smith  Griffiths,  Henning  and  Joly  give  a  trustworthy  body  of 
new  values  of  the  total  heat  of  dry  steam  at  pressures  below  atmospheric  pressure  ; 
while  the  method  recently  elaborated  by  Davis,  when  applied  to  the  throttling 
experiments  of  Grindley,  of  Peake,  and  of  Griessmann,  gives  remarkably  accordant 
determinations  at  pressures  above  atmospheric  pressure.  The  table  which  we  have 
prepared  is  based  entirely  upon  these  new  values,  and  is  probably  correct  to  one 
tenth  of  one  per  cent  within  the  range  of  steam  pressures  usual  in  engineering  practice. 
Regnault's  formula  gives  results  which  are  too  high  by  i8  B.  t.  u.  at  32°  F.  ;  too  low 
by  6  B.  t.  u.  at  275°  F.  ;  and  again  too  high  at  380°  F.;  the  error  increasing  rapidly 
at  higher  temperatures. 

The  investigations  of  Knoblauch,  of  Thomas  and  of  Henning  are  the  necessary 
basis  for  any  determinations  of  the  properties  of  superheated  steam.  These  investi- 
gations have  been  subjected  to  a  careful  analysis,  both  as  to  the  probable  errors 
resulting  from  the  methods  of  experimentation,  and  also  as  to  the  relation  of  the 
experimental  results  to  the  values  deduced  from  thermodynamic  theory,  so  far  as  this 
latter  throws  any  light  on  the  matter.  Where  the  results  of  the  separate  investiga- 
tions are  not  closely  accordant,  a  critical  estimate  has  been  made  of  the  relative 
values  to  be  given  to  each,  in  the  region  under  consideration.  The  properties  of  super- 
heated steam  are  tabulated  for  every  pound  pressure,  and  for  every  ten  degrees  of 
superheat,  within  a  range  which  exceeds  present  practice.  All  the  information  relating 
to  superheated  steam  of  any  pressure  is  given  on  one  double-page;  an  arrangement 
which  permits  the  immediate  finding  of  any  desired  quantity.  Supplementary  tables 
extend  the  superheated  steam  table  to  very  high  temperatures  and  give  the  properties 
of  water,  metric  conversion  factors,  Naperian  logarithms  and  other  quantities. 

Beside  the  tables,  we  have  prepared  two  large  diagrams  showing  the  properties  of 
saturated  and  superheated  steam,  These  diagrams  can  be  used,  instead  of  the  tables, 
for  finding  the  total  heat,  entropy  and  specific  volume  of  steam  of  any  known  quality 
or  superheat  (within  an  extended  range);  but  their  chief  purpose  is  to  facilitate 
certain  calculations.    In  consequence  of  the  variation  of  the  specific  heat  of  super- 


(3> 


PREFACE 

heated  steam  with  both  pressure  and  temperature,  the  solution  of  commonly  occurring 
problems  involving  superheated  steam  is  either  laborious  or  approximate.  If  the 
tables  are  arranged  in  such  a  manner  as  to  aid  the  solution  of  problems  of  one  class, 
they  become  inconvenient  for  other  purposes.  The  total  heat-entropy  diagram,  de- 
vised by  Mollier,  makes  it  possible  to  solve  immediately  many  of  the  problems  which 
arise  in  connection  with  either  saturated  or  superheated  steam.  A  total  heat-pressure 
diagram,  showing  specific  volumes,  permits  the  solution  of  problems  involving  vol- 
umes. By  the  use  of  the  two  diagrams,  either  separately  or  together,  a  large  number 
of  the  steam  problems  occurring  in  the  design  of  engines  and  turbines,  or  in  con- 
nection with  the  flow  of  steam,  or  its  throttling,  can  be  solved  without  any  calculation. 
These  two  diagrams  have  been  plotted  with  great  care  from  the  data  given  in  the 
tables,  and  should  prove  useful  to  all  engineers  or  students  engaged  in  making  calcu- 
lations which  involve  saturated  or  superheated  steam. 

The  authors  desire  to  express  their  indebtedness  to  Professor  E.  V.  Huntington  for 
the  use  of  the  plates  of  his  four-place  tables  of  logarithms,  and  to  Mr.  M.  R.  Wolfard, 
S.  B.,  for  his  patient  and  skilful  assistance  in  the  arduous  work  of  computation  and 
in  drawing  the  diagrams. 

L.  S.  M. 

H.  N.  D 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  December,  1908. 


Note  to  the  1916  Reprint.  The  experimental  information  which  has  become  avail- 
able since  these  tables  were  computed  does  not  justify  any  appreciable  change  in  them 
except  in  one  respect.  The  work  of  Holborn  and  Baumann  *  on  the  pressure-temperature 
relations  of  saturated  steam  at  high  pressures  should  apparently  be  accepted  in  preference 
to  all  previous  work.  The  pressures  involved  are  from  400  lb.  per  sq.  in.  to  the  critical 
pressure  and  are  consequently  outside  the  range  of  usual  engineering  experience.  The  last 
few  entries  in  Tables  1,2,  3,  and  6  have  been  changed  to  bring  them  into  agreement  with 
this  new  information. 

A  new  Mollier  chart  has  been  prepared  which  will  be  found  to  be  more  convenien'. 
than  the  earlier  Diagram  I. 

L.  S.  M. 

H.  N.  D. 
CAMBRroGE,  Mass.,  August,  1916. 

*  Marks,  Trans.  Am.  Soc.  Mech.  Eng.,  vol.  i^;}  (1911). 


t4) 


CONTENTS 

Part     I.  Tables  and  Diagrams 

Description  of  tables ,-,.,,....  6 

Description  of  diagrams , 7 

Tables 

1.  Saturated  steam:  temperature  table      8 

2.  Saturated  steam:  pressure  table 16 

3.  Saturated  and  superheated  steam 22 

4.  Superheated  steam  at  high  superheats      .     .         ....  66 

5.  Boiling  points,  for  thermometer  calibrations    .     .     ,     .     .  67 

6.  TaERMAL  properties  of  water 68 

7.  Conversion  tables ,     .     .  70 

8.  Logarithms  to  the  base  10     ............  72 

9.  Logarithms  to  the  base  e  .,.„.,.......  76 

Diagrams  (at  end  of  book) 

I.  Total  heat-entropy  diagram 
II.  Total  heat-pressure  diagram 

Part    II,  The  Use  of  the  Diagrams 

General  discussion , 78 

Solutions  of  illustrative  problems    = ,     .     .  80 

Part  III.  Discussion  of  Sources 

1.  Absolute  temperature 87 

2.  The  specific  heat  of  water 88 

3.  The  mechanical  equivalent  of  heat 92 

4.  The  pressure-temperature  relation 93 

5.  The  specific  heat  of  superheated  steam 95 

6.  The  specific  volume  of  superheated  steam 98 

7.  The  total  heat  of  saturated  steam       98 

8.  The  specific  volume  of  saturated  steam 102 

9.  The  volume  of  saturated  steam  at  high  temperatures     .  103 
10.  The  computation  of  the  tables 106 


Ci 


THE  TABLES 

Of  the  three  main  steam  tables,  the  first  and  second  are  for  water  and  saturated  steam 
only,  and  give  explicitly  all  of  the  properties  that  are  ordinarily  needed.  Table  3  is 
primarily  for  superheated  steam,  but  includes  saturated  steam  as  the  special  case  of 
zero  superheat. 

In  Table  i,  the  argument  is  the  temperature.  This  table  is  useful  for  hygrometric  and 
other  purposes  as  well  as  for  steam  engineering.  To  facilitate  the  handling  of  con- 
denser vacuums,  all  pressures  below  one  atmosphere  are  given  in  inches  of  mercury  as 
well  as  in  lbs.  per  sq.  in.  The  use  of  this  table  in  accurate  calorimetry  is  made  possible 
by  giving  the  heat  of  the  liquid  to  hundredths  of  a  mean  B.  t.  u.  between  32°  and  212°. 

The  data  upon  which  steam  tables  must  be  based  are  well  known  only  to  about 
400°.  It  is,  however,  often  convenient  to  be  able  to  work  roughly  at  much  higher  tem- 
peratures. Table  i  has,  therefore,  been  extended  to  the  critical  point  itself,  but  the 
values  above  400°  should  not  be  used  with  too  much  confidence  (see  the  discussion 
cf  sources  in  Part  III  of  this  book). 

In  Tables  2  and  3,  the  argument  is  the  pressure.  These  tables  extend  to  600  lbs.,  the 
values  above  250  lbs.  being  less  certain  than  those  below.  Table  3  can  be  extended 
to  very  high  superheats  by  means  of  Table  4. 

There  is  also  a  table  of  boiling  points  for  use  in  calibrating  thermometers,  a  table 
of  the  thermal  properties  of  water,  a  full  set  of  conversion  tables,  particularly  for 
energy  units,  and  tables  of  four-place  logarithms,  both  common  and  Naperian. 

The  unit  of  heat  and  of  energy  in  these  tables  is  a  "  mean  B.  t.  u.,"  that  is,  1/180  of 
the  heat  needed  to  raise  one  pound  of  water  from  the  freezing  to  the  boiling  point.  The 
use  of  such  a  unit  instead  of  the  B.  t.  u.  at  60°  F.  corresponds  to  the  rapidly  increas- 
ing use  of  the  Bunsen  or  mean  calorie  in  the  metric  system,  and  has  many  advantages, 
among  which  is  the  ease  with  which  tables  based  on  the  two  mean  units  can  be  com- 
pared. The  most  important  reason  for  such  a  choice  in  these  tables  is  that,  at  the 
present  time,  the  value  of  the  mean  unit  is  better  known  than  that  of  the  60°  unit,  be- 
cause of  the  rapidity  with  which  the  specific  heat  of  water  changes  with  the  tempera- 
ture near  60°.  The  mean  B.  t.  u.  is  larger  than  the  60°  B.  t.  u.  by  between  three  and 
ten  hundredths  of  one  per  cent,  a  difference  that  is  negligible  for  engineering  purposes 


<6) 


THE   DIAGRAMS 

I.v  order  to  facilitate  the  solution  of  many  problems  of  common  occurrence,  twc 
large  diagrams  have  been  prepared  to  accompany  this  book. 

The  Total  Heat-Entropy  Diagram  (Diagram  I)  has  two  families  of  curves:  {a) 
curvesof  constant  pressure,  and  {b)  curves  of  constant  quality  and  constant  superheat. 
The  ordinates  are  total  heat  {i.  e.  heat  of  formation  measured  above  water  at  32°  F.) ; 
the  abscissae  are  entropies.  Vertical  lines  are  lines  of  constant  entropy  and  show  the 
change  in  the  condition  of  steam  during  adiabatic  expansion.  Measurements  aloiig 
vertical  lines  give  the  change  in  the  total  heat  of  steam  during  adiabatic  expansion 
(which  is  equal  to  the  work  done  in  the  Rankine  ideal  cycle) ;  the  same  measurements 
transferred  to  the  velocity  scale  give  the  theoretical  velocity  of  escape  of  steam  through 
a  properly  shaped  orifice  or  nozzle.  Horizontal  lines  are  lines  of  constant  total  heat; 
they  show  the  change  in  the  condition  of  steam  which  results  from  throttling. 

The  Total  Heat-Pressure  Diagram  (Diagram  II)  has  two  families  of  curves:  (a) 
curves  of  constant  specific  volume,  and  (b)  curves  of  constant  quality  and  constant 
superheat.  The  ordinates  are  total  heats;  the  abscissae,  pressures.  Vertical  lines  are 
lines  of  constant  pressure;  measurements  along  vertical  lines  give  the  heat  supply 
accompanying  changes  of  volume  or  quality  at  constant  pressure.  Horizontal  lines 
are  lines  of  constant  total  heat ;  they  show  the  change  of  volume  and  condition  of  the 
steam  resulting  from  throttling.  The  scale  of  abscissae  is  a  uniform  scale  of  tem- 
peratures of  saturated  steam,  which  gives  a  varying  scale  of  steam  pressures.  This 
varying  scale  has  the  advantage  of  spreading  out  the  specific  volume  curves  at  low 
pressures. 

The  use  of  total  heats  as  ordinates  has  certain  special  advantages.  The  energy 
given  up  by  steam  that  is  passing  through  any  appliance  is  equal  to  the  difference 
between  the  total  heat  of  the  entering  and  of  the  leaving  steam.  This  difference  is 
represented  by  vertical  measurements  on  the  diagram. 

The  method  of  using  these  diagrams  for  the  solution  of  problems  is  explained  in 
detail  in  Part  II. 


(7) 


Table  1.   Saturated  Steam:  Temperature  Table 


Temp. 

Pressure 

Sp.  Vol. 

Density 

Heat     Latent      Total 

lolernal  Energy 

Entropy 

lbs.  per 
sq.    in. 

inches 
of  Hg. 

cu.   ft. 
per  lb. 

lbs  per 
cu.    ft, 

of  the    heat  of    heat  of 
liquid     evap.      stfi^m 

h  or  q    L  or  r      \H) 

Evap.      Steam 

Temp. 
Fahr. 

Fahr. 

Water 

Evap, 

Steam 

t 

P 

— 

\_v  or  s 

i/v 

lorp       (T) 

^re 

L/Torr/T 

Nor* 

t 

32° 

0.0886 

0.1804 

3294. 

0.000304 

0.00  1073.4  1073.4 

1019.3  1019.3 

0.0000 

2.1832 

2.1832 

32° 

33 

0.0922 

0.1878 

3170. 

0.000316 

1.01  1072.8  1073.8 

1018.6  1019.6 

0.0020 

2.1777 

2.1797 

33 

34 

0.0960 

0.1955 

3052. 

0.000328 

2.01  1072.2  1074.2 

1018.0  1020.0 

0.0041 

2.1721 

2.1762 

34 

36° 

0.0999 

0.2034 

2938. 

0.000340 

3.02  1071.7  1074,7 

1017.3  1020.3 

0.0062 

2.1666 

2.1728 

35^ 

36 

0.1040 

0.2117 

2829. 

0.000353 

4.03  1071.1  1075.1 

1016.6  1020.7 

0.0082 

2.1611 

2.1693 

36 

37 

0.1081 

0.2202 

2725. 

0.000367 

5.04  1070.6  1075.6 

1016.0  1021.0 

0.0102 

2.1557 

2.1659 

37 

38 

0.1125 

0.2290 

2626. 

0.000381 

6.04  1070.0  1076.0 

1015.3  1021.3 

0,0122 

2.1503 

2.1625 

38 

39 

0.1170 

0.2382 

2530. 

0.000395 

7.05  1069.4  1076.5 

1014.6  1021.7 

0.0142 

2.1449 

2.1591 

39 

40° 

0.1217 

0.2477 

2438. 

0.000410 

8.05  1068.9  1076.9 

1014.0  1022.0 

0.0162 

2.1394 

2.1556 

40° 

41 

0.1265 

0.2575 

2350. 

0.000425 

9.05  1068.3  1077.4 

1013.3  1022.3 

0.0182 

2.1341 

2.1523 

41 

42 

0.1315 

0.2677 

2266. 

0.000441 

10.06  1067.8  1077.8 

1012.6  1022.7 

0.0202 

2.1287 

2.1489 

42 

43 

0.1366 

0.2782 

2185. 

0.000458 

11.06  1067.2  1078.3 

1012.0  1023.0 

0.0222 

2.1234 

2,1456 

43 

44 

0.1420 

0.2890 

2107. 

0.000475 

12.06  1066.7  1078.7 

1011.3  1023.4 

0.0242 

2.1181 

2.1423 

44 

45° 

0.1475 

0.3002 

2033. 

0.000492 

13.07  1066.1  1079.2 

1010.6  1023.7 

0,0262 

2,1127 

2.1389 

45° 

46 

0.1532 

0.3118 

1961. 

0.000510 

14.07  1065.6  1079.6 

1010.0  1024.0 

0,0282 

2.1074 

2.1356 

46 

47 

0.1591 

0.3238 

1892. 

0.000529 

15.07  1065.0  1080.1 

1009.3  1024.4 

0.0301 

2.1022 

2.1323 

47 

48 

0.1651 

0.3363 

1826. 

0.000548 

16.07  1064.5  1080.5 

1008.6  1024.7 

0,0321 

2.0970 

2.1291 

48 

49 

0.1715 

0.3492 

1763. 

0.000567 

17.08  1063.9  1081.0 

1007.9  1025.0 

0.0341 

2.0917 

2.1258 

49 

50° 

0.1780 

0.3625 

1702. 

0.000587 

18.08  1063.3  1081.4 

1007.3  1025.4 

0.0361 

2.0865 

2.1226 

60° 

61 

0.1848 

0.3762 

1643. 

0.000608 

19.08  1062.8  1081.9 

1006.6  1025.7 

0.0381 

2.0814 

2.1195 

51 

62 

0.1917 

0.3903 

1586. 

0.000630 

20.08  1062.2  1082.3 

1006.0  1026.1 

0.0401 

2.0763 

2.1164 

62 

53 

0.1989 

0.4049 

1532. 

0.000653 

21.08  1061.7  1082.7 

1005.3  1026.4 

0.0420 

2.0712 

2.1132 

63 

54 

0.2063 

0.4201 

1480. 

0.000676 

22.08  1061.1  1083.2 

1004.6  1026.7 

0.0440 

2.0660 

2.1100 

54 

56°  0.2140  0.4357  1430.  0.000700  23.08  1060.6  1083.6  1004,0  1027.1  0.0459  2.0609  2.1068  65'* 

66  0.2219  0.4518  1381.  0.000724  24.08  1060.0  1084.1  1003.3  1027.4  0.0478  2.0559  2.1037  66 

57  0.2301  0.4684  1335.  0.000749  25.08  1059.5  1084.5  1002.7  1027.7  0.0498  2.0508  2.1006  57 

58  0.2385  0.4856  1291.  0.000775  26.08  1058.9  1085.0  1002.0  1028.1  0.0517  2.0458  2.0975  58 

59  0.2472  0.5034  1249.  0.000801  27.08  1058.3  1085.4  1001.3  1028.4  0.0536  2.0408  2.0944  69 

60°  0.2562  0.522  1208.  0.000828  28.08  1057.8  1085.9  1000.7  1028.7  0.0555  2.0358  2.0913  60° 

61  0.2654  0.541  1168.  0.000856  29.08  1057.2  1086.3  1000.0  1029.1  0.0574  2.0308  2.0882  61 

62  0.2749  0.560  1130.  0.000885  30.08  1056.7  1086.8  999.3  1029.4  0.0593  2.0258  2.0851  62 

63  0.2847  0.580  1093.  0.000915  31.07  1056.1  1087.2  998.7  1029.8  0.0612  2.0209  2.0821  63 

64  0.2949  0.601  1058.  0.000946  32.07  1055.6  1087.6  998.0  1030.1  0.0631  2.0160  2.0791  64 


65° 

0.3054 

0.622 

1024. 

0.000977 

33.07  1055.0  1088.1 

997.4  1030.4 

0.0650 

2.0110 

2.0760 

65' 

66 

0.3161 

0.644 

991. 

0.001009 

34.07  1054.5  1088.5 

996.7  1030.8 

0.0669 

2,0062 

2.0731 

66 

67 

0.3272 

0.667 

959. 

0.001043 

35.07  1053.9  1089.0 

996.0  1031.1 

0.0688 

2.0013 

2.0701 

67 

68 

0.3386 

0.690 

928. 

0.001077 

36.07  1053.4  1089.4 

995.4  1031.4 

0.0707 

1.9965 

2,0672 

68 

69 

0.3504 

0.714 

899. 

0.001112 

37.06  1052.8  1089.9 

994.7  1031.8 

0.0726 

1.9916 

2.0642 

69 

70° 

0.3626 

0.739 

871. 

0.001148 

38.06  1052.3  1090.3 

994.0  1032.1 

0.0745 

1.9868 

2.0613 

70' 

71 

0.3751 

0.764 

843. 

0.001186 

39.06  1051.7  1090.8 

993.4  1032.4 

0.0764 

1.9821 

2.0585 

71 

72 

0.3880 

0.790 

817. 

0.001224 

40.05  1051.2  1091.2 

992.7  1032.8 

0.0783 

1.9773 

2.0556 

72 

73 

0.4012 

0.817 

792. 

0.001263 

41.05  1050.6  1091.6 

992.0  1033.1 

0.0802 

1.9726 

2.0528 

73 

74 

0.4148 

0.845 

767. 

0.001304 

42.05  1050.0  1092.1 

991.4  1033.4 

0.0821 

1.9678 

2.0499 

74 

75° 

0.4288 

0.873 

743. 

0.001346 

43.05  1049.5  1092.5 

990.7  1033.8 

0.0840 

1.9631 

2.0471 

75' 

76 

0.4432 

0.903 

720. 

0.001389 

44.04  1048.9  1093.0 

990.1  1034.1 

0.0858 

1.9585 

2.0443 

76 

77 

0.4581 

0.933 

698. 

0.001433 

45.04  1048.4  1093.4 

989.4  1034.4 

0.0876 

1.9538 

2.0414 

77 

78 

0.4735 

0.964 

677. 

0.001477 

46.04  1047.8  1093.9 

988.7  1034.8 

0.0895 

1.9491 

2.0386 

78 

79 

0.4893 

0.996 

657. 

0.001523 

47.04  1047.3  1094.3 

988.1  1035.1 

0.0913 

1.9445 

2.0358 

79 

T°=t°  +  459,6!  J=777.5ft.lbs.perB.t,n.  [log  =  2.89  07111  A=  Vj  =  1.286  XIQ-^*!  144  A=: 0.1852  [log= 1.26  764 j. 

For  water,  at  45^  (0.15  lbs.),  sp.  vol.,  v'  or  a  =  0.01602  cu.  ft.  per  lb, ;  i/v'  =  62.4  lbs,  per  cu.  ft. ;  144  Apv'  =  0.0004  B.t.u,  | 

at  70^  (0.36  lbs,),  v' or  <^=  0,01605  "  j  Vv'  =  62.3  "  ;  144  Apv' =  0,001       "    . 

(8) 


Table  1 :  Temperatures 


Temp, 
Fahr. 

Pressure 
lbs.  per    inches 
sq.    in.    of  Hg. 

So.  Vol. 
cu    ft. 
per  lb, 

Density 
lbs.  per 
cu.    a 

Heat     Latent 
of  the    heat  of 
liquid     evap. 

Total 
heat  of 
steam 

t 

P 

- 

V  or  s 

l/y 

h  or  q     L  or  r 

H 

80° 

0.505 

1.029 

636.8 

0.001570 

48.03  1046.7 

1094.8 

81 

0.522 

1.063 

617.5 

0.001619 

49.03  1046.2 

1095.2 

82 

0.539 

1.098 

598.7 

0.001670 

50.03  1045.6 

1095.6 

83 

0.557 

1.134 

580.5 

0.001723 

51.02  1045.1 

1096.1 

84 

0.575 

1.171 

562.9 

0.001777 

52.02  1044.5 

1096.5 

86° 

0.594 

1.209 

545.9 

0.001832 

53.02  1044.0 

1097.0 

86 

0.613 

1.248 

529.5 

0.001889 

54.01  1043.4 

1097.4 

87 

0.633 

1.289 

513.7 

0.001947 

55.01  1042.8 

1097.9 

88 

0.654 

1.331 

498.4 

0.002007 

56.01  1042.2 

1098.3 

89 

0.675 

1.373 

483.6 

0.002068 

57.00  1041.7 

1098.7 

90° 

0.696 

1.417 

469.3 

0.002131 

58.00  1041.2 

1099.2 

91 

0.718 

1.462 

455.5 

0.002195 

59.00  1040.6 

1099.6 

92 

0.741 

1.508 

442.2 

0.002261 

60.00  1040.0 

1100.1 

93 

0.765 

1.556 

429.4 

0.002329 

60.99  1039.5 

1100.5 

94 

0.789 

1.605 

417.0 

0.002398 

61.99  1039.0 

1101.0 

95° 

0.813 

1.655 

405.0 

0.002469 

62.99  1038.4 

1101.4 

96 

0.838 

1.706 

393.4 

0.002542 

63.98  1037.8 

1101.8 

97 

0.864 

1.759 

382.2 

0.002617 

64.98  1037.3 

1102.3 

98 

0.891 

1.813 

371.4 

0.002693 

65.98  1036.7 

1102.8 

99 

0.918 

1.869 

360.9 

0.002771 

66.97  1036.2 

1103.2 

100° 

0.946 

1.926 

350.8 

0.002851 

67.97  1035.6 

1103.6 

101 

0.975 

1.985 

341.0 

0.002933 

68.97  1035.1 

1104.0 

102 

1.005 

2.045 

331.5 

0.003017 

69.96  1034.5 

1104.5 

103 

1.035 

2.107 

322.2 

0.003104 

70.96  1034.0 

1104.9 

104 

1.066 

2.171 

313.3 

0.003192 

71.96  1033.4  1105.3 

105° 

1.098 

2.236 

304.7 

0.003282 

72.95  1032.8 

1105.8 

106 

1.131 

2.303 

296.4 

0.003374 

73.95  1032.3 

1106.2 

107 

1.165 

2.372 

288.3 

0.003469 

74.95  1031.7 

1106.7 

108 

1.199 

2.443 

280.5 

0.003565 

75.95  1031.2 

1107.1 

109 

1.235 

2.515 

272.9 

0.003664 

76.94  1030.6 

1107.5 

110°  1.271  2.589  265.5  0.003766 

HI  1.308  2.665  258.3  0.003871 

112  1.346  2.740  251.4  0.003978 

113  1.386  2.822  244.7  0.004087 

114  1.426  2.904  238.2  0.004198 


115° 

U6 

117 

118 

119 

120° 

121 

122 

123 

124 

125° 

126 

127 

128 

129 


1.467 
1.509 
1.553 
1.597 
1.642 

1.689 
1.736 
1.785 
1.835 
1.886 

1.938 
1.992 
2.047 
2.103 
2.160 


2.987 
3.073 
3.161 
3.252 
3.344 

3.438 
3.535 
3.635 
3.737 
3.841 

3.948 
4.057 
4.168 
4.282 
4.399 


231.9  0.004312 
225.8  0.004429 
0.004548 
0.004671 
0.004796 


219.9 
214.1 
208.5 


203.1 
197.9 
192.8 
187.9 
183.1 

178.4 
173.9 
169.6 
165.3 
161.1 


0.004924 
0.005054 
0.005187 
0.005323 
0.005462 

0.005605 
0.005751 
0.005900 
0.006052 
0.006207 


77.94  1030.0  1108.0 

78.94  1029.5  1108.4 

79.93  1028.9  1108.8 

80.93  1028.4  1109.3 

81.93  1027.8  1109.7 

82.92  1027.2  1110.2 

83.92  1026.7  1110.6 

84.92  1026.1  1111.0 

85.92  1025.5  1111.5 

86.91  1025.0  1111.9 

87.91  1024.4  1112.3 

88.91  1023.9  1112.8 

89.91  1023.3  1113.2 

90.90  1022.7  1113.6 

91.90  1022.2  1114.1 

92.90  1021.6  1114.5 

93.90  1021.1  1115.0 

94.89  1020.5  1115.4 

95.89  1019.9  1115.8 

96.89  1019.4  1116.2 


Internal  Energy 

Evap.  Steam 
I  or  p         E 

987.4  1035.4 

986.7  1035.8 
986.1  1036.1 
985.4  1036.4 

984.8  1036.8 

984.1  1037.1 

983.4  1037.4 

982.8  1037.8 

982.1  1038.1 

981.4  1038.4 

980.8  1038.8 

980.1  1039.1 

979.4  1039.4 

978.8  1039.8 

978.1  1040.1 

977.4  1040.4 
976.8  1040.8 
976.1  1041.1 

975.5  1041.4 
974.8  1041.8 

974.1  1042.1 
973.5  1042.4 
972.8  1042.8 
972.1  1043.1 
971.5  1043.4 

970.8  1043.8 

970.1  1044.1 
969.5  1044.4 
968.8  1044.8 

968.2  1045.1 

967.5  1045.4 
966.8  1045.8 
966.2  1046.1 
965.5  1046.4 
964.8  1046.8 

964.2  1047.1 

963.5  1047.4 

962.8  1047.8 

962.2  1048.1 

961.5  1048.4 

960.8  1048.7 

960.2  1049.1 

959.5  1049.4 

958.8  1049.7 

958.2  1050.0 

957.5  1050.4 
956.8  1050.7 
956.1  1051.0 
955.5  1051.3 
954.8  1051.7 


Entropy 


_  Temp. 

Water       Evap.      Steam  Fahr. 

nore  L/Torr/T  Nor<^  t 

0.0932  1.9398  2.0330  80° 

0.0950  1.9352  2.0302  81 

0.0969  1.9306  2.0275  82 

0.0987  1.9260  2.0247  83 

0.1005  1.9215  2.0220  84 

0.1023  1.9169  2.0192  85° 

0.1041  1.9124  2.0165  86 

0.1060  1.9079  2.0139  87 

0.1078  1.9034  2.0112  88 

0.1096  X.8989  2.0085  89 

0.1114  1.8944  2.0058  90° 

0.1133  1.8900  2.0033  91 

0.1151  1.8856  2.0007  92 

0.1169  1.8812  1.9981  93 

0.1187  1.8767  1.9954  94 

0.1205  1.8723  1.9928  95° 

0.1223  1.8680  1.9903  96 

0.1241  1.8636  1.9877  97 

0.1259  1.8592  1.9851  98 

0.1277  1.8549  1.9826  99 

0.1295  1.8505  1.9800  100° 

0.1313  1.8463  1.9776  101 

0.1330  1.8420  1.9750  102 

0.1347  1.8377  1.9724  103 

0.1365  1.8335  1.9700  104 

0.1383  1.8292  1.9675  105" 

0.1401  1.8250  1.9651  106 

0.1418  1.8208  1.9626  107 

0.1436  1.8166  1.9602  108 

0.1454  1.8124  1.9578  109 

0.1471  1.8082  1.9553  110° 

0.1489  1.8041  1.9530  111 

0.1506  1.8000  1.9506  112 

0.1524  1.7959  1.9483  113 

0.1541  1.7917  1.9458  114 

0.1559  1.7876  1.9435  115^" 

0.1576  1.7836  1.9412  116 

0.1594  1.7795  1.9389  117 

0.1611  1.7755  1.9366  118 

0.1628  1.7715  1.9343  119 

0.1645  1.7674  1.9319  120° 

0.1662  1.7634  1.92%  121 

0.1679  1.7594  1.9273  122 

0.1696  1.7555  1.9251  123 

0.1713  1.7515  1.9228  124 

0.1730  1.7475  1.9205  125° 

0.1747  1.7436  1.9183  126 

0.1764  1.7397  1.9161  127 

0.1781  1.7358  1.9139  128 

0.1799  1.7318  1.9117  129 


T''-t^4-459.6;  J=777,5  ft.  lbs.  per  B,t,i3.  llog=2.89  0711;  A  =  i/J=1.286X10-'';  144A-0,1852  [log=1.26  764]. 

For  water,  at   95  (0.81  Ibs.^sp,  vol.,  v'or  <t  =  0,0161  cu.ft.per  lb.;  i/v'=62.0  Ibs.per  cn.fti  144  Apv'=  0.002  B.t.n,; 

atl20  (1.69  lbs,),  v' or  <r= 0,0162  "  j  i/y'=61,7  "  ;  144  Apv'= 0,005      "     . 

(9) 


Table  1 :  Temperatures 


Temp. 

Pressure 
lbs.  per  inches 
sq.    in.  of  Hg. 

Sp.Vol. 
cu.   ft. 
per  ib. 

Density 
lbs.  per 
cu.    ft. 

Heat 

of  the 
liquid 

Latent      Total 
heat  of    heat  of 
evap.      steam 

Internal  Energy 

B.t.  u. 
Evap.     Steam 

Entropy 

Temp. 
Fahr. 

Fahr. 

Water       Evap.      Steam 

t 

P 

- 

V  or  s 

Vv 

h  or  q 

Lorr         H 

1  or  p        E 

nore  L/Torr/T  N  or* 

t 

130° 

2.219 

4.52 

157.1 

0.00637 

97.89  1018.8  1116.7 

954.1  1052.0 

0.1816  1.7279  1.9095 

130° 

131 

2.279 

4.64 

153.2 

0.00653 

98.89 

1018.2  1117.1 

953.4  1052.3 

0.1833  1.7240  1.9073 

131 

132 

2.340 

4.76 

149.4 

0.00669 

99.88 

1017.7  1117.5 

952.8  1052.7 

0.1849  1.7202  1.9051 

132 

133 

2.403 

4.89 

145.8 

0.00686 

100.88 

1017.1  1118.0 

952.1  1053.0 

0.1866  1.7164  1.9030 

133 

134 

2.467 

5.02 

142.2 

0.00703 

101.88  1016.5  1118.4 

951.4  1053.3 

0.1883  1.7125  1.9008 

134 

135° 

2.533 

5.16 

138.7 

0.00721 

102.88 

1016.0  1118.8 

950.8  1053.6 

0.1900  1.7086  1.8986 

136° 

136 

2.600 

5.29 

135.4 

0.00739 

103.88  1015.4  1119.3 

950.1  1054.0 

0.1917  1.7048  1.8965 

136 

137 

2.669 

5.43 

132.1 

0.00757 

104.87 

1014.8  1119.7 

949.4  1054.3 

0.1933  1.7010  1.8943 

137 

138 

2.740 

5.58 

128.9 

0.00776 

105.87 

1014.3  1120.1 

948.8  1054.6 

0.1950  1.6972  1.8922 

138 

139 

2.812 

5.73 

125.8 

0.00795 

106.87  1013.7  1120.6 

948.1  1055.0 

0.1967  1.6934  1.8901 

139 

140° 

2.885 

5.88 

122.8 

0.00814 

107.87 

1013.1  1121.0 

947.4  1055.3 

0.1984  1.6896  1.8880 

140° 

141 

2.960 

6.03 

119.9 

0.00834 

108.87  1012.6  1121.4 

946.8  1055.6 

0.2000  1.6859  1.8859 

141 

142 

3.037 

6.18 

117.1 

0.00854 

109.87 

1012.0  1121.8 

946.1  1055.9 

0.2017  1.6821  1.8838 

142 

143 

3.115 

6.34 

114.3 

0.00875 

110.87 

1011.4  1122.3 

945.4  1056.3 

0.2033  1.6774  1.8817 

143 

144 

3.195 

6.51 

111.6 

0.00896 

111.87 

1010.8  1122.7 

944.7  1056.6 

0.2050  1.6746  1.8796 

144 

145° 

3.277 

6.67 

109.0 

0.00918 

112.86 

1010.3  1123.1 

944.0  1056.9 

0.2067  1.6709  1.8776 

145° 

146 

3.361 

6.84 

106.5 

0.00940 

113.86 

1009.7  1123.6 

943.4  1057.2 

0.2083  1.6672  1.8755 

146 

147 

3.446 

7.02 

104.0 

0.00962 

114.86 

1009.1  1124.0 

942.7  1057.6 

0.2100  1.6635  1.8735 

147 

148 

3.533 

7.20 

101.6 

0.00985 

115.86 

1008.6  1124.4 

942.0  1057.9 

0.2116  1.6598  1.8714 

148 

149 

3.623 

7.38 

99.2 

0.01008 

116.86 

1008.0  1124.8 

941.4  1058.2 

0.2132  1.6562  1.8694 

149 

150° 

3.714 

7.57 

96.9 

0.01032 

117.86 

1007.4  1125.3 

940.7  1058.5 

0.2149  1.6525  1.8674 

150° 

151 

3.809 

7.76 

94.7 

0.01056 

118.86 

1006.8  1125.7 

940.0  1058.8 

0.2165  1.6488  1.8653 

151 

152 

3.902 

7.95 

92.6 

0.01080 

119.86 

1006.2  1126.1 

939.3  1059.2 

0.2182  1.6452  1.8634 

152 

153 

3.999 

8.14 

90.5 

0.01105 

120.86 

1005.7  1126.5 

938.6  1059.5 

0.2198  1.6416  1.8614 

153 

154 

4.098 

8.34 

88.4 

0.01131 

121.86  1005.1  1127.0 

938.0  1059.8 

0.2214  1.6380  1.8594 

154 

155^ 

4.199 

8.55 

86.4 

0.01157 

122.86 

1004.5  1127.4 

937.3  1060.2 

0.2231  1.6344  1.8575 

155° 

156 

4.303 

8.76 

84.5 

0.01184 

123.86  1003.9  1127.8 

936.6  1060.5 

0.2247  1.6308  1.8555 

156 

157 

4.408 

8.98 

82.6 

0.01211 

124.86 

1003.4  1128.2 

935.9  1060.8 

0.2263  1.6272  1.8535 

157 

158 

4.515 

9.20 

80.7 

0.01239 

125.86 

1002.8  1128.6 

935.3  1061.1 

0.2279  1.6236  1.8515 

158 

159 

4.625 

9.42 

78.9 

0.01267 

126.86 

1002.2  1129.1 

934.6  1061.5 

0.2295  1.6201  1.8496 

159 

160° 

4.737 

9.65 

77.2 

0.01296 

127.86 

1001.6  1129.5 

933.9  1061.8 

0.2311  1.6165  1.8476 

160° 

161 

4.851 

9.88 

75.5 

0.01325 

128.86 

1001.1  1129.9 

933.3  1062.1 

0.2327  1.6130  1.8457 

161 

162 

4.967  10.12 

73.8 

0.01355 

129.86 

1000.5  1130.4 

932.6  1062.4 

0.2344  1.6094  1.8438 

162 

163 

5.086  10.36 

72.2 

0.01386 

130.86 

999.9  1130.8 

931.9  1062.8 

0.2360  1.6059  1.8419 

163 

164 

5.208  10.61 

70.6 

0.01417 

131.86 

999.3  1131.2 

931.2  1063.1 

0.2376  1.6024  1.8400 

164 

165° 

5.333 

10.86 

69.1 

0.01448 

132.86 

998.7  1131.6 

930.5  1063.4 

0.2391  1.5989  1.8380 

165° 

166 

5.460 

11.12 

67.6 

0.01480 

133.86 

998.2  1132.0 

929.8  1063.7 

0.2407  1.5954  1.8361 

166 

167 

5.589 

11.38 

66.1 

0.01513 

134.86 

997.6  1132.4 

929.1  1064.0 

0.2423  1.5919  1.8342 

167 

168 

5.721 

11.65 

64.7 

0.01546 

135.86 

997.0  1132.8 

928.4  1064.3 

0.2439  1.5885  1.8324 

168 

169 

5.855 

11.92 

63.3 

0.01580 
0.01614 

13^.86 

996.4  1133.3 

927.8  1064.6 

0.2455  1.5850  1.8305 

169 

170° 

'5.992  12.20 

62.0 

137.87 

995.8  1133.7 

927.1  1064.9 

0.2470  1.5816  1.8286 

170° 

171 

6.131 

12.48 

60.7 

0.01649 

138.87 

995.2  1134.1 

926.4  1065.2 

0.2486  1.5782  1.8268 

171 

172 

6.273 

12.77 

59.4 

0.01685 

139.87 

994.6  1134.5 

925.7  1065.6 

0.2502  1.5747  1.8249 

172 

173 

6.417 

13.07 

58.1 

0.01721 

140.87 

994.0  1134.9 

925.0  1065.9 

0.2518  1.5713  1.8231 

173 

174 

6.564  13.37 

56.9 

0.01758 

141.87 

993.5  1135.3 

924.3  1066.2 

0.2534  1.5679  1.8213 

174 

175° 

6.714  13.67 

55.7 

0.01796 

142.87 

992.9  1135.7 

923.6  1066.5 

0.2550  1.5645  1.8195 

175° 

176 

6.867 

13.98 

54.5 

0.01834 

143.87 

992.3  1136.2 

923.0  1066.8 

0.2565  1.5611  1.8176 

176 

177 

7.023 

14.30 

53.4 

0.01873 

144.88 

991.7  1136.6 

922.3  1067.1 

0.2581  1.5577  1.8158 

177 

178 

7.182 

14.62 

52.3 

0.01912 

145.88 

991.1  1137.0 

921.6  1067.5 

0.2597  1.5543  1.8140 

178 

179 

7.344  14.95 

51.2 

0.01953 

146.88 

990.5  1137.4 

920.9  1067.8 

0.2612  1.5510  1.8122 

179 

T°=t'^  f-459.6;  J=:777.5ft.lbs.perB,t.n,[log=2,89  07n;A-Vj=l,286X10-'-i  144A=0.1852  Hoc:- i.26  764]. 

Forwater,atl45   '3.281>is.),sp,  vol,  V  or  t- 0.0163  en,  ft,  per  lb,;  Vv'- 61,3  lbs.  per  cu,  ft,;  144  Apv'- 0.01  B.t.Tii^ 

atl70  15,99  lbs,),  v'or<rr=0,0164  "  ;Vv'=:60.8  "  j  144Apv'=0.03     "    . 

(10) 


Table  1 :  Temperatures 


Prebsure 

Sp.  Vol. 

Density 

Heat 

Latent     Total 

Internal  Energy 

Entropy 

Temp. 

lbs.  per 
sq.    in. 

inches 
of  Hg. 

cu.    ft. 

lbs.  per 
cu.    ft. 

of  the 
liquid 

heat  of   heat  of 
evap.      steam 

B.t.u; 
Evap.     Steam 

Temp. 
Fahr. 

Fahr. 

per   lb. 

Water      Evap,      Steam 

t 

P 

- 

V  or  s 

i/v 

h  or  q 

Lorr         H 

1  orp        E 

n  or  e  L/T  or  r/T  N  or  * 

t 

180° 

7.51 

15.29 

50.15 

0.01994 

147.88 

989.9  1137.8 

920.2  1068.1 

0.2628  1.5476  1.8104 

180° 

181 

7.68 

15.63 

49.12 

0.02036 

148.88 

989.3  1138.2 

919.5  1068.4 

0.2644  1.5443  1.8087 

181 

182 

7.85 

15.98 

48.12 

0.02078 

149.89 

988.7  1138.6 

918.8  1068.7 

0.2659  1.5409  1.8068 

182 

183 

8.02 

16.34 

47.14 

0.02121 

150.89 

988.1  1139.0 

918.1  1069.0 

0.2675  1.5376  1.8051 

liJ3 

184 

8.20 

16.70 

46.18 

0.02165 

151.89 

987.5  1139.4 

917.4  1069.3 

0.2690  1.5343  1.8033 

184 

185^ 

8.38 

17.07 

45.25 

0.02210 

152.89 

986.9  1139.8 

916.7  1069.6 

0.2706  1.5310  1.8016 

186° 

186 

8.57 

17.45 

44.34 

0.02255 

153.89 

986.3  1140.2 

916.0  1069.9 

0.2721  1.5277  1.7998 

186 

187 

8.76 

17.83 

43.45 

0.02301 

154.90 

985.7  1140.6 

915.3  1070.2 

0.2737  1.5244  1.7981 

187 

188 

8.95 

18.22 

42.59 

0.02348 

155.90 

985.1  1141.0 

914.6  1070.5 

0.2752  1.5211  1.7963 

188 

189 

9.14 

18.61 

41.74 

0.02396 

156.90 

984.5  1141.4 

913.9  1070.8 

0.2767  1.5179  1.7946 

189 

190° 

9.34 

19.02 

40.91 

0.02444 

157.91 

983.9  1141.8 

913.2  1071.1 

0.2783  1.5146  1.7929 

190- 

191 

9.54 

19.43 

40.10 

0.02493 

158.91 

983.3  1142.2 

912.5  1071.4 

0.2798  1.5113  1.7911 

191 

192 

9.74 

19.85 

39.31 

0.02544 

159.91 

982.7  1142.6 

911.8  1071.7 

0.2813  1.5081  1.7894 

192 

193 

9.95 

20.27 

38.54 

0.02595 

160.91 

982.1  1143.0 

911.1  1072.0 

0.2829  1.5048  1.7877 

193 

194 

10.17 

20.71 

37.78 

0.02647 

161.92 

981.5  1143.4 

910.4  1072.3 

0.2845  1.5016  1.7861 

194 

195° 

10.39 

21.15 

37.04 

0.02700 

162.92 

980.9  1143.8 

909.7  1072.6 

0.2860  1.4984  1.7844 

195° 

196 

10.61 

21.60 

36.32 

0.02753 

163.92 

980.3  1144.2 

909.0  1072.9 

0.2876  1.4952  1.7828 

190 

197 

10.83 

22.05 

35.62 

0.02807 

164.93 

979.7  1144.6 

908.3  1073.2 

0.2891  1.4920  1.7811 

197 

198 

11.06 

22.52 

34.93 

0.02863 

165.93 

979.1  1145.0 

907.6  1073.5 

0.2906  1.4888  1.7794 

198 

199 

11.29 

22.99 

34.26 

0.02919 

166.94 

978.4  1145.4 

906.9  1073.8 

0.2921  1.4856  1.7777 

199 

200° 

11.52 

23.47 

33.60 

0.02976 

167.94 

977.8  1145.8 

906.2  1074.1 

0.2937  1.4824  1.7761 

200° 

201 

11.76 

23.95 

32.96 

0.03034 

168.94 

977.2  1146.2 

905.5  1074.4 

0.2952  1.4792  1.7744 

201 

202 

12.01 

24.45 

32.33 

0.03093 

169.95 

976.6  1146.6 

904.8  1074.7 

0.2%7  1.4760  1.7727 

202 

203 

12.26 

24.96 

31.72 

0.03153 

170.95 

976.0  1146.9 

904.0  1075.0 

0.2982  1.4729  1.7711 

203 

204 

12.51 

25.48 

31.12 

0.03214 

171.96 

975.4  1147.3 

903.3  1075.3 

0.2997  1.4697  1.7694 

204 

205° 

12.77 

26.00 

30.53 

0.03276 

172.96 

974.7  1147.7 

902.6  1075.6 

0.3012  1.4666  1.7678 

205= 

206 

13.03 

26.53 

29.95 

0.03339 

173.97 

974.1  1148.1 

901.9  1075.9 

0.3027  1.4635  1.7662 

206 

207 

13.30 

27.08 

29.39 

0.03402 

174.97 

973.5  1148.5 

901.2  1076.1 

0.3042  1.4603  1.7645 

207 

208 

13.57 

27.63 

28.85 

0.03466 

175.98 

972.9  1148.9 

900.4  1076.4 

0.3057  1.4572  1.7629 

208 

209 

13.85 

P 
14.13 

28.19 

28.32 

0.03531 

176.98 

972.2  1149.2 

899.7  1076.7 

0.3072  1.4541  1.7613 

209 

210° 

28.76 

27.80 

0.03597 

177.99 

971.6  1149.6 

899.0  1076.9 

0.3087  1.4510  1.7597 

210° 

211 

14.41 

29.33 

27.29 

0.03664 

178.99 

971.0  1150.0 

898.3  1077.2 

0.3103  1.4478  1.7581 

211 

212 

14.70 

29.92 

26.79 

0.03732 

180.00 

970.4  1150.4 

897.6  1077.5 

0.3118  1.4447  1.7565 

212 

213 

14.99 

1.020' 

26.30 

0.03802 

181.0 

969.7  1150.7 

896.8  1077.8 

0.3133  1.4416  1.7549 

213 

214 

15.29 

1.041 

25.82 

0.03873 

182.0 

969.1  1151.1 

896.1  1078.1 

0.3148  1.4385  1.7533 

214 

215° 

15.60 

1.062* 

25.35 

0.03945 

183.0 

968.4  1151.5 

895.4  1078.3 

0.3163  1.4354  1.7517 

215° 

216 

15.91 

1.083 

24.89 

0.04018 

184.0 

967.8  1151.8 

894.6  1078.6 

0.3178  1.4323  1.7501 

216 

217 

16.22 

1.104 

24.44 

0.04092 

185.0 

967.2  1152.2 

893.9  1078.9 

0.3193  1.4292  1.7485 

217 

218 

16.54 

1.125 

24.00 

0.04167 

186.1 

966.5  1152.6 

893.2  1079.2 

0.3208  1.4261  1.7469 

218 

219 

16.86 

1.147 

23.57 

0.04243 

187.1 

965.9  1152.9 

892.4  1079.4 

0.3223  1.4230  1.7453 

219 

220° 

17.19 

1.170* 

23.15 

0.04320 

188.1 

965.2  1153.3 

891.7  1079.7 

0.3238  1.4199  1.7437 

220° 

221 

17.53 

1.193 

22.74 

0.04398 

189.1 

964.6  1153.7 

891.0  1080.0 

0.3252  1.4169  1.7421 

221 

222 

17.87 

1.216 

22.34 

0.04477 

190.1 

963.9  1154.0 

890.2  1080.2 

0.3267  1.4139  1.7406 

222 

223 

18.21 

1.239 

21.94 

0.04558 

191.1 

963.3  1154.4 

889.5  1080.5 

0.3282  1.4110  1.7392 

223 

224 

18.56 

1.263 

2i:55 
21.17 

0.04640 

192.1 

962.6  1154.8 

888.7  1080.8 

0.3297  1.4081  1.7378 

224 

225° 

18.91 

1.287* 

0.04723 

193.1 

962.0  1155.1 

887.9  1081.1 

0.3312  1.4052  1.7364 

226° 

226 

19.27 

1.311 

20.80 

0.04807 

194.1 

961.3  1155.5 

887.2  1081.3 

0.3326  1.4023  1.7349 

226 

227 

19.64, 

1.336 

20.44 

0.04892 

195.2 

960.7  1155.8 

886.5  1081.6 

0.3341  1.3993  1.7334 

227 

228 

20.01 

1.362 

20.08 

0.04979 

196.2 

960.0  1155:2 

885.8  1081.9 

0.3355  T:S964  11319 

228 

229 

20.39 

1.387 

19.73 

0  05067 

197.2 

959.4  1156.5 

885.0  1082.1 

0.3370  1.3934  1.7304 

229 

•  In  standard  atmospheres.    1  atmo=  760  mms.  of  Hg.  by  definition=  29.921  ins.  of  Hg.=:  14.696  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 
For  water,  at  195"  (10,4  lbs,  i,  sp,  vol.,  v'  or  cr  =  0,01 66  cu.  ft,  per  lb.;  i/v'  =  60.3  lbs,  per  cu,  ft.|  144  Apr  =  0.03  B.t.u,| 
at 220^ (17.2 lbs.),  v'or<»=0.0168         "  )  i/t'=59.6  "         j  144 Apv'  =  0,05     "    . 

(U) 


Table  1 :  Temperatures 


Temp. 

Pressure 

Sp.Vol. 
cu.   ft. 

Density 
lbs,  per 

Heat 
of  the 

Latent 
heat  of 

Total 
heat  of 

Internal  Energy 
B.t.u.    ^^ 

Entropy 

Tempi 

Fahr. 

lbs. 

Atmos* 

per  lb. 

cu.  'ft. 

liquid 

evap. 

steam 

Evap,     Steam 

Water      Evap.      Steam 

Fahr. 

t 

P 

- 

V  or  s 

i/v 

h  or  q 

Lor  r 

H 

1  or  p        E 

nore  L/Torr/l  N  or"/- 

t 

230° 

20.77 

1.413 

19.39 

0.0516 

198.2 

958.7  1156.9 

884.3  1082.4 

0.3384  1.3905  1.7289 

230° 

231 

21.16 

1.440 

19.05 

0.0525 

199.2 

958.1 

1157.2 

883.6  1082.7 

0.3399  1.3875  1.7274 

231 

232 

21.56 

1.467 

18.72 

0.0534 

200.2 

957.4  1157.6 

882.8  1083.0 

0.3414  1.3844  1.7258 

232 

233 

21.96 

1.494 

18.40 

0.0543 

201.2 

956.7 

1158.0 

882.1  1083.2 

0.3429  1.3814  1.7243 

233 

234 

22.37 

1.522 

18.09 

0.0553 

202.2 

956.1 

1158.3 

881.3  1083.5 

0.3443  1.3784  1.7227 

234 

235° 

22.79 

1.550 

17.78 

0.0562 

203.2 

955.4 

1158.7 

880.6  1083.8 

0.3458  1.3754  1.7212 

235« 

236 

23.21 

1.579 

17.47 

0.0572 

204.2 

954.8 

1159.0 

879.8  1084.0 

0.3472  1.3725  1.7197 

236 

237 

23.64 

1.609 

17.17 

0.0582 

205.3 

954.1 

1159.4 

879.1  1084.3 

0.3487  1.3695  1.7182 

237 

238 

24.08 

1.638 

16.88 

0.0592 

206.3 

953.4 

1159.7 

878.3  1084.5 

0.3501  1.3666  1.7167 

238 

239 

24.52 

1.668 

16.60 

0.0602 

207.3 

952.8 

1160.0 

877.6  1084.8 

0.3516  1.3636  1.7152 

239 

240° 

24.97 

1.699 

16.32 

0.0613 

208.3 

952.1 

1160.4 

876.8  1085.0 

0.3531  1.3607  1.7138 

240° 

241 

25.42 

1.730 

16.05 

0.0623 

209.3 

951.4 

1160.7 

876.1  1085.3 

0.3546  1.3578  1.7124 

241 

242 

25.88 

1.761 

15.78 

0.0634 

210.3 

950.7 

1161.1 

875.3  1085.6 

0.3560  1.3550  1.7110 

242 

243 

26.35 

1.793 

15.52 

0.0644 

211.4 

950.1 

1161.4 

874.6  1085.8 

0.3575  1.3521  1.7096 

243 

244 

26.83 

1.826 

15.26 

0.0655 

212.4 

949.4 

1161.8 

873.8  1086.1 

0.3589  1.3493  1.7082 

244 

245° 

27.31 

1.859 

15.01 

0.0666 

213.4 

948.7  1162.1 

873.1  1086.4 

0.3603  1.3465  1.7068 

245° 

246 

27.80 

1.892 

14.76 

0.0678 

214.4 

948.0 

1162.4 

872.3  1086.6 

0.3617  1.3437  1.7054 

246 

247 

28.30 

1.926 

14.52 

0.0689 

215.4 

947.4 

1162.8 

871.6  1086.9 

0.3631  1.3408  1.7039 

247 

248 

28.80 

1.960 

14.28 

0.0700 

216.4 

946.7 

1163.1 

870.8  1087.1 

0.3646  1.3379  1.7025 

248 

249 

29.31 

1.994 

14.05 

0.0712 

217.4 

946.0 

1163.4 

870.0  1087.4 

0.3661  1.3350  1.7011 

249 

250° 

29.82 

2.029 

13.82 

0.0724 

218.5 

945.3 

1163.8 

869.2  1087.6 

0.3675  1.3321  1.6996 

250° 

251 

30.34 

2.065 

13.59 

0.0736 

219.5 

944.6 

1164.1 

868.5  1087.9 

0.3689  1.3292  1.6981 

251 

262 

30.88 

2.101 

13.37 

0.0748 

220.5 

943.9  1164.4 

867.7  1088.1 

0.3704  1.3263  1.6967 

252 

253 

31.42 

2.138 

13.16 

0.0760 

221.5 

943.3 

1164.8 

867.0  1088.4 

0.3718  1.3235  1.6953 

253 

254 

31.97 

2.175 

12.95 

0.0772 

222.5 

942.6 

1165.1 

866.2  1088.6 

0.3732  1.3207  1.6939 

264 

255° 

32.53 

2.213 

12.74 

0.0785 

223.5 

941.9 

1165.4 

865.4  1088.9 

0.3747  1.3179  1.6926 

255° 

256 

33.09 

2.251 

12.54 

0.0797 

224.6 

941.2 

1165.8 

864.6  1089.1 

0.3761  1.3151  1.6912 

256 

257 

33.66 

2.290 

12.34 

0.0810 

225.6 

940.5 

1166.1 

863.9  1089.4 

0.3776  1.3122  1.6898 

257 

258 

34.24 

2.330 

12.14 

0.0824 

226.6 

939.8 

1166.4 

863.1  1089.6 

0.3790  1.3094  1.6884 

258 

259 

34.83 

2.370 

11.95 

0.0837 

227.6 

939.1 

1166.7 

862.3  1089.8 

0.3804  1.3067  1.6871 

259 

260° 

35.42 

2.410 

11.76 

0.0850 

228.6 

938.4 

1167.0 

861.5  1090.1 

0.3818  1.3040  1.6858 

260° 

261 

36.02 

2.451 

11.57 

0.0864 

229.6 

937.7 

1167.4 

860.8  1090.3 

0.3833  1.3012  1.6845 

261 

262 

36.64 

2.493 

11.39 

0.0878 

230.7 

937.0 

1167.7 

860.0  1090.5 

0.3847  1.2985  1.6832 

262 

263 

37.26 

2.535 

11.22 

0.0892 

231.7 

936.3 

1168.0 

859.2  1090.8 

0.3861  1.2957  1.6818 

263 

264 

37.89 

2.578 

11.04 

0.0906 

232.7 

935.6 

1168.3 

858.4  1091.0 

0.3874  1.2930  1.6804 

264 

265° 

38.52 

2.621 

10.87 

0.0920 

233.7 

934.9 

1168.6 

857.6  1091.2 

0.3888  1.2903  1.6791 

265° 

266 

39.16 

2.665 

10.70 

0.0935 

234.7 

934.2 

1168.9 

356.9  1091.5 

0.3902  1.2876  1.6778 

266 

267 

39.82 

2.710 

10.54 

0.0949 

235.8 

933.5 

1169.3 

856.1  1091.7 

0.3916  1.2849  1.6765 

267 

268 

40.48 

2.755 

10.38 

0.0963 

236.8 

932.8 

1169.6 

855.3  1092.0 

0.3930  1.2821  1.6751 

268 

269 

41.16 

2.801 

10.22 

0.0978 

237.8 

932.1 

1169.9 

854.5  1092.2 

0.3944  1.2794  1.6738 

269 

270° 

41.85 

2,847 

10.06 

0.0994 

238.8 

931.4  1170.2 

853.8  1092.4 

0.3959  1.2766  1.6725 

270° 

271 

42.54 

2.894 

9.91 

0.1010 

239.9 

930.7 

1170.5 

853.0  1092.7 

0.3973  1.2738  1.6711 

271 

272 

43.24 

2.942 

9.76 

0.1025 

240.9 

930.0 

1170.8 

852.2  1092.9 

0.3987  1.2711  1.6698 

272 

273 

43.95 

2.990 

9.61 

0.1041 

241.9 

929.3 

1171.2 

851.4  1093.2 

0.4001  1.2683  1.6684 

273 

274 

44.67 

3.039 

9.46 

0.1057 

242.9 

928.6 

1171.5 

850.6  1093.4 

0.401-5  1.2656  1.6671 

274 

275° 

45.40 

3.089 

9.32 

0.1073 

243.9 

927.9 

1171.8 

849.8  1093.6 

0.4029  1.2629  1.6658 

276° 

276 

46.14 

3.140 

9.18 

0.1090 

245.0 

927.1 

1172.1 

849.1  1093.9 

0.4043  1.2602  1.6645 

276 

277 

46.89 

3.191 

9.04 

0.1106 

246.0 

926.4 

1172.4 

848.3  1094.1 

0.4057  1.2575  1.6632 

277 

278 

47.64 

3.242 

8.91 

0.1123 

247.0 

925.7 

T172.7 

847.5  1094.3 

0.4070  1.2549  1.6619 

278 

279 

48.40 

3.294 

8.77 

0.1140 

248.0 

925.0 

1173.0 

846.7  1094.5 

0.4084  1.2523  1.6607 

279 

•  1  atmo  Cstandard  atmosphere)  =  7 60  mms.  of  Hp,  by  definition  =  29.921  ins.  of  Hg.  =  14,696  lbs,  per  sq.  in. 
For  water,  at  245  '  (27.3  lbs,),  sp.  vol,,  v'  or  <t  =  0,0170  cu,  ft.  per  lb.;  i/v'=  59,0  lbs.  per  cu.  ft.|  144  Apv'=  0.09  B.t.u.) 
at  270- (41.8  lbs.),  v' or <rrr 0.0172  "         )i/v'=58,3  ;  144  Apv'  =  0,13     "    . 

(12) 


Table  1 :  Temperatures 


, ^^^Py Temp. 

Water      Evap.       Steam      Fahr. 
n  or  e  L/Torr/T  N  or  <^        t 

0.4098  1.2496  1.6594  280'' 
0.4112  1.2470  1.6582  281 
0.4126  1.2443  1.6569  282 
0.4140  1.2416  1.6556  283 
0.4154  1.2389  1.6543  284 

0.4168  1.2363  1.6531  285° 
0.4181  1.2337  1.6518  286 
0.4195  1.2311  1.6506  287 
0.4209  1.2284  1.6493  288 
0.4222  1.2258  1.6480  289 

0.4235  1.2232  1.6467  290° 
0.4249  1.2205  1.6454  291 
0.4262  1.2179  1.6441  292 
0.4276  1.2153  1.6429  293 
0.4290  1.2127  1.6417  294 

0.4304  1.2101  1.6405  295° 
0.4317  1.2075  1.6392  296 

0.4331  1.2049  1.6380  297 

0.4344  1.2023  1.6367  298 

0.4358  1.1997  1.6355  299 

0.4371  1.1972  1.6343  300° 

0.4385  1.1946  1.6331  301 

0.4398  1.1921  1.6319  302 

0.4412  1.1895  1.6307  303 

0.4426  1.1869  1.6295  304 

0.4439  1.1844  1.6283  305° 

0.4452  1.1819  1.6271  306 

0.4466  1.1793  1.6259  307 

0.4480  1.1767  1.6247  308 

0.4494  1.1742  1.6236  309 

0.4507  1.1717  1.6224  310° 

0.4520  1.1692  1.6212  311 

0.4533  1.1667  1.6200  312 

0.4547  1.1642  1.6189  313 

0.4560  1.1617  1.6177  314 

0.4573  1.1592  1.6165  315° 

0.4587  1.1567  1.6154  316 

0.4600  1.1542  1.6142  317 

0.4613  1.1517  1.6130  318 

0.4627  1.1492  1.6119  319 

0.4640  1.1468  1.6108  320" 

0.4653  1.1444  1.6097  321 

0.4666  1.1419  1.6085  322 

0.4679  1.1394  1.6073  323 

0.4692  1.1370  1.6062  324 

0.4705  1.1346  1.6051  325' 

0.4719  1.1321  1.6040  326 

0.4732  1.1297  1.6029  327 

0.4745  1.1273  1.6018  328 

0.4758  1.1249  1.6007  329 

T'=t'^+459.6;  J=777,5ft,lbs.perB.t.u.[log=2.89  071]i  A=i/J=1.286X10-^il44A=0.1852[logr.26  764]. 

Forwater,at295"(62,llbs.),8p.vol.,v'or(r=0.0174cu.ft.perlb.|  i/v'=57.51bs.percu,  ft,;  144  Apv'=0.20B,t,n,| 

at 320° (89.6 lbs.)     Y'or<r=0.0176    "    )  i/t'=56.7     "    i  144  Apv'=0.30  "  . 

(13) 


femp. 
Fahr. 

Pressure 
lbs,      Atmos 

Sp.Vol 
cu.  ft, 
per  lb 

.   Density 
.    lbs,  per 
,    cu.    ft. 

Heat 
of  the 
liquid 

Latent     Total 
heat  of  heat  of 
evap.     steam 

Internal  Energy 

B.  t.  u. 
Evap.     Steam 

t 

P 

— 

V  or  8 

i/v 

h  or  q 

Lorr        H 

1  or  p        E 

280° 

49.18 

3.347 

8.64 

0.1157 

249.0 

924.3  1173.3 

845.9  1094.8 

281 

49.97 

3.401 

8.51 

0.1174 

250.1 

923.5  1173.6 

845.1  1095.0 

282 

50.77 

3.455 

8.38 

0.1192 

251.1 

922.8  1173.9 

844.3  1095.2 

283 

51.58 

3.510 

8.26 

0.1210 

252.1 

922.1  1174.2 

843.5  1095.4 

284 

52.40 

3.566 

8.14 

0.1228 

253.1 

921.3  1174.4 

842.7  1095.6 

285° 

53.24 

3.623 

8.02 

0.1246 

254.2 

920.5  1174.7 

841.9  1095.9 

286 

54.08 

3.680 

7.90 

0.1264 

255.2 

919.8  1175.0 

841.1  1096.1 

287 

54.93 

3.738 

7.79 

0.1283 

256.2 

919.1  1175.3 

840.3  1096.3 

288 

55.79 

3.797 

7.68 

0.1302 

257.2 

918.4  1175.6 

839.5  1096.5 

289 

56.67 

3.856 

7.57 

0.1322 

258.3 

917.6  1175.9 

838.6  1096.7 

290° 

57.55 

3.916 

7.46 

0.1341 

259.3 

916.9  1176.2 

837.8  1097.0 

291 

58.44 

3.977 

7.35 

0.1360 

260.3 

916.2  1176.5 

837.0  1097.2 

292 

59.34 

4.038 

7.24 

0.1380 

261.3 

915.4  1176.8 

836.2  1097.4 

293 

60.26 

4.100 

7.14 

0.1400 

262.4 

914.7  1177.1 

835.4  1097.6 

294 

61.19 

4.163 

7.04 

0.1421 

263.4 

914.0  1177.4 

834.6  1097.8 

295° 

62.13 

4.227 

6.94 

0.1441 

264.4 

913.2  1177.6 

833.8  1098.0 

296 

63.08 

4.292 

6.84 

0.1462 

265.5 

912.4  1177.9 

833.0  1098.2 

297 

64.04 

4.358 

6.74 

0.1483 

266.5 

911.7  1178.2 

832.2  1098.4 

298 

65.01 

4.424 

6.65 

0.1504 

267.5 

911.0  1178.5 

831.4  1098.7 

299 

66.00 

4.491 

6.56 

0.1525 

268.5 

910.3  1178.8 

830.5  1098.9 

300° 

67.00 

4.559 

6.46 

0.1547 

269.6 

909.5  1179.1 

829.7  1099.1 

301 

68.01 

4.628 

6.37 

0.1569 

270.6 

908.7  1179.3 

828.9  1099.3 

302 

69.03 

4.697 

6.28 

0.1591 

271.6 

908.0  1179.6 

828.1  1099.5 

303 

70.06 

4.767 

6.20 

0.1613 

272.7 

907.2  1179.9 

827.3  1099.7 

304 

71.11 

4.838 

6.21 

0.1636 

273.7 

906.4  1180.1 

826.4  1099.9 

305° 

72.17 

4.911 

6.03 

0.1659 

274.7 

905.7  1180.4 

825.6  1100.1 

306 

73.25 

4.984 

5.94 

0.1683 

275.8 

904.9  1180.7 

824.8  1100.3 

307 

74.34 

5.058 

5.86 

0.1707 

276.8 

904.2  1181.0 

824.0  1100.5 

308 

75.44 

5.133 

5.78 

0.1731 

277.8 

903.4  1181.2 

823.2  1100.7 

309 

76.55 

5.209 

5.70 

0.1755 

278.8 

902.6  1181.5 

822.3  1100.9 

310° 

77.67 

5.285 

5.62 

0.1779 

279.9 

901.9  1181.8 

821.5  1101.1 

311 

78.81 

5.362 

5.55 

0.1804 

280.9 

901.1  1182.0 

820.7  1101.3 

312 

79.97 

5.441 

5.47 

0.1829 

281.9 

900.3  1182.3 

819.9  1101.5 

313 

81.13 

5.520 

5.40 

0.1854 

283.0 

899.6  1182.6 

819.0  1101.7 

314 

82.30 

5.600 

5.33 

0.1879 

284.0 

898.8  1182.8 

818.2  1101.9 

315° 

83.49 

5.681 

5.26 

0.1904 

285.0 

898.0  1183.1 

817.4  1102.1 

316 

84.69 

5.763 

5.19 

0.1930 

286.1 

897.3  1183.3 

816.5  1102.3 

317 

85.90 

5.845 

5.12 

0.1956 

287.1 

896.5  1183.6 

815.7  1102.5 

318 

87.13 

5.928 

5.05 

0.1982 

288.1 

895.7  1183.8 

814.9  1102.7 

319 

88.37 

6.013 

4.98 

0.2009 

289.2 

894.9  1184.1 

814.0  1102.9 

320° 

89.63 

6.099 

4.91 

0.2036 

290.2 

894.2  1184.4 

813.2  1103.1 

321 

90.90 

6.185 

4.85 

0.2064 

291.2 

893.4  1184.6 

812.4  1103.3 

322 

92.19 

6.273 

4.78 

0.2092 

292.3 

892.6  1184.9 

811.5  1103.5 

323 

93.50 

6.362 

4.72 

0.2120 

293.3 

891.8  1185.1 

810.7  1103.7 

324 

94.82 

6.452 

4.66 

0.2148 

294.3 

891.0  1185.4 

809.8  1103.9 

325° 

96.15 

6.543 

4.60 

0.2176 

295.4 

890.2  1185.6 

809.0  1104.1 

326 

97.49 

6.634 

4.54 

0.2205 

296.4 

889.5  1185.9 

808.2  1104.3 

327 

98.85 

6.726 

4.48 

0.2234 

297.5 

888.7  1186.1 

807.3  1104.5 

328  : 

100.23 

6.820 

4.42 

0.2263 

298.5 

887.9  1186.4 

806.5  1104.7 

329  : 

L01.63 

6.916 

4.36 

0.2293 

299.6 

887.1  1186.6 

805.6  1104.8 

Table  1:  Temperatures 

T  n                    Sp.  Vol,   Density  Heat  Latent     Total  Internal  Energy                    Entropy  _ 

Temp.  Pressure         ^u.    ft.   lbs.  per  of  the  heat  of  heat  of             B.  t.  u.  , ^ ,  Temp. 

Fahr.  lbs.      Atmos*  per   lb.    cu.    ft.  liquid  evap.     steam  Evap.     Steam  Water      Evap.       Steam  Fahr. 

t  p          _         V  or  s        i/v  h  or  q  L  or  r        H  I  or  p         E  n  or  e  L/T  or  r/T  N  or  <^         t 

330°  103.0    7.01     4.306   0.2322  300.6  886.3  1186.9  804.8  1105.0  0.4771  1.1225  1.5996  330° 

331  104.4    7.11     4.250   0.2353  301.6  885.5  1187.1  803.9  1105.2  0.4784  1.1200  1.5984  331 

332  105.9    7.21     4.195    0.2384  302.7  884.7  1187.4  803.1  1105.4  0.4797  1.1176  1.5973  332 

333  107.4    7.31     4.141    0.2415  303.7  883.9  1187.6  802.2  1105.6  0.4810  1.1152  1.5962  333 

334  108.8    7.40     4.088    0.2446  304.7  883.1  1187.8  801.4  1105.8  0.4824  1.1127  1.5951  334 


336° 

110.3 

7.50 

4.035 

0.2478 

305.8 

882.3 

1188.1 

800.5  1106.0 

0.4837  1.1103  1.5940 

335° 

336 

111.8 

7.61 

3.984 

0.2510 

306.8 

881.5 

1188.3 

799.7  1106.1 

0.4850  1.1079  1.5929 

336 

337 

113.4 

7.72 

3.934 

0.2542 

307.9 

880.7 

1188.6 

798.8  1106.3 

0.4863  1.1055  1.5918 

337 

338 

114.9 

7.82 

3.884 

0.2575 

308.9 

879.9 

1188.8 

798.0  1106.5 

0.4876  1.1032  1.5908 

338 

339 

116.4 

7.92 

3.835 

0.2608 

309.9 

879.1  1189.0 

797.2  1106.7 

0.4889  1.1008  1.5897 

339 

340° 

118.0 

8.03 

3.787 

0.2641 

311.0 

878.3 

1189.3 

796.3  1106.9 

0.4902  1.0984  1.5886 

340° 

341 

119.6 

8.14 

3.739 

0.2675 

312.0 

877.5 

1189.5 

795.4  1107.0 

0.4915  1.0961  1.5876 

341 

342 

121.2 

8.25 

3.692 

0.2709 

313.0 

876.7 

1189.7 

794  6  1107.2 

0.4928  1.0937  1.5865 

342 

343 

122.8 

8.36 

3.646 

0.2743 

314.1 

875.9 

1190.0 

793.7  1107.4 

0.4941  1.0913  1.5854 

343 

344 

124.4 

8.47 

3.600 

0.2778 

315.1 

875.1 

1190.2 

792.9  1107.6 

0.4954  1.0889  1.5843 

344 

345° 

126.0 

8.58 

3.555 

0.2813 

316.2 

874.2 

1190.4 

792.0  1107.8 

0.4%7  1.0875  1.5832 

345° 

346 

127.7 

8.69 

3.511 

0.2848 

317.2 

873.4 

1190.6 

791.2  1108.0 

0.4980  1.0841  1.5821 

346 

347 

129.4 

8.80 

3.468 

0.2884 

318.3 

872.6 

1190.9 

790.3  1108.1 

0.4993  1.0818  1.5811 

347 

348 

131.1 

8.92 

3.425 

0.2920 

319.3 

871.8 

1191.1 

789.4  1108.3 

0.5006  1.0794  1.5800 

348 

349 

132.8 

9.04 

3.383 

0.2956 

320.3 

871.0 

1191.3 

788.6  1108.5 

0.5019  1.0771  1.5790 

349 

350° 

134.6 

9.16 

3.342 

0.2992 

321.4 

870.1 

1191.5 

787.7  1108.6 

0.5032  1.0748  1.5780 

360° 

351 

136.3 

9.28 

3.301 

0.3029 

322.4 

869.3 

1191.8 

786.8  1108.8 

0.5045  1.0724  1.5769 

361 

352 

138.1 

9.40 

3.261 

0.3067 

323.5 

868.5 

1192.0 

786.0  1109.0 

0.5058  1.0700  1.5758 

352 

353 

139.9 

9.52 

3.221 

0.3105 

324.5 

867.7 

1192.2 

785.1  1109.2 

0.5071  1.0677  1.5748 

353 

354 

141.7 

9.64 

3.182 

0.3143 

325.6 

866.8 

1192.4 

784.2  1109.3 

0.5084  1.0653  1.5737 

354 

365° 

143.5 

9.76 

3.143 

0.3182 

326.6 

866.0 

1192.6 

783.4  1109.5 

0.5097  1.0630  1.5727 

355° 

366 

145.4 

9.89 

3.105 

0.3221 

327.7 

865.2 

1192.9 

782.5  1109.7 

0.5110  1.0607  1.5717 

366 

357 

147.2 

10.02 

3.067 

0.3261 

328.7 

864.4  1193.1 

781.6  1109.8 

0.5123  1.0584  1.5707 

357 

358 

149.1 

10.15 

3.030 

0.3301 

329.8 

863.5 

1193.3 

780.8  1110.0 

0.5136  1.0560  1.5696 

358 

359 

151.0  10.28 

2.993 

0.3341 

330.8 

862.7 

1193.5 

779.9  1110.2 

0.5149  1.0537  1.5686 

369 

360° 

153.0  10.41 

2.957 

0.3382 

331.9 

861.8 

1193.7 

779.0  1110.4 

0.5162  1.0514  1.5676 

360° 

361 

154.9 

10.54 

2.922 

0.3423 

332.9 

861.0  1193.9 

778.1  1110.5 

0.5174  1.0491  1.5665 

361 

362 

156.9 

10.68 

2.887 

0.3464 

334.0 

860.2 

1194.1 

777.2  1110.7 

0.5187  1.0468  1.5655 

362 

363 

158.8 

10.81 

2.853 

0.3505 

335.0 

859.4 

1194.4 

776.4  1110.8 

0.5200  1.0445  1.5645 

363 

364 

160.8 

10.94 

2.820 

0.3546 

336.1 

858.5 

1194.6 

775.5  1111.0 

0.5213  1.0422  1.5635 

364 

365° 

162.9  11.08 

2.787 

0.3588 

337.1 

857.7 

1194.8 

774.6  1111.1 

0.5225  1.0400  1.5625 

365° 

366 

164.9 

11.22 

2.754 

0.3631 

338.2 

856.8 

1195.0 

773.7  1111.3 

0.5238  1.0377  1.5615 

366 

367 

167.0 

11.36 

2.722 

0.3674 

339.2 

856.0  1195.2 

772.8  1111.4 

0.5251  1.0354  1.5605 

367 

368 

169.0 

11.50 

2.690 

0.3717 

340.3 

855.1 

1195.4 

771.9  1111.6 

0.5263  1.0332  1.5595 

368 

369 

171.1 

11.64 

2.658 

0.3761 

341.3 

854.2 

1195.6 

771.0  1111.8 

0.5276  1.0309  1.5585 

369 

370° 

173.3 

11.79 

2.627 

0.3806 

342.4 

853.4 

1195.8 

770.2  1111.9 

0.5289  1.0286  1.5576 

370° 

371 

175.4  11.93 

2.597 

0.3851 

343.4 

852.6 

1196.0 

769.3  1112.1 

0.5301  1.0263  1.5564 

371 

372 

177.6 

12.08 

2.567 

0.3896 

344.5 

851.7 

1196.2 

768.4  1112.2 

0.5314  1.0240  1.5554 

372 

373 

179.7 

12.23 

2.537 

0.3942 

345.5 

850.8 

1196.4 

767.5  1112.4 

0.5327  1.0217  1.5544 

373 

374 

181.9 

12.38 

2.508 

0.3998 

346.6 

850.0  1196.6 

766.6  1112.6 

0.5340  1.0194  1.5534 

374 

375° 

184.2 

12.53 

2.479 

0.4034 

347.6 

849.1 

1196.8 

765.7  1112.7 

0.5352  1.0172  1.5524 

376° 

376 

186.4  12.68 

2.450 

0.4081 

348.7 

848.3 

1197.0 

764.8  1112.9 

0.5364  1.0150  1.5514 

376 

377 

188.7 

12.84 

2.422 

0.4129 

349.8 

847.4 

1197.2 

763.9  1113.0 

0.5376  1.0128  1.5504 

377 

378 

190.9 

12.99 

2.394 

0.4177 

350.8 

846.5 

1197.4 

763.0  1113.2 

0.5389  1.0105  1.5494 

378 

379 

193.2 

13.15 

2.367 

0.4225 

351.9 

845.7 

1197.5 

762.1  1113.3 

0.5401  1.0082  1.5483 

379 

•  1  atmo  (standard  atmospliere)  =  760  mms,  of  Hg.  by  definition  =  29.921  ins,  of  Hg,  =  14.696  lbs,  per  sq.  in, 
Forwater,at345''(1261bi,),  sp,  vol.,v'or<r=0,0179cu,ft.perlb.;i/v'=55.81bs.percu,ft, )  144  Apv'= 0.42  B.t.u.i 
at 370° (173 lbs.),  v'ora=0.0183  "         1 1/^=54.8  "  )  144A  v'=0.59     "     • 

(14) 


Table  1 :  Temperatures 


Temp. 
Fahr. 

Pressure 

Sp.  Vol. 
cu.   ft. 
per  lb. 

Density 
lbs.  per 
cu.    ft. 

Heat 
of  the 
liquid 

Latent 
heat  o1 
evap. 

Total 

f  heat  of 

steam 

internal  Energy 
B.  *  " 

Entropy 

Temp, 
Fahr. 

lbs. 

Atmos 

Evap. 

'  Steam 

Water 

Evap, 

Steam 

t 

P 

- 

V  or  s 

i/v 

h  or  q 

L  or  r 

H 

1  or  p 

E 

norfl 

L/Torr/ 

T  Nor* 

t 

380° 

195.6 

U31 

2340 

0.427 

352.9 

844.8 

1197.7 

761.2 

11B.5 

0.54B 

1.0060  1.5473 

380° 

381 

197.9 

13.47 

23B 

0.432 

354.0 

844.0  1197.9 

7603 

11B.6 

0.5426 

1.0038  1.5464 

381 

382 

2003 

13.63 

2.287 

0.437 

355.0 

843.1 

1198.1 

759.4  11B.8 

0.5439 

1.0015 

13454 

382 

383 

202.7 

13.79 

2.261 

0.442 

356.1 

842.2  11983 

758.5 

11B.9 

0.5452 

0.9993 

13445 

383 

384 

205.1 

B.96 

2.236 

0.447 

357.2 

8413  1198.5 

757.6  1114.1 

0.5464 

0.9971 

1.5435 

384 

386° 

207.6 

14.13 

2.211 

0.452 

358.2 

840.5 

1198.7 

756.7 

1114.2 

0^476 

0.9950  13426 

385° 

386 

210.0 

14.30 

2.186 

0.457 

3593 

839.6  1198.9 

755.8 

1114.4 

0.5488 

0.9928  13416 

386 

387 

212.6 

14.47 

2.161 

0.463 

360.3 

838.7 

1199.0 

754.9  1114.5 

0.5501 

0.9906  1.5407 

387 

388 

215.1 

14.64 

2.B7 

0.468 

361.4 

837.8  1199.2 

754.0  1114.6 

0.5513 

0.9884  1.5397 

388 

389 

217.6 

14.81 

2.113 

0.473 

362.4 

837.0  1199.4 

753.1 

1114.8 

0.5526 

0.9862  13388 

389 

390° 

220.2 

14.98 

2.089 

0.479 

363.5 

836.1 

1199.6 

752.2  1114.9 

0.5539 

0.9840  1.5379 

390° 

391 

222.8 

15.16 

2.066 

0.484 

364.6 

835.2 

1199.8 

751.3 

1115.1 

0.5552 

0.9818 

1.5370 

391 

392 

225.4 

15.34 

2.043 

0.489 

365.6 

834.3 

1199.9 

750.4  1115.2 

0.5565 

0.9796  1.5361 

392 

393 

228.0 

15.52 

2.021 

0.495 

366.7 

833.4 

1200.1 

749.4  1115.3 

0.5577 

0.9774  13351 

393 

394 

230.7 

15.70 

1.999 

0.500 

367.7 

832.5 

12003 

748.5 

1115.4 

Oi590 

0.9752  13342 

394 

395° 

233.4 

15.88 

1.977 

0.506 

368.8 

831.6 

1200.4 

747.6  1115.6 

03603 

0.9730  1.5333 

395° 

396 

236.1 

16.07 

1.955 

0.512 

369.9 

830.7 

1200.6 

746.7  1115.7 

0.5615 

0.9708  1.5323 

396 

397 

238.8 

16.25 

1.934 

0.517 

370.9 

829.9 

1200.8 

745.8  1115.9 

0.5627 

0.9687 

1.5314 

397 

398 

241.5 

16.43 

1.913 

0.523 

372.0 

829.0 

1201.0 

744.8  1116.0 

0.5639 

0.9665 

1.5304 

398 

399 

244.3 

16.62 

1.892 

0.529 

373.0 

828.1 

1201.1 

743.9  1116.1 

0.5651 

0.9644  1.5295 

399 

400° 

247.1 

16.81 

1.872 

0.534 

374.1 

827.2 

1201.3 

743.0  1116.3 

0.5663 

0.9623 

1.5286 

400° 

410 

276.4 

18.80 

1.679 

0.596 

384.7 

818.2 

1202.9 

733.8  1117.6 

0.5786 

0.9409  1.5195 

410 

420 

308.4 

20.97 

1.510 

0.662 

395.4 

809.0 

1204.4 

724.5 

1118.9 

0.5908 

0.9198  13106 

420 

430 

343.2 

2334 

1361 

0.735 

406.2 

799.6  1205.8 

715.1 

1120.0 

0.6029 

0.8990  1.5019 

430 

440 

380.8 

25.91 

1.229 

0.814 

417.0 

790.1 

1207.1 

705.5 

1121.1 

0.6149 

0.8785  1.4934 

440 

450° 

422. 

28.7 

1.11 

0.90 

428. 

780. 

1208. 

695. 

1122. 

0.627 

0.858 

1.485 

450° 

460 

466. 

31.7 

1.00 

1.00 

439. 

770. 

1209. 

685. 

1123. 

0.639 

0.837 

1.476 

460 

470 

514. 

35.0 

0.91 

1.10 

450. 

760. 

1210. 

675. 

1124. 

0.651 

0.817 

1.468 

470 

480 

565. 

38.4 

0.83 

1.21 

462. 

749. 

1211. 

6W. 

1124. 

0.662 

0.797 

1.459 

480 

490 

620. 

42.2 

0.75 

1.32 

473. 

738. 

1211. 

654. 

1125. 

0.674 

0.777 

1.451 

490 

C^° 

779> 

46.2 

0.69 

1.45 

484. 

727. 

1211. 

&+3. 

1125. 

0.686 

0.757 

1.443 

500° 

^510 

743. 

50.5 

0.63 

1.59 

4%. 

715. 

1211. 

632. 

1125. 

0.698 

0.737 

1.435 

510 

520 

810. 

55.1 

0.57 

1.74 

507. 

703. 

1210. 

620. 

1125. 

0.709 

0.718 

1.427 

520 

530 

883. 

60.1 

0.52 

1.91 

519. 

690. 

1209. 

608. 

1124. 

0.720 

0.698 

1.418 

530 

540 

960. 

65.3 

0.48 

2.08 

531. 

677. 

1208. 

596. 

1123. 

0.732 

0.678 

1.409 

540 

-  550° 

1043. 

70.9 

0.44 

2.28 

542. 

6M. 

1206. 

583. 

1121. 

0.743 

0.657 

1.400 

550° 

560 

1130. 

76.9 

0.40 

2.49 

554. 

650. 

1204. 

570. 

1119. 

0.754 

0.637 

1.391 

560 

570 

1224. 

83.3 

0.37 

2.71 

566. 

635. 

1201. 

556. 

1117. 

0.765 

0.616 

1381 

570 

580 

1323. 

90.0 

0.34 

2.96 

578. 

619. 

1197. 

542. 

1115. 

0.776 

0.595 

1371 

580 

590 

1428. 

97.2 

0.31 

3.23 

591. 

602. 

1193. 

527. 

1112. 

0.787 

0.574 

1.361 

590 

600° 

1540. 

104.8 

0.28 

3.53 

604. 

585. 

1189. 

511. 

1108. 

0.799 

0.552 

1.351 

600° 

610 

1658. 

112.8 

0.26 

3.9 

566. 

494. 

0.530 

610 

620 

1783. 

1213 

0.24 

4.2 

546. 

476. 

0.506 

620 

630 

1916. 

130.4 

0.22 

4.6 

525. 

457. 

0.482 

630 

640 

2056. 

139.9 

0.20 

5.1 

501. 

436. 

0.456 

640 

650° 

2204. 

150.0 

0.18 

5.6 

475. 

4B. 

0.428 

650° 

660 

2361. 

160.6 

0.16 

6.2 

446. 

387. 

0.398 

660 

670 

2526. 

171.9 

0.14 

6.9 

411. 

357. 

0.3M 

670 

690 

2883. 

196.2 

0.11 

9.0 

316. 

274. 

0.275 

690 

706.13200. 

217.8 

0.05 

20.1 

000. 

000. 

0.000 

706  J 

T°=t-^+459.6|J=777.5 ft. lbs. per B.t,u.[log=2.89  071];  A=i'J=  1.286  xio--;  144 A=0.1852[loe=i.26764]. 

For  water,  at  40^  (247   lbs,),  sp.  vol.,  v'  or  <r  =  0.019  cu.  ft,  per  lb. )  i/v'=  53,5  lbs.  percu,  ft,  1 144  Apv'  -  0,86  B.t.iL ) 

ateOO^"  (1540)  Y'or<r  =  0.024  "  jiV=42.0  "         ;  144  Apv'- 6-9      "    . 

(IS) 


Table  2.   Saturated  Steam :  Pressure  Table 


Press, 
lbs. 

Temp. 
Deg.  F. 

Press. 

Sp.  Vol. 
cu.   ft. 
per  lb. 

Density 
lbs.  per 
cu.    ft. 

Heat 
of  the 
liquid 

Latent     Total 
heat  of    heat  of 
evap.      steam 

Internal  Energy 

B.  t.  u. 
Evap.     Steam 

Entropy 

Press 

Atmos* 

Water      Evap.      Steam 

lbs. 

P 

t 

_ 

V  or  s 

i/v 

h  or  q 

Lorr         H 

1  or  p        E 

n  or  e  L/Torr/T  Nor* 

P 

1 

101.83 

0.068 

333.0 

0.00300 

69.8  1034.6  1104.4 

972.9  1042.7 

0.1327  1.8427  1.9754 

1 

2 

126.15 

0.136 

173.5 

0.00576 

94.0  1021.0  1115.0 

956.7  1050.7 

0.1749  1.7431  1.9180 

2 

3 

141.52 

0.204 

118.5 

0.00845 

109.4  1012.3  1121.6 

946.4  1055.8 

02008  1,6840  1.8848 

3 

4 

153.01 

0272 

90.5 

0.01107 

120.9  1005.7  1126.5 

938.6  1059.5 

02198  1.6416  1.8614 

4 

6 

162.28 

0.340 

73.33 

0.01364 

130.1 

1000.3  1130.5 

932.4  1062.5 

0.2348  1.6084  1.8432 

5 

6 

170.06 

0.408 

61.89 

0.01616 

137.9 

995.8  1133.7 

927.0  1064.9 

02471  1.5814  1.8285 

6 

7 

176.85 

0.476 

53.56 

0.01867 

144.7 

991.8  1136.5 

922.4  1067.1 

02579  1.5582  1.8161 

7 

8 

182.86 

0.544 

47.27 

0.02115 

150.8 

988.2  1139.0 

9182  1069.0 

02673  1.5380  1.8053 

8 

9 

188.27 

0.612 

42.36 

0.02361 

156.2 

985.0  1141.1 

914.4  1070.5 

02756  1.5202  1.7958 

9 

10 

193.22 

0.680 

38.38 

0.02606 

161.1 

982.0  1143.1 

910.9  1072.0 

02832  1.5042  1.7874 

10 

u 

197.75 

0.748 

35.10 

0.02849 

165.7 

979.2  1144.9 

907.8  1073.4 

0.2902  1.4895  1.7797 

U 

12 

201.96 

0.816 

32.36 

0.03090 

169.9 

976.6  1146.5 

904.8  1074.7 

02967  1.4760  1.7727 

12 

13 

205.87 

0.885 

30.03 

0.03330 

173.8 

974.2  1148.0 

902.0  1075.8 

0.3025  1.4639  1.7664 

13 

14 

209.55 

0.953 

28.02 

0.03569 

177.5 

971.9  1149.4 

899.3  1076.8 

0.3081  1.4523  1.7604 

14 

14.7  212.00 

1.000 

26.79 

0.03732 

180.0 

970.4  1150.4 

897.6  1077.5 

0.3118  1.4447  1.756S 

14.7 

16 

213.0 

1.021 

26.27 

0.03806 

181.0 

969.7  1150.7 

896.8  1077.8 

03133  1.4416  1.7549 

16 

16 

2163 

1.089 

24.79 

0.04042 

184^4 

967.6  1152.0 

894.4  1078.7 

03183  1.4311  1.7494 

16 

17 

219.4 

1.157 

23.38 

0.04277 

187.5 

965.6  1153.1 

892.1  1079.6 

03229  1.4215  1.7444 

17 

18 

222.4 

1.225 

22.16 

0.04512 

190.5 

963.7  1154.2 

889.9  1080.4 

03273  1.4127  1.7400 

18 

19 

225.2 

1.293 

21.07 

0.04746 

193.4 

961.8  1155.2 

887.8  1081.1 

0.3315  1.4045  1.7360 

19 

20 

228.0 

1.361 

20.08 

0.04980 

196.1 

960.0  1156.2 

885.8  1081.9 

03355  1.3965  1.7320 

20 

21 

230.6 

1.429 

19.18 

0.05213 

198.8 

9583  1157.1 

883.9  1082.6 

03393  1.3887  1.7280 

21 

22 

233.1 

1.497 

18.37 

0.05445 

2013 

956.7  1158.0 

882.0  1083.2 

03430  1.3811  1.7241 

22 

23 

235.5 

1.565 

17.62 

0.05676 

203.8 

955.1  1158.8 

880.2  1083.9 

0.3465  1.3739  1.7204 

23 

24 

237.8 

1.633 

16.93 

0.05907 

206.1 

953.5  1159.6 

878.5  1084.5 

0.3499  13670  1.7169 

24 

25 

240.1 

1.701 

16.30 

0.0614 

208.4 

952.0  1160.4 

876.8  1085.1 

03532  1.3604  1.7136 

25 

26 

242.2 

1.769 

15.72 

0.0636 

210.6 

950.6  1161.2 

875.1  1085.6 

03564  1.3542  1.7106 

26 

27 

244.4 

1.837 

15.18 

0.0659 

212.7 

949.2  1161.9 

873.5  1086.2 

03594  1.3483  1.7077 

27 

28 

246.4 

1.905 

14.67 

0.0682 

214.8 

947.8  1162.6 

872.0  1086.7 

03623  1.3425  1.7048 

28 

29 

248.4 

1.973 

14.19 

0.0705 

216.8 

946.4  1163.2 

870.5  1087.2 

0.3652  1.3367  1.7019 

29 

30 

250.3 

2.041 

13.74 

0.0728 

218.8 

945.1  1163.9 

869.0  1087.7 

0.3680  1.3311  1.6991 

30 

31 

252.2 

2.109 

13.32 

0.0751 

220.7 

943.8  1164.5 

867.6  1088.2 

03707  1.3257  1.6964 

31 

32 

254.1 

2.178 

12.93 

0.0773 

222.6 

942.5  1165.1 

866.2  1088.6 

03733  1.3205  1.6938 

32 

33 

255.8 

2.246 

12.57 

0.0795 

224.4 

9413  1165.7 

864.8  1089.1 

03759  1.3155  1.6914 

33 

34 

257.6 

2.314 

1222 

0.0818 

226.2 

940.1  11663 

863.4  1089.5 

03784  13107  1.6891 

34 

35 

259.3 

2.382 

11.89 

0.0841 

227.9 

938.9  1166.8 

862.1  1089.9 

03808  1.3060  1.6868 

36 

36 

261.0 

2.450 

11.58 

0.0863 

229.6 

937.7  1167.3 

860.8  10903 

03832  1.3014  1.6846 

36 

37 

262.6 

2.518 

11.29 

0.0886 

2313 

936.6  1167.8 

859.5  1090.7 

0.3855  1.2969  1.6824 

37 

38 

264.2 

2.586 

11.01 

0.0908 

232.9 

935.5  1168.4 

858.3  1091.0 

0.3877  1.2925  1.6802 

38 

39 

265.8 

2.654 

10.74 

0.0931 

234.5 

934.4  1168.9 

857.1  1091.4 

03899  12882  1.6781 

39 

40 

267.3 

2.722 

10.49 

0.0953 

236.1 

933.3  1169.4 

855.9  1091.8 

03920  1.2841  1.6761 

'40 

41 

268.7 

2.790 

10.25 

0.0976 

237.6 

932.2  1169.8 

854.7  1092.2 

0.3941  1.2800  1.6741 

41 

42 

270.2 

2.858 

10.02 

0.0998 

239.1 

931.2  11703 

853.6  1092.5 

03962  1.2759  1.6721 

42 

43 

271.7 

2.926 

9.80 

0.1020 

240.5 

930.2  1170.7 

852.4  1092.8 

03982  1.2720  1.6702 

43 

44 

273.1 

2.994 

9.59 

0.1043 

242.0 

929.2  1171.2 

8513  1093.2 

0.4002  1.2681  1.6683 

44 

45 

274.5 

3.062 

9.39 

0.1065 

243.4 

928.2  1171.6 

850.3  1093.5 

0.4021  1.2644  1.6665 

45 

46 

275.8 

3.130 

9.20 

0.1087 

244.8 

927.2  1172.0 

849.2  1093.8 

0.4040  1.2607  1.6647 

46 

47 

277.2 

3.198 

9.02 

0.1109 

246.1 

9263  1172.4 

848.1  1094.1 

0.4059  1.2571  1.6630 

47 

48 

278.5 

3.266 

8.84 

0.1131 

247.5 

925.3  1172.8 

847.1  1094.4 

0.4077  1.2536  1.6613 

48 

49 

279.8 

3.334 

8.67 

0.1153 

248.8 

924.4  1173.2 

846.1  1094.7 

0.4095  1.2502  1.6597 

49 

*  1  atmo  (standard  atmosphere)  =  760  mms. 

of  Hg.  by  def.  =29.921  ins,  of  Hg. 

=  14.696  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

For  water,  at  15  lbs.,  i 

Bp.  vol.,  v'  or  a  =  0.0167  ou 

,  ft,  per  lb, )  Vv' 

=  59.8  lbs,  per  ( 

;u,ft.;  144  Apv'  =  0.05  B.t.n.) 

at  40  lbs., 

7' or  <r  =  0.01 71 

"             j  i/v' 

=  58.3            " 

i  144  Apv'= 0.13 

, 

(16) 


Table  2 :  Pressures 


Sp.Vul, 

Density 

Heat 

Latent 

Total 

Internal  Energy 

Press, 

Temp, 

Press. 

cu,  ft. 

lbs.  per 

of  the 

heat  of 

heat  of 

B.t.u, 

lbs. 

Deg,  F. 

Atmos 

per  lb. 

cu.    ft. 

liquid 

evap. 

steam 

Evap,     Steam 

P 

t 

- 

V  ors 

i/v 

h  or  q 

Lor  r 

H 

1  or  p        E 

50 

281.0 

3.402 

8.51 

0.1175 

250.1 

923.5 

1173.6 

845.0  1095.0 

51 

282.3 

3,470 

8.35 

0.1197 

251.4 

922.6  1174.0 

844.0  1095.3 

52 

283.5 

3.538 

8,20 

0.1219 

252.6 

921.7 

1174.3 

843.1  1095.5 

63 

284.7 

3.606 

8.05 

0.1241 

253.9 

920.8  1174.7 

842.1  1095.8 

54 

285.9 

3.674 

7.91 

0.1263 

255.1 

919.9 

1175.0 

841.1  1096.1 

56 

287.1 

3.742 

7.78 

0.1285 

256.3 

919.0  1175.4 

840.2  1096.3 

66 

288.2 

3.810 

7.65 

0.1307 

257.5 

918.2 

1175.7 

839.3  1096.6 

57 

289.4 

3.878 

7.52 

0.1329 

258.7 

917.4 

1176.0 

838.3  1096.8 

68 

290.5 

3.947 

7.40 

0.1350 

259.8 

916.5 

1176.4 

837.4  1097.1 

59 

291.6 

4.015 

7.28 

0.1372 

261.0 

915.7 

1176.7 

836.5  1097.3 

60 

292.7 

4.083 

7.17 

0.1394 

262.1 

914.9 

1177.0 

835.6  1097.6 

61 

293.8 

4.151 

7.06 

0.1416 

263.2 

914.1 

1177.3 

834.8  1097.8 

62 

294.9 

4.219 

6.95 

0.1438 

264.3 

913.3 

1177.6 

833.9  1098.0 

63 

295.9 

4.287 

6.85 

0.1460 

265.4 

912.5 

1177.9 

833.1  1098.2 

64 

297.0 

4.355 

6.75 

0.1482 

266.4 

911.8 

1178.2 

832.2  1098.4 

65 

298.0 

4.423 

6.65 

0.1503 

267.5 

911.0 

1178.5 

831.4  1098.7 

66 

299.0 

4.491 

6.56 

0.1525 

268.5 

910.2 

1178.8 

830.5  1098.9 

67 

300.0 

4.559 

6.47 

0.1547 

269.6 

909.5 

1179.0 

829.7  1099.1 

68 

301.0 

4.627 

6.38 

0.1569 

270.6 

908.7 

1179.3 

828.9  1099.3 

69 

302.0 

4.695 

6.29 

0.1590 

271.6 

908.0  1179.6 

828.1  1099.5 

70 

302.9 

4.763 

6.20 

0.1612 

272.6 

907.2 

1179.8 

827.3  1099.7 

71 

303.9 

4.831 

6.12 

0.1634 

273.6 

906.5 

1180.1 

826.5  1099.9 

72 

304.8 

4.899 

6.04 

0.1656 

274.5 

905.8 

1180.4 

825.8  1100.1 

73 

305.8 

4.967 

5.96 

0.1678 

275.5 

905.1 

1180.6 

825.0  1100.3 

74 

306.7 

5.035 

5.89 

0.1699 

276.5 

904.4 

1180.9 

824.2  1100.5 

75 

307.6 

5.103 

5.81 

0.1721 

277.4 

903.7 

1181.1 

823.5  1100.6 

76 

308.5 

5.171 

5.74 

0.1743 

278.3 

903.0 

1181.4 

822.7  1100.8 

77 

309.4  • 

5.239 

5.67 

0.1764 

279.3 

902.3 

1181.6 

822.0  1101.0 

78 

310.3 

5.307 

5.60 

0.1786 

280.2 

901.7 

1181.8^-^21.3  1101.2 

79 

311.2 

5.375 

5.54 

0.1808 

281.1 

901.0 

1182.1 

820.6  1101.4 

80 

312.0 

5.444 

5.47 

0.1829 

282.0 

900.3 

1182.3 

819.8  1101.6 

81 

312.9 

5.512 

5.41 

0.1851 

282.9 

899.7 

1182.5 

819.1  1101.7 

82 

313.8 

5.580 

5.34 

0.1873 

283.8 

899.0 

1182.8 

818.4  1101.9 

83 

314.6 

5.648 

5.28 

0.1894 

284.6 

898.4  1183.0 

817.7  1102.1 

84 

315.4 

5.716 

5.22 

0.1915 

285.5 

897.7 

1183.2 

817.0  1102.2 

85 

316.3 

5.784 

5.16 

0.1937 

286.3 

897.1 

1183.4 

816.3  1102.4 

86 

317.1 

5.852 

5.10 

0.1959 

287.2 

896.4 

1183.6 

815.6  1102.6 

87 

317.9 

5.920 

5.05 

0.1980 

288.0 

895.8  1183.8 

815.0  1102.7 

88 

318.7 

5.988 

5.00 

0.2001 

288.9 

895.2 

1184.0 

814.3  1102.9 

89 

319.5 

6.056 

4.94 

0.2023 

289.7 

o94.6 

1184.2 

813.6  1103.0 

90 

320.3 

6.124 

4.89 

0.2044 

290.5 

893.9 

1184  4 

813.0  1103.2 

91 

321.1 

6.192 

4.84 

0.2065 

291.3 

893.3 

1184.6 

812.3  1103.3 

92 

321.8 

6.260 

4.79 

0.2087 

292.1 

892.7 

1184.8 

811.7  1103.5 

93 

322.6 

6.328 

4.74 

0.2109 

292.9 

892.1 

1185.0 

811.0  1103.6 

94 

323.4 

6.396 

4.69 

0.2130 

293.; 

891.5 

1185.2 

810.4  1103.8 

95 

324.1 

6464 

4.65 

0.2151 

294.5 

890.9 

1185.4 

809.7  1103.9 

% 

324.9 

6.532 

4.60 

0.2172 

295.3 

890.3 

1185.6 

809.1  1104.1 

97 

325.6 

6.600 

4.56 

0.2193 

296.1 

889.7 

1185.8 

808.5  1104.2 

98 

326.4 

6.668 

4.51 

0.2215 

296.8 

889.2 

1186.0 

807.9  1104.4 

99 

327.1 

6.736 

4.47 

0.2237 

297.6 

888.6  1186.2 

807.2  1104.5 

Entropy 


^  Press. 

Water      Evap.      Steam  lbs. 

nore  L/Torr/T  N  or*  p 

0.4113  1.2468  1.6581  50 

0.4130  1.2435  1.6565  51 

0.4147  1.2402  1.6549  52 

0.4164  1.2370  1.6534  53 

0.4180  1.2339  1.6519  54 

0.4196  1.2309  1.6505  55 

0.4212  1.2278  1.6490  56 

0.4227  1.2248  1.6475  57 

0.4242  1.2218  1.6460  58 

0.4257  1.2189  1.6446  59 

0.4272  1.2160  1.6432  60 

0.4287  1.2132  1.6419  61 

0.4302  1.2104  1.6406  62 

0.4316  1.2077  1.6393  63 

0.4330  1.2050  1.6380  64 

0.4344  1.2024  1.6368  65 

0.4358  1.1998  1.6355  66 

0.4371  1.1972  1.6343  67 

0.4385  1.1946  1.6331  68 

0.4398  1.1921  1.6319  69 

0.4411  1.1896  1.6307  70 

0.4424  1.1872  1.6296  71 

0.4437  1,1848  1,6285  72 

0.4449  1.1825  1.6274  73 

0.4462  1.1801  1.6263  74 

0.4474  1.1778  1.6252  75 

0.4487  1.1755  1.6242  76 

0.4499  1.1732  1.6231  77 

0.4511  1.1710  1.6221  78 

0.4523  1.1687  1.6210  79 

0.4535  1.1665  1.6200  80 

0.4546  1.1644  1.6190  81 

0.4557  1.1623  1.6180  82 

0.4568  1.1602  1.6170  83 

0.4579  1.1581  1.6160  84 

0.4590  1.1561  1.6151  86 

0.4601  1.1540  1.6141  86 

0.4612  1.1520  1.6132  87 

0.4623  1.1500  1.6123  88 

0.4633  1.1481  1.6114  89 

0.4644  1.1461  1.6105  90 

0.4654  1.1442  1.6096  91 

0.4664  1.1423  1.6087  92 

0.4674  1.1404  1.6078  93 

0.4684  1.1385  1.6069  94 

0.4694  1.1367  1.6061  95 

0.4704  1.1348  1.6052  96 

0.4714  1.1330  1.6044  97 

0.4724  1.1312  L6036  98 

0.4733  1.1295  L6028  99 

T°=t°+459,6!  J=777.5  ft.  lbs.  per  B.t.u.  [log=2,89  071]!  A=Vj=1.286X10-^!  144  A=0,1852  [log=1.26  764]. 

For  water,  at  65  lbs.,  sp.  vol.,  v'  or  <t=  0.0174  cu.  ft.  per  lb. ;  i/v'=  57.4  lbs.  per  cu.  ft. ;  144  Apv'=  0.21  B.t.n.  i 

at  90  lbs.,              v'or<T  =  0.0176           "          iVv'=56.8           "          )144Apv'  =  0.30  '"    • 

(17) 


Table  2:  Pressures 

T  n  Sp.Vol.  Density  Heat  Lament  Total  Internal  Energy  Entropy  „ 

Press.  Temp.  Press  cu.   ft.  lbs.  per  of  the  heat  of  heat  of             B.t.u.  , -^ >  Press. 

lbs.  Deg.  F.  Atmoe*  per  lb.  cu.    ft.  liquid  evap.  steam  Evap.     Steam        Water  Evap.      Steam  lbs. 

p            t            —  V  or  c  Vv  horq  Lorr  H  I  or  p        E             nore  L/Torr/T  Nor<^          p 

100  327.8  6.80  4.429  0.2258  298.3  888.0  1186.3  806.6  1104.6  0.4743  1.1277  1.6020  100 

101  328.6  6.87  4.388  0.2279  299.1  887.4  1186.5  806.0  1104.8  0.4752  1.1260  1.6012  101 

102  329.3  6.94  4.347  0.2300  299.8  886.9  1186.7  805.4  1104.9  0.4762  1.1242  1.6004  102 

103  330.0  7.01  4.307  0.2322  300.6  886.3  1186.9  804.8  1105.0  0.4771  1.1225  1.5996  103 

104  330.7  7.08  4.268  0.2343  301.3  885.8  1187.0  804.2  1105.1  0.4780  1.1208  1.5988  104 

105  331.4  7.14  4.230  0.2365  302.0  885.2  1187.2  803.6  1105.3  0.4789  1.1191  1.5980  106 

106  332.0  7.21  4.192  0.2386  302.7  884.7  1187.4  803.0  1105.4  0.4798  1.1174  1.5972  106 

107  332.7  7.28  4.155  0.2408  303.4  884.1  1187.5  802.5  1105.5  0.4807  1.1158  1.5965  107 

108  333.4  7.35  4.118  0.2429  304.1  883.6  1187.7  801.9  1105.7  0.4816  1.1141  1.5957  108 

109  334.1  7.42  4.082  0.2450  304.8  883.0  1187.9  801.3  1105.8  0.4825  1.1125  1.5950  109 

110  334.8  7.49  4.047  0.2472  305.5  882.5  1188.0  800.7  1105.9  0.4834  1.1108  1.5942  110 
HI  335.4  7.55  4.012  0.2493  306.2  881.9  1188.2  800.2  1106.0  0.4843  1.1092  1.5935  111 

112  336.1  7.62  3.978  0.2514  306.9  881.4  1188.4  799.6  1106.2  0.4852  1.1076  1.5928  112 

113  336.8  7.69  3.945  0.2535  307.6  880.9  1188.5  799.0  1106.3  0.4860  1.1061  1.5921  113 

114  337.4  7.76  3.912  0.2556  308.3  880.4  1188.7  798.5  1106.4  0.4869  1.1045  1.5914  114 

U5  338.1  7.83  3.880  0.2577  309.0  879.8  1188.8  797.9  1106.5  0.4877  1.1030  1.5907  115 

116  338.7  7.89  3.848  0.2599  309.6  879.3  1189.0  797.4  1106.6  0.4886  1.1014  1.5900  116 

117  339.4  7.96  3.817  0.2620  310.3  878.8  1189.1  796.8  1106.8  0.4894  1.0999  1.5893  117 

118  340  0  8.03  3.786  0.2641  311.0  878.3  1189.3  796.3  1106.9  0.4903  1.0984  1.5887  118 

119  340.6  8.10  3.756  0.2662  311.6  877.8  1189.4  795.7  1107.0  0.4911  1.0969  1.5880  119 

120  341 3  8.17  3.726  0.2683  312.3  877.2  1189.6  795.2  1107.1  0.4919  1.0954  1.5873  120 

121  341.9  8.23  3.697  0.2705  313.0  876.7  1189.7  794.7  1107.2  0.4927  1.0939  1.5866  121 

122  342.5  8.30  3.668  0.2726  313.6  876.2  1189.8  794.2  1107.3  0.4935  1.0924  1.5859  122 

123  343  2  8.37  3.639  0.2748  314.3  875.7  1190.0  793.6  1107.4  0.4943  1.0910  1.5853  123 

124  343.8  8.44  3.611  0.2769  314.9  875.2  1190.1  793.1  1107.6  0.4951  1.0895  1.5846  124 

125  344.4  8.50  3.583  0.2791  315.5  874.7  1190.3  792.6  1107.7  0.4959  1.0880  1.5839  125 

126  345  0  8.57  3.556  0.2812  316.2  874.2  1190.4  792.0  1107.8  0.4967  1.0865  1.5832  126 

127  3^5.6  8.64  3.530  0.2833  316.8  873.8  1190.5  791.5  1107.9  0.4974  1.0851  1.5825  127 

128  346  2  8.71  3.504  0.2854  317.4  873.3  1190.7  791.0  1108.0  0.4982  1.0837  1.5819  128 

129  346.8  8.78  3.478  0.2875  318.0  872.8  1190.8  790.5  1108.1  0.4990  1.0823  1.5813  129 

130  347  4  8.85  3.452  0.2897  318.6  872.3  1191.0  790.0  1108.2  0.4998  1.0809  1.5807  130 

131  348  0  8  91  3.427  0.2918  319.3  871.8  1191.1  789.5  1108.3  0.5005  1.0796  1.5801  131 

132  348  5  8.98  3.402  0.2939  319.9  871.3  1191.2  789.0  1108.4  0.5013  1.0782  1.5795  132 

133  349 1  9  05  3.378  0.2960  320.5  870.9  1191.3  788.5  1108.5  0.5020  1.0769  1.5789  133 

134  349.7  9.12  3.354  0.2981  321.1  870.4  1191.5  788.0  1108.6  0.5028  1.0755  1.5783  134 

135  350  3  9.19  3.331  0.3002  321.7  869.9  1191.6  787.5  1108.7  0.5035  1.0742  1.5777  135 

136  350.8  9.25  3.308  0.3023  322.3  869.4  1191.7  787.0  1108.8  0.5043  1.0728  1.5771  136 

137  351.4  9.32  3.285  0.3044  322.8  869.0  1191.8  786.5  1108.9  0.5050  1.0715  1.5765  137 

138  352.0  9.39  3.263  0.3065  323.4  868.5  1192.0  786.0  1109.0  0.5057  1.0702  1.5759  138 

139  352.5  9.46  3.241  0.3086  324.0  868.1  1192.1  785.5  1109.1  0.5064  1.0689  1.5753  139 

140  353.1  9.53  3.219  0.3107  324.6  867.6  1192.2  785.0  1109.2  0.5072  1.0675  1.5747  140 

141  353.6  9.59  3.197  0.3129  325.2  867.2  1192.3  784.6  1109.3  0.5079  1.0662  1.5741  141 

142  354  2  9.66  3.175  0.3150  325.8  866.7  1192.5  784.1  1109.4  0.5086  1.0649  1.5735  142 

143  354  7  9.73  3.154  0.3171  326.3  866.3  1192.6  783.6  1109.5  0.5093  1.0637  1.5730  143 

144  355.3  9.80  3.133  0.3192  326.9  865.8  1192.7  783.2  1109.6  0.5100  1.0624  1.5724  144 

145  355  8  9  87  3.112  0.3213  327.4  865.4  1192.8  782.7  1109.6  0.5107  1.0612  1.5719  145 

146  356  3  9.93  3.092  0.3234  328.0  864.9  1192.9  782.2  1109.7  0.5114  1.0599  1.5713  146 

147  356  9  10  00  3.072  0.3255  328.6  864.5  1193.0  781.7  1109.8  0.5121  1.0587  1.5708  147 

148  357  4  10  07  3.052  0.3276  329.1  864.0  1193.2  781.3  1109.9  0.5128  1.0574  1.5702  148 

149  357.9  10.14  3.033  0.3297  329.7  863.6  1193.3  780.8  1110.0  0.5135  1.0562  1.5697  149 

•  1  atmo  (standard  atmosphere)  =760  mms.  of  Hg.  by  definition  =  29.921  ins,  of  Hg.  =  14.696  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

For  water,  at  115  lbs.,  sp,  vol.,  v'  or  <t=:  0,0178  cu.  it.  per  lb.)  i/v'^56.0  lbs.  per  cu,  ft.)  144  Apv'=0.38  B.t.u.,- 

at  140  lbs.,  v'or<r=0,0180  "  i  i/v'=65.4            '■'           |  144  ApY'^O^"?  "    . 

08) 


Table  2 :  Pressures 


Press. 

Temp. 

Press. 

Sp.Vol. 
cu.  ft. 

Density 
lbs.  per 

Heat 

ofthe 

Latent    Total 
heat  of  heat  of 

Internal  Energy 
B.t.u. 

lbs. 

Deg.  F. 

Atmos 

per  lb. 

cu.    ft. 

liquid 

evap.     steam 

Evap,     Steam 

P 

t 

— 

V  or  s 

i/v 

hor  q 

Lorr        H 

\0T  p           E 

150 

358.5 

10.21 

3.012 

0.3320 

330.2 

863.2  1193.4 

780.4  1110.1 

151 

359.0 

10.28 

2.993 

0.3341 

330.8 

862.7  1193.5 

779.9  1110.2 

152 

359.5 

10.34 

2.974 

0.3362 

331.4 

862.3  1193.6 

779.4  1110.3 

153 

360.0 

10.41 

2.956 

0.3383 

331.9 

861.8  1193.7 

779.0  1110.4 

154 

360.5 

10.48 

2.938 

0.3404 

332.4 

861.4  1193.8 

778.5  1110.4 

155 

361.0 

10.55 

2.920 

0.3425 

332.9 

861.0  1194.0 

778.1  1110.5 

156 

361.6 

10.61 

2.902 

0.3446 

333.5 

860.6  1194.1 

777.6  1110.6 

157 

362.1 

10.68 

2.885 

0.3467 

334.0 

860.1  1194.2 

777.2  1110.7 

158 

362.6 

10.75 

2.868 

0.3488 

334.6 

859.7  1194.3 

776.7  1110.8 

159 

363.1 

10.82 

2.851 

0.3508 

335.1 

859.3  1194.4 

776.3  1110.8 

160 

363.6 

10.89 

2.834 

0.3529 

335.6 

858.8  1194.5 

775.8  1110.9 

161 

364.1 

10.96 

2,818 

0.3549 

336.2 

858.4  1194.6 

775.4  1111.0 

162 

364.6 

11.02 

2.801 

0.3570 

336.7 

858.0  1194.7 

775.0  1111.1 

163 

365.1 

11.09 

2,785 

0.3591 

337.2 

857.6  1194.8 

774.5  1111.2 

164 

365.6 

11.16 

2.769 

0.3612 

337.7 

857.2  1194.9 

774.1  1111.2 

165 

366.0 

11.23 

2.753 

0.3633 

338.2 

856.8  1195.0 

773.6  1111.3 

166 

366.5 

11.30 

2.737 

0.3654 

338.7 

856.4  1195.1 

773.2  1111.4 

167 

367.0 

11.36 

2.721 

0.3675 

339.2 

855.9  1195.2 

772.8  1111.4 

168 

367.5 

11.43 

2.706 

0.3696 

339.7 

855.5  1195.3 

772.4  1111.5 

169 

368.0 

11.50 

2.690 

0.3717 

340.2 

855.1  1195.4 

771.9  1111.6 

170 

368.5 

11.57 

2.675 

0.3738 

340.7 

854.7  1195.4 

771.5  1111.7 

171 

368.9 

11.64 

2.660 

0.3759 

341.2 

854.3  1195.5 

771.1  1111.7 

172 

369.4 

11.70 

2.645 

0.3780 

341.7 

853.9  1195.6 

770.7  1111.8 

173 

369.9 

11.77 

2.631 

0.3801 

342.2 

853.5  1195.7 

770.2  1111.9 

174 

370.4 

11.84 

2.616 

0.3822 

342.7 

853.1  1195.8 

769.8  1112.0 

175 

370.8 

11.91 

2.602 

0.3843 

343.2 

852.7  1195.9 

769.4  1112.0 

176 

371.3 

11.97 

2.588 

0.3864 

343.7 

852.3  1196.0 

769.0  1112.1 

177 

371.7 

12.04 

2.574 

0.3885 

344.2 

851.9  1196.1 

768.6  1112.2 

178 

372.2 

12.11 

2.560 

0.3906 

344.7 

851.5  1196.2 

768.2  1112.3 

179 

372.7 

12.18 

2.547 

0.3927 

345.2 

851.2  1196.3 

767.8  1112.4 

180 

373.1 

12.25 

2.533 

0.3948 

345.6 

850.8  1196.4 

767.4  1112.4 

181 

373.6 

12.32 

2.520 

0.3969 

346.1 

850.4  1196.5 

767.0  1112.5 

182 

374.0 

12.38 

2.507 

0.3989 

346.6 

850.0  1196.6 

766.6  1112.6 

183 

374.5 

12.45 

2.494 

0.4010 

347.1 

849.6  1196.7 

766.2  1112.6 

184 

374.9 

12.81 

2.481 

0.4031 

347.6 

849.2  1196.8 

765.8  1112.7 

185 

375.4 

12.59 

2.468 

0.4052 

348.0 

848.8  1196.8 

765.4  1112.8 

186 

375.8 

12.66 

2.455 

0.4073 

348.5 

848.4  1196.9 

765.0  1112.8 

187 

376.3 

12.72 

2.443 

0.4094 

349.0 

848.0  1197.0 

764.6  1112.9 

188 

376.7 

12.79 

2.430 

0.4115 

349.4 

847.7  1197.1 

764.2  1113.0 

189 

377.2 

12.86 

2.418 

0.4136 

349.9 

847.3  1197.2 

763.8  1113.0 

190 

377.6 

12.93 

2.406 

0.4157 

350.4 

846.9  1197.3 

763.4  1113.1 

191 

378.0 

13.00 

2.393 

0.4178 

350.8 

846.5  1197.3 

763.0  1113.2 

192 

378.5 

13.06 

2.381 

0.4199 

351.3 

846.1  1197.4 

762.6  1113.2 

193 

378.9 

13.13 

2.369 

0.4220 

351.7 

845.8  1197.5 

762.2  1113.3 

194 

379.3 

13.20 

2.358 

0.4241 

352.2 

845.4  1197.6 

761.8  1113.4 

195 

379.8 

13.27 

2.346 

0.4262 

352.7 

845.0  1197.7 

761.4  1113.4 

196 

380.2 

13.34 

2.335 

0.4283 

353.1 

844.7  1197.8 

761.1  1113.5 

197 

380.6 

13.40 

2.323 

0.4304 

353.6 

844.3  1197.8 

760.7  1113.6 

198 

381.0 

13.47 

2.312 

0.4325 

354.0 

843.9  1197.9 

760.3  1113.6 

199 

381.4 

13.54 

2.301 

0.4346 

354.4 

843.6  1198.0 

759.9  1113.7 

Entropy 


_^  Press. 

Water       Evap.      Steam  lbs. 

nor 9  L/Torr/T  Hor<t>  p 

0.5142  1.0550  1.5692  150 

0.5148  1.0538  1.5686  151 

0.5155  1.0525  1.5680  152 

0.5162  1.0513  1.5675  153 

0.5169  1.0501  1.5670  154 

0.5175  1.0489  1.5664  155 

0.5182  1.0477  1.5659  156 

0.5188  1.0466  1.5654  157 

0.5195  1.0454  1.5649  158 

0.5201  1.0443  1.5644  159 

0.5208  1.0431  1.5639  160 

0.5214  1.0420  1.5634  161 

0.5220  1.0409  1.5629  162 

0.5226  1.0398  1.5624  163 

0.5233  1.0387  1.5620  164 

0.5239  1.0376  1.5615  165 

0.5245  1.0365  1.5610  166 

0.5251  1.0354  1.5605  167 

0.5257  1.0343  1.5600  168 

0.5263  1.0332  1.5595  169 

0.5269  1.0321  1.5590  170 

0.5275  1.0311  1.5586  171 

0.5281  1.0300  1.5581  172 

0.5287  1.0289  1.5576  173 

0.5293  1.0278  1.5571  174 

0.5299  1.0268  1.5567  175 

0.5305  1.0257  1.5562  176 

0.5311  1.0246  1.5557  177 

0.5317  1.0235  1.5552  178 

0.5322  1.0225  1.5547  179 

0.5328  1.0215  1.5543  180 

0.5334  1.0205  1.5539  181 

0.5339  1.0195  1.5534  182 

0.5345  1.0185  1.5530  183 

0.5351  1.0174  1.5525  184 

0.5356  1.0164  1.5520  185 

0.5362  1.0154  1.5516  186 

0.5367  1.0144  1.5511  187 

0.5373  1.0134  1.5507  188 

0.5378  1.0124  1.5502  189 

0.5384  1.0114  1.5498  190 

0.5389  1.0105  1.5494  191 

0.5395  1.0095  1.5490  192 

0.5400  1.0085  1.5485  193 

0.5405  1.0076  1.5481  194 

0.5410  1.0066  1.5476  195 

0.5416  1.0056  1.5472  196 

0.5421  1.0047  1.5468  197 

0.5426  1.0038  1.5464  198 

0.5431  1.0029  1.5460  199 

T''=t°+459,6;  J=777.5ft.lbs.perB.t.n.  [log=2.89  071]!  A=i/j=1.286X10-'il44A=0,1852[log=1.26  664]. 

For  water,  at  165  lbs.,  sp,  vol.,  v'  or  <7  =  0.0182  en,  ft.  per  lb. ;  i/V=  54.9  lbs.  per  en,  ft, ;  144  Apv'=  0,56  B.t.u.) 

at  190  lbs.,               v'ora=:0,0184            "           ii/v'r=54,5             "           ;  144  Apv'  =  0.65  "     • 

(19) 


Table  2 :  Pressures 

-„,„  T„ n.-„-  Sp.  Vol.  Density      Heat  Latent  Total  Internal  Energy  Entropy  . 

Press.  Temp.  Press,  cu.   ft.  lbs.  per  of  the  heat  of  heat  of             B.tu.  . '^ ,  Press. 

lbs.  Deg.  F.  Atmos*  per  lb.  cu.    ft.  liquid  evap.  steam  Evap.     Steam         Water  Evap.      Steam  lbs. 

p            t  —  V  or  s       i/v  horq  Lorr        H  I  or  p        E             nore  l/Torr/l  N  or*         p 

200  381.9  13.61  2.290  0.437  354.9  843.2  1198.1  759.5  1113.7  0.5437  1.0019  1.5456  200 

201  382.3  13.68  2.279  0.439  355.3  842.8  1198.2  759.2  1113.8  0.5442  1.0010  1.5452  201 

202  382.7  13.74  2.269  0.441  355.8  842.4  1198.2  758.8  1113.9  0.5447  1.0001  1.5448  202 

203  383.1  13.81  2.258  0.443  356.2  842.1  1198.3  758.4  1113.9  0.5452  0.9992  1.5444  203 

204  383.5  13.88  2.247  0.445  356.7  841.7  1198.4  758.0  1114.0  0.5458  0.9982  1.5440  204 

205  384.0  13.95  2.237  0.447  357.1  841.4  1198.5  757.6  1114.0  0.5463  0.9973  1.5436  205 

206  384.4  14.02  2.227  0.449  357.5  841.0  1198.5  757.3  1114.1  0.5468  0.9964  1.5432  206 

207  384.8  14.08  2.217  0.451  358.0  840.6  1198.6  756.9  1114.2  0.5473  0.9955  1.5428  207 

208  385.2  14.15  2.207  0.453  358.4  840.3  1198.7  756.5  1114.2  0.5478  0.9946  1.5424  208 

209  385.6  14.22  2.197  0.455  358.8  839.9  1198.8  756.2  1114.3  0.5483  0.9937  1.5420  209 

210  386.0  14.29  2.187  0.457  359.2  839.6  1198.8  755.8  1114.4  0.5488  0.9928  1.5416  210 

211  386.4  14.36  2.177  0.459  359.6  839.3  1198.9  755.5  1114.4  0.5493  0.9920  1.5413  211 

212  386.8  14.43  2.167  0.461  360.1  838.9  1199.0  755.1  1114.5  0.5498  0.9911  1.5409  212 

213  387.2  14.49  2.158  0.463  360.5  838.6  1199.1  754.7  1114.5  0.5503  0.9902  1.5405  213 

214  387.6  14.56  2.148  0.466  360.9  838.2  1199.1  754.4  1114.6  0.5508  0.9893  1.5401  214 

215  388.0  14.63  2.138  0.468  361.4  837.9  1199.2  754.0  1114.6  0.5513  0.9885  1.5398  215 

216  388.4  14.70  2.128  0.470  361.8  837.5  1199.3  753.7  1114.7  0.5518   0.9876  1.5394  216 

217  388.8  14.77  2.118  0.472  362.2  837.2  1199.4  753.3  1114.7  0.5523  0.9867  1.5390  217 

218  389.1  14.83  2.109  0.474  362.6  836.8  1199.4  753.0  1114.8  0.5528  0.9858  1.5386  218 

219  389.5  14.90  2.100  0.476  363.0  836.5  1199.5  752.6  1114.8  0.5533  0.9850  1.5383  219 

220  389.9  14.97  2.091  0.478  363.4  836.2  1199.6  752.3  1114.9  0.5538  0.9841  1.5379  220 

221  390.3  15.04  2.082  0.480  363.8  835.8  1199.6  751.9  1115.0  0.5543  0.9833  1.5376  221 

222  390.7  15.11  2.073  0.482  364.2  835.5  1199.7  751.6  1115.0  0.5548  0.9824  1.5372  222 

223  391.1  15.17  2.064  0.485  364.6  835.1  1199.8  751.2  1115.1  0.5553  0.9816  1.5369  223 

224  391.5  15.24  2.055  0.487  365.0  834.8  1199.8  750.8  1115.1  0.5557  0.9808  1.5365  224 

225  391.9  15.31  2.046  0.489  365.5  834.4  1199.9  750.5  1115.2  0.5562  0.9799  1.5361  225 

226  392.2  15.38  2.038  0.491  365.9  834.1  1200.0  750.1  1115.2  0.5567  0.9791  1.5358  226 

227  392.6  15.45  2.030  0.493  366.3  833.8  1200.0  749.8  1115.3  0.5572  0.9783  1.5355  227 

228  393.0  15.51  2.021  0.495  366.7  833.4  1200.1  749.4  1115.3  0.5577  0.9774  1.5351  228 

229  393.4  15.58  2.013  0.497  367.1  833.1  1200.2  749.1  1115.4  0.5582  0.9766  1.5348  229 

230  393.8  15.65  2.004  0.499  367.5  832.8  1200.2  748.8  1115.4  0.5586  0.9758  1.5344  230 

231  394.1  15.72  1.996  0.501  367.9  832.4  1200.3  748.4  1115.5  0.5591  0.9750  1.5341  231 

232  394.5  15.79  1.988  0.503  368.3  832.1  1200.4  748.1  1115.5  0.5596  0.9741  1.5337  232 

233  394.9  15.86  1.980  0.505  368.7  831.8  1200.4  747.7  1115.6  0.5601  0.9733  1.5334  233 

234  395.2  15.92  1.972  0.507  369.0  831.4  1200.5  747.4  1115.6  0.5605  0.9725  1.5330  234 

235  395.6  15.99  1.964  0.509  369.4  831.1  1200.6  747.0  1115.7  0.5610  0.9717  1.5327  235 

236  396.0  16.06  1.956  0.511  369.8  830.8  1200.6  746.7  1115.7  0.5615  0.9708  1.5323  236 

237  396.4  16.13  1.948  0.513  370.2  830.4  1200.7  746.4  1115.8  0.5619  0.9700  1.5319  237 

238  396.7  16.20  1.940  0.515  370.6  830.1  1200.7  746.0  1115.8  0.5624  0.9692  1.5316  238 

239  397.1  16.26  1.932  0.518  371.0  829.8  1200.8  745.7  1115.9  0.5629  0.9684  1.5313  239 

240  397.4  16.33  1.924  0.520  371.4  829.5  1200.9  745.4  1115.9  0.5633  0.9676  1.5309  240 

241  397.8  16.40  1.917  0.522  371.8  829.2  1200.9  745.0  1116.0  0.5638  0.9668  1.5306  241 

242  398.2  16.47  1.909  0.524  372.2  828.8  1201.0  744.7  1116.0  0.5642  0.9661  1.5303  242 

243  398.5  16.53  1.902  0.526  372.6  828.5  1201.1  744.4  1116.1  0.5647  0.9653  1.5300  243 

244  398.9  16.60  1.894  0.528  372.9  828.2  1201.1  744.0  1116.1  0.5651  0.9646  1.5297  244 

245  399.3  16.67  1.887  0.530  373.3  827.9  1201.2  743.7  1116.2  0.5655  0.9638  1.5293  245 

246  399.6  16.74  1.879  0.532  373.7  827.5  1201.2  743.4  1116.2  0.5659  0.9630  1.5289  246 

247  400.0  16.81  1.872  0.534  374.1  827.2  1201.3  743.0  1116.3  0.5663  0.9623  1.5286  247 

248  400.3  16.88  1.864  0.536  374.5  826.9  1201.4  742.7  1116.3  0.5668  0.9615  1.5283  248 

249  400.7  16.94  1.857  0.538  374.8  826.6  1201.4  742.4  1116.4  0.5672  0.9607  1.5279  249 


1  atmo  (standard  atmosphere)  =  760  mms.  of  Hg.  by  def.  =  29.921  ins.  of  Hg.  =  14.698  lbs.  per  sq.  io. 

per  lb. 

(20) 


For  water,  at  215  lb<!.,  gp.  vol.,  v' or  ff  =  0.0185  on.  ft.  per  lb.)  i/v'  =  54,0  lbs.  per  on.  ft.|  144  Apv'=  0.74  B.t.n.i 
at240  1bs.,  v' or  <T=:  0,0186  "^  |  Vt'=:53.6  "  1 144  Apv'=  0.83      "    . 


Table  2:  Pressures 

_  T  n  Sp.  Vol.  Density       Heat  Latent     Total  Internal  Energy                      Entropy  _ 

Press.  Temp.  Press,  cu.   ft,  lbs.  per      of  the  heat  of  heat  of             B.  t.  u.  , --!^ ,  Press. 

lbs.  Deg.  F.     Atmos  per  lb.  cu.    ft.       liquid      evap.     steam        Evap.     Steam         Water        Evap.      Steam  lbs. 

p            t             —  V  or  s  i/v         h  or  q      L  or  r        H           I  or  p        E            n  or  e    L/Torr/T  tior<t>  p 

250  401.1  17.01  1.850  0.541     375.2  826.3  1201.5  742.0  1116.4  0.5676  0.9600  1.5276  250 

252  401.8  17.15  1.836  0.545  376.0  825.6  1201.6  741.4  1116.5  0.5685   0.9584  1.5269  252 

254  402.4  17.28  1.822  0.549  376.7  825.0  1201.7  740.8  1116.6  0.5694  0.9569  1.5263  254 

256  403.1  17.42  1.809  0.553  377.5  824.4  1201.8  740.1  1116.7  0.5702   0.9554  1.5256  256 

258  403.8  17.56  1.795  0.557  378.2  823.7  1201.9  739.5  1116.8  0.5711   0.9539  1.5250  258 

260  404.5  17.69  1.782  0.561  378.9  823.1  1202.1  738.9  1116.9  0.5719   0.9525  1.5244  260 

262  405.2  17.83  1.769  0.565  379.6  822.5  1202.2  738.2  1117.0  0.5727   0.9511  1.5238  262 

264  405.9  17.96  1.756  0.569  380.4  821.9  1202.3  737.6  1117.1  0.5735   0.9497  1.5232  264 

266  406.6  18.10  1.743  0.574  381.1  821.3  1202.4  737.0  1117.2  0.5744   0.9482  1.5226  266 

268  407.2  18.24  1.731  0.578  381.8  820.7  1202.5  736.4  1117.2  0.5752   0.9468  1.5220  268 

270  407.9  18.37  1.718  0.582  382.5  820.1  1202.6  735.8  1117.3  0.5760   0.9454  1.5214  270 

272  408.6  18.51  1.705  0.587  383.2  819.5  1202.7  735.1  1117.4  0.5768   0.9440  1.5208  272 

274  409.2  18.64  1.693  0.591  383.9  818.9  1202.8  734.5  1117.5  0.5776   0.9426  1.5202  274 

276  409.9  18.78  1.681  0.595  384.6  818.3  1202.9  733.9  1117.6  0.5784  0.9412  1.5196  276 

278  410.5  18.92  1.669  0.599  385.3  817.7  1203.0  733.3  1117.6  0.5792   0.9398  1.5190  278 

280  411.2  19.05  1.658  0.603  386.0  817.1  1203.1  732.7  1117.7  0.5800   0.9385  1.5185  280 

282  411.8  19.19  1.646  0.608  386.7  816.5  1203.2  732.1  1117.8  0.5808   0.9371  1.5179  282 

284  412.4  19.32  1.635  0  612  387.4  815.9  1203.3  731.5  1117.9  0.5816   0.9357  1.5173  284 

286  413.1  19.46  1.624  0.616  388.1  815.4  1203.4  730.9  1118.0  0.5824  0.9344  1.5168  286 

288  413.7  19.60  1.613  0.620  388.7  814.8  1203.5  730.3  1118.1  0.5832   0.9330  1.5162  288 

290  414.4  19.73  1.602  0.624  389.4  814.2  1203.6  729.7  1118.1  0.5840   0.9316  1.5156  290 

292  415.0  19.87  1.591  0.629  390.1  813.6  1203.7  729.2  1118.2  0.5848   0.9302  1.5150  292 

294  415.6  20.01  1.581  0.633  390.8  813.0  1203.8  728.6  1118.3  0.5856   0.9289  1.5145  294 

296  416.2  20.14  1.571  0.637  391.4  812.5  1203.9  728.0  1118.4  0.5863   0.9276  1 5139  296 

298  416.8  20.28  1.561  0.641  392.1  811.9  1204.0  727.4  1118.4  0.5871   0.9263  1.5134  298 

300  417.5  20.41  1.551  0.645  392.7  811.3  1204.1  726.8  1118.5  0.5878   0.9251  1.5129  300 

310  420.5  21.09  1.502  0.666  395.9  80S.S  1204.5  724.0  1118.9  0.5915    0.9187  1.5102  310 

320  423.4  21.78  1.456  0.687  399.1  805.8  1204.9  721.2  1119.2  0.5951   0.9125  1.5076  320 

330  426.3  22.46  1.413  0.708  402.2  803.1  1205.3  718.5  1119.6  0.5986   0.9065  1 5051  330 

340  429.1  23.14  1.372  0.729  405.3  800.4  120i).7  715.9  1119.9  0.6020   0.9006  1.5026  340 

350  431.9  23.82  1.334  0.750  408.2  797.8  1206.1  713.3  1120.2  0.6053   0  8949  1 5002  350 

360  434.6  24.50  1.298  0.770  411.2  795.3  1206.4  710.7  1120.5  0.6085   0.8894  1.4979  360 

370  437.2  25.18  1.264  0.791  414.0  792.8  1206.8  708.2  1120.8  0.6116   0.8840  1 4956  370 

380  439.8  25.86  1.231  0.812  416.8  790.3  1207.1  705.7  1121.1  0.6147   0.8788  1 4935  380 

390  442.3  26.54  1.200  0.833  419.5  787.9  1207.4  703.3  1121.4  0.6178   0.8737  1.4915  390 

400  444.7  27.22  1.17  0.86  422.  786.     1208.  701.     1122.  0.621      0.868    1489  400 

410  447.2  27.90  1.14  0.88  425.  783.      1208.  699.     1122.  0.624      0.863     1487  410 

420  449.6  28.58  1.11  0.90  427.  780.      1208.  696.     1122.  0.627      0.858     1485  420 

430  451.9  29.26  1.09  0.92  430.  778.      1208.  694.     1122.  0.629      0.854     1483  430 

440  454.2  29.94  1.06  0.94  433.  776.      1208.  692.     1122.  0.632      0.849     1.481  440 

450  456.5  30.62  1.04  0.96  435.  774.      1209.  690.     1123.  0.635      0.844     1 479  450 

460  45P.7  31.30  1.01  0.99  438.  771.      1209.  687.     1123.  0.637      0.840     1.477  460 

470  460.9  31.98  0.99  1.01  440.  769.      1209.  685.     1123.  0.640      0.835     1.475  470 

480  463.0  32.66  0.97  1.03  443.  767.     1209.  683.     1123.  0.643      0.831    1.474  480 

490  465.1  33.34  0.95  1.05  445.  764.      1210.  680.     1124.  0.645      0.827     1.472  490 

500  467.2  34.02  0.93  1.08  448.  762.      1210.  678.     1124.  0.W8      0.823     1.471  500 

525  472.3  35.72  0.89  1.12  453.  757.      1210.  673.     1124.  0.654     0.813    1.467  525 

560  477.2  37.42  0.85  1.18  458.  752.      1210.  668.     1125.  0.659     0.803     1.462  550 

575  481.9  39.13  0.81  1.24  464.  747.      1211.  663.     1125.  0.664     0.794    1.458  575 

600  486.4  40.83  0.781  .28  469.  742.     1211.  658.    1125.  0.670     0.784    1.454  600 

T-=r +  459.6!  J=  777.5  ft.  lbs.  per  B.t.n,  [log- 2, 89  0711iA  =  i/J  =  1.286X  10-' j  144  A  =  0,1852riog=  1,26  7641. 

For  water,  at  280  lbs.,  sp,  vol.,v'or  <t  — 0.0189  ou.  ft.  per  lb.)  i/v'=53.0  lbs.  per  en.  ft.;  144  Apv'=0.98  B.t.n,| 

at  450  lbs.,  v'or  <T  =  0.0197          "            )  i/v'=50.8            "           i  144  Apv'-.165  "    . 

(21) 


Table  3 :  Saturated  and  Superheated  Steam 


Press. 

Sat. 

lbs. 

Water 

Steam 

1  t 

101.7 

V 

0.0 

333.0 

h 

69.8 

1104.4 

n 

0.1327 

1.9754 

2  t 

126.1 

V 

0.0 

173.5 

h 

94.0 

1115.0 

n 

0.1749  1.9180 

3  t 

141.5 

V 

0.0 

118.5 

h 

109,3 

1121.6 

n 

0.2008  1.8848 

4  t 

153.0 

V 

0.0 

90.5 

h 

120.9 

1126.5 

n 

0.2198  1.8614 

5  t 

162.3 

V 

0.0 

73.3 

h 

130.1 

1130.5 

n 

0.2348  1.8432 

6  t 

170.0 

V 

0.0 

61.9 

h 

137.9 

1133.7 

n 

0.2471  1.8285 

7  t 

176.9 

V 

0.0 

53.6 

h 

144.7 

1136.5 

n 

0.2579  1.8161 

8  t 

182.9 

V 

0.0 

47.3 

h 

150.8 

1139.0 

n 

0.2673 

1.8053 

9  t 

188.3 

V 

0.0 

42.4 

h 

156.2 

1141.1 

n 

0.2756  1.7958 

10  t 

193.2 

V 

0.0 

38.4 

h 

161.1 

1143.1 

n 

0.2832 

1.7874 

11  t 

197.8 

V 

0.0 

35.1 

h 

165.7 

1144.9 

n 

0.2902 

1.7797 

V2  t 

202.0 

V 

0.0 

32.4 

h 

169.9 

1146.5 

n 

0.2967  1.7727 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

10°      20°      30°      40°        50°      G0°      70°      80°      90°  100°     110°    120° 

111.7    121.7    131.7    141.7  151.7    161.7    171.7    181.7    191.7  201.7    211.7    221.7 

339.3    345.5    351.7    357.8  363.9    369.9    375.9    381.9    387.9  393.9    399.9    405.8 

1108.9  1113.4  1118.0  1122.6  1127.1  1131.7  1136.2  1140.8  1145.3  1149.9  1154.5  1159.0 

1.9836  1.9915  1.9993  2.0069  2.0144  2.0218  2.0291  2.0363  2.0434  2.0503  2.0571  2.0638 

136.1  146.1    156.1    166.1  176.1    186.1    196.1    206.1    216.1  226.1    236.1    246.1 
176.7    179.8    183.0    186.1  189.2    192.2    195.2    198.2    201.2  204.2    207.2    210.2 

1119.5  1124.1  1128.7  1133.2  1137.8  1142.3  1146.9  1151.5  1156.1  1160.7  1165.3  1169.8 
1.9259  1.9336  1.9412  1.9486  1.9559  1.9630  1.9699  1.9768  1.9836  1.9904  1.9971  2.0036 

151.5     161.5     171.5     181.5  191.5    201.5    211.5    221.5    231.5  241.5    251.5    261.5 

120.7  122.8    124.9    127.0  129.0    131.0    133.0    135.1    137.1  139.1    141.1    143.1 

1126.2  1130.8  1135.4  1139.9  1144.5  1149.0  1153.6  1158.2  1162.8  1167.4  1172.0  1176.5 
1.8927  1.9002  1.9077  1.9150  1.9221  1.9289  1.9356  1.9423  1.9490  1.9557  1.9623  1.9687 

163.0    173.0    183.0    193.0  203.0    213.0    223.0    233.0    243.0  253.0    263.0    273.0 

92.1      93.7      95.3      96.8         98.4      99.9     101.4    102.9    104.4  106.0    107.5    109.0 

1131.1  1135.7  1140.3  1144.9  1149.5  1154.0  1158.6  1163.2  1167.8  1172.4  1177.0  1181.6 

1.8690  1.8764  1.8838  1.8910  1.8980  1.9048  1.9115  1.9182  1.9249  1.9316  1.9382  1.9446 

172.3    182.3    192.3    202.3  212.3    222.3    232.3    242.3    252.3  262.3    272.3    282.3 

74.6  75.9      77.2      78.4         79.7      80.9      82.1      83.3      84.5  85.7      86.9      88.2 
1135.1  1139.7  1144.3  1148.9  1153.5  1158.0  1162.6  1167.2  1171.8  1176.4  1181.0  1185.6 
1.8507  1.8581  1.8654  1.8725  1.8794  1.8861  1.8927  1.8993  1.9059  1.9125  1.9189  1.9252 

180.0    190.0    200.0    210.0  220.0    230.0    240.0    250.0    260.0  270.0    280.0    290.0 

63.0  64.0      65.1      66.1         67.2      68.2      69.2      70.2      71.2  72.2      73.2      74.2 

1138.3  1141.9  1147.5  1152.1  1156.7  1161.3  1165.9  1170.5  1175.1  1179.8  1184.4  1189.0 
1.8360  1.8432  1.8504  1.8575  1.8643  1.8709  1.8775  1.8841  1.8906  1.8970  1.9033  1.9095 

186.9    196.9    206.?    216.9  226.9    236.9    246.9    256.9    266.9  276.9    286.9    296.9 

54.5      55.4      56.3      57.2         58.1      58.9      59.8      60.7      61.6  62.4      63.3      64.2 

1141.1  1145.7  1150.4  1155.0  1159.6  1164.2  1168.8  1173.4  1178.0  1182.7  1187.3  1191.9 
1.8235  1.8306  1.8377  1.8447  1.8515  1.8581  1.8647  1.8712  1.8776  1.8840  1.8902  1.8963 

192.9    202.9    212.9    222.9  232.9    242.9    252.9    262.9    272.9  282.9    292,9    302.9 

48.1  48.9      49.7      50.4         51.2      52.0      52.8      53.5      54.3  55.0      55.8      56.6 

1143.6  1148.2  1152.8  1157.5  1162.1  1166.7  1171.3  1176.0  1180.6  1185.2  1189.8  1194.4 
1.8126  1.8197  1.8267  1.8337  1.8404  1.8469  1.8534  1.8599  1.8663  1.8727  1.8788  1.8849 

198.3    208.3    218.3    228.3       238.3    248.3    258.3    268.3    278.3  288.3    298.3    308.3 

43.1      43.8      44.5      45.2         45.9      46.6      47,2      47.9      48.6  49.3      49.9      50.6 

1145.8  1150.4  1155.1  1159.7  1164.3  1168.9  1173.5  1178.2  1182.8  1187.4  1192.1  1196,7 

1,8030  1,8100  1,8170  1,8239  1,8306  1,8371  1.8436  1.8500  1.8563  1.8626  1.8687  1.8748 

203.2  213.2    223.2    233,2       243,2    253,2    263.2    273.2    283.2  293.2    303.2    313.2 
39.0      39.7      40.3      40.9         41.5      42.2      42.8      43.4      44.0  44.6      45.2      45,8 

1147.7  1152.4  1157,1  1161,7  1166.3  1171,0  1175,6  1180.3  1184.9  1189.5  1194.2  1198.8 
1.7946  1.8015  1.8084  1.8153  1.8220  1.8285  1.8349  1.8413  1.8476  1.8538  1.8599  1.8659 

207.8  217.8    227.8    237.8       247.8    257.8    267.8    277.8    287.8  297.8    307.8    317.8 

35.7  36,3      36.8      37.4         38.0      38.5      39.1      39.7      40.2  40.8      41,3      41.9 
1149.5  1154.2  1158.9  1163,5  1168,2  1172.8  1177.4  1182.1  1186.8  1191.4  1196.1  1200.7 
1.7868  1.7937  1.8006  1.8075  1.8141  1.8205  1.8269  1.8333  1.8396  1.8458  1.8519  1.8579 

212.0    222.0    232.0    242.0       252,0    262,0    272.0    282.0    292,0  302,0    312.0    322.0 

32.9      33.4      34,0      34,5         35,0      35.5      36,0      36,5      37,0  37,5      38.0      38.6 

1151.2  1155,9  1160,6  1165,2  1169,9  1174,5  1179,1  1183,8  1188,5  1193.1  1197.8  1202.5 
1.7797  1,7866  1.7935  1,8003     1,8069  1,8133  1.8197  1.8260  1.8322  1.8384  1.8445  1.8505 

(22) 


t  IB  the  temperature,  in  Fahrenheit  degrees  i        h  is  the  total  heat,  in  B,  t,  u.,  from  water  at  32  ; 

V  is  the  specific  volume,  in  cu.  ft.  per  lb.  j              n  is  the  entropy,  from  water  at  32". 

Degrees  of  Supe.'heat 

130°     140°  150°     160°  170°     180°     190°  200°    250°    300°    350°  400°     509°    600°      t 

231.7  241.7  251.7    261.7  271.7    281.7    291.7  301.7    351.7  401.7    451.7  501.7    601.7    701.7  t    1 

411.8  417.8  423.8  429.8  435.7  441.7  447.7  453.7  483.5  513.4  543.2  573.1  632.7  692.4  v 
1163.6  1168.2  1172.8  1177.4  1182.0  1186.5  1191.0  1195.6  1218.5  1241.5  1264.5  1287.6  1334.1  1381.0  h 
2,0704  2.0770  2.0835  2.0899  2.0962  2.1024  2.1085  2.1145  2.1426  2.1701  2.1964  2.2218  2.2679  2.3100  n 

256.1  266.1  276.1    286.1  296.1    306.1    316.1  326.1    376.1  426.1    476.1  526.1    626.1    726.1  t    2 

213.2  216.2  219.2    222.2  225.2    228.2    231.2  234.2    249.1  264.1    279.0  293.9    323.8    353.6  V 

1174.4  1179.0  1183.6  1188.1  1192.7  1197.2  1201.8  1206.4  1229.4  1252.4  1275.5  1298.6  1345.2  1392.2  h 
2.0100  2.0162  2.0223  2.0284  2.0345  2.0406  2.0468  2.0529  2.0802  2.1071  2.1333  2.1586  2.2044  2.2459  n 

271.5    281.5  291.5    301.5  311.5    321.5    331.5  341.5    391.5  441.5    491.5  541.5    641.5    741.5  t    3 

145.1  147.1  149.1    151.1  153.1    155.1    157.1  159.1    169.1  179.1    189.0  199.0    218.9    238.8  v 

1181.1  1185.7  1190.3  1194.9  1199.5  1204.0  1208.6  1213.2  1236.2  1259.3  1282.4  1305.6  1352.4  1399.4  b 
1.9749  1.9809  1.9869  1.9929  1.9989  2.0049  2.0110  2.0170  2.0438  2.0703  2.0962  2.1213  2.1669  2.2081  n 

283.0    293.0  303.0    313.0  323.0    333.0    343.0  353.0    403.0  453.0    503.0  553.0    653.0    753.0  t    4 

110.5     112.0  113.5    115.0  116.5    118.0    119.5  121.0    128.5  136.0    143.5  150.9    165.9    180.8  v 

1186.2  1190.8  1195.4  1200.0  1204.6  1209.1  1213.7  1218.3  1241.4  1264.5  1287.6  131C.9  1357.7  1404.8  h 
1.9505  1.9563  1.9621  1.9680  1.9739  1.9898  1.9857  1.9916  2.0184  2.0445  2.0700  2.0948  2.1392  2.1803  n 

292.3  302.3  312.3    322.3  332.3    342.3    352.3  362.3    412.3  462.3    512.3  562.3    662.3     762.3  t    5 
8.94      9.06  91.8      93.0      94.2      95.4      96.6  97.8     103.8  109.8    115.8  121.8    133.7    145.7  v 

1190.2  1194.9  1199.5  1204.1  1208.7  1213.3  1217.9  1222.5  1245.6  1268.7  1291.9  1315.2  1362.1  1409.3  h 
1.9311  1.9369  1.9428  1.9487  1.9546  1.9604  1.9662  1.9720  1.9987  2.0246  2.0496  2.0739  2.1179  2.1586  n 

300.0    310.0  320.0    330.0  340.0    350.0    360.0  370.0    420.0  470.0    520.0  570.0    670.0    770.0  t    6 

75.2  76.2  77.2  78.3  79.3  80.3  81.3  82.3  87.3  92.3  97.3  102.3  112.2  122.2  v 
1193.6  1198.2  1202.8  1207.4  1212.0  1216.6  1221.2  1225.9  1249.0  1272.2  1295.4  1318.7  1365.7  1413.0  h 
1.9154  1.9213  1.9272  1.9330  1.9388  1.9445  1.9503  1.9561  1.9827  2.0085  2.0331  2.0568  2.1006  2.1410  n 

306.9  316.9  326.9    336.9  346.9    356.9    366.9  376.9    426.9  476.9    526.9  576.9    676.9    776.9  t    7 
65.1      66.0  66.8      67.6      68.5      69.3      70.2  71.1      75.4      79.6      83.9  88.2      96.8     105.3  v 

1196.5  1201.2  1205.8  1210.4  1215.0  1219.6  1224.2  1228.9  1252.1  1275.2  1298.4  1321.8  1368.9  1416J  h 
1.9023  1.9082  1.9141  1.9199  1.9256  1.9313  1.9370  1.9427  1.9693  1.9947  2.0192  2.0426  2.0860  2.1261  n 

312.9    322.9  332.9    342.9  352.9    362.9    372.9  382.9    432.9  482.9    532.9  582.9    682.9    782.9  t    8 

57.3  58.1  58.8      59.6      60.3      61.1      61.8  62.6      66.4      70.2      73.9  77.6      85.1      92.6  v 

1199.0  1203.7  1208.3  1212.9  1217.6  1222.2  1226.8  1231.5  1254.7  1278.0  1301.2  1324.6  1371.6  1419.0  h 
1.8909  1.8968  1.9026  1.9083  1.9140  1.9197  1.9254  1.9311  1.9576  1.9829  2.0071  2.0303  2.0734  2.1133  n 

318.3    328.3  338.3    348.3  358.3    368.3    378.3  388.3    438.3  488.3    538.3  588.3    688.3    788.3  t    9 

51.3  52.0  52.6  53.3  54.0  54.7  55.3  56.0  59.4  62.7  66.0  69.3  76.0  82.7  v 
1201.4  1206.0  1210.6  1215.2  1219.9  1224.5  1229.1  1233.8  1257.1  1280.3  1303.6  1327.0  1374.1  1421.6  h 
1.8808  1.8867  1.8925  1.8982  1.9039  1.9096  1.9152  1.9208  1.9473  1.9725  1.9965  2.0195  2.0623  2.1020  n 

323.2  333.2  343.2    353.2  363.2    373.2    383.2  393.2    443.2  493.2    543.2  593.2    693.2 '  793.2  t  10 

46.4  47.0  47.7  48.3  48.9  49.5  50.1  50.7  53.7  56.7  59.7  62.7  68.7  74.7  v 
1203.4  1208.1  1212.7  1217.3  1222.0  1226.7  1231.3  1236.0  1259.3  1282.5  1305.8  1329.3  1376.4  1424.0  h 
1.8719  1.8778  1.8836  1.8893  1.8950  1.9006  1.9062  1.9117  1.9381  1.9632  1.9871  2.0099  2.0526  2.0920  n 

327.8    337.8  347.8    357.8  367.8    377.8    387.8  397.8    447.8  497.8    547.8  597.8    697.8    797.8  t  11 

42.4      43.0  43.5      44.1      44.6      45.2      45.8  46.3      49.0      51.8      54.5  57.2      62.7      68.2  V 

1205.3  1210.0  1214.6  1219.2  1223.9  1228.6  1233.3  1238.0  1261.2  1284.5  1307.9  1331.4  1378.5  1426.1  h 
1.8638  1.8696  1.8754  1.8811  1.8868  1.8924  1.8979  1.9035  1.9298  1.9547  1.9785  2.0012  2.0437  2.0829  n 

332.0    342.0  352.0    362.0  372.0    382.0    392.0  402.0    452.0  502.0    552.0  602.0    702.0    802.0  t  12 

39.1      39.6  40.1      40.6      41.1      41.6      42.1  42.6      45.2      47.7      50.2  52.7      57.7      62.7  V 

1207.1  1211.8  1216.4  1221.0  1225.7  1230.4  1235.1  1239.8  1263.0  1286.3  1309.8  1333.3  1380.4  1428.0  h 
1.8564  1.8622  1.8680  1.8737  1.8793  1.8849  1.8904  1.8959  1.9222  1.9471  1.9707  1.9933  2.0356  2.0747  n 

(23) 


Table  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

W      20°   30°   40=    50°   60°  70°   80°   90°  100°  110°  120° 

215.9    225.9    235.9    245.9  255.9    265.9  275.9    285.9    295.9  305.9    315.9    325.9 

30.53    31.02    31.51    32.00  32.48    32.96  33.43    33.90    34.38  34.85    35J2    35.79 

1152.7  1157.4  1162.1  1166.8  1171.4  1176.1  1180.7  1185.4  1190.1  1194.8  1199.5  1204.1 

1.7734  1.7803  1.7871  1.7938  1.8004  1.8069  1.8132  1.8195  1.8257  1.8319  1.8379  1.8438 

219.6    229.6    239.6    249.6  259.6    269.6  279.6    289.6    299.6  309.6    319.6    329.6 

28.48  28.94  29.40  29.85  30.30  30.74  31.18  31.62  32.06  32.50  32.94  33.38 
1154.1  1158.8  1163.5  1168.2  1172.9  1177.5  1182.2  1186.9  1191.6  1196.2  1200.9  1205.5 
1.7674  1.7742  1.7810  1.7877  1.7943  1.8007  1.8070  1.8132  1.8194  1.8256  1.8317  1.8376 

223.0    233.0    243.0    253.0  263.0    273.0  283.0    293.0    303.0  313.0    323.0    333.0 

26.70    27.13    27.56    27.98  28.40    28.82  29.23    29.64    30.05  30.46    30.87    31.28 

1155.4  1160.1  1164.8  1169.5  1174.2  1178.9  1183.6  1188.3  1192.9  1197.6  1202.3  1206.9 

1.7618  1.7686  1.7754  1.7821  1.7886  1.7950  1.8013  1.8075  1.8137  1.8199  1.8259  1.8318 

226.3  236.3  246.3  256.3  266.3  276.3  286.3  296.3  306.3  316.3  326.3  336.3 
25.14    25.54    25.94    26.34  26.73    27.12  27.51    27.90    28.28  28.67    29.06    29.44 

1156.7  1161.4  1166.1  1170.8  1175.5  1180.2  1184.9  1189.6  1194.2  1198.9  1203.6  12083 
1.7563  1.7631  1.7698  1.7765  1.7830  1.7894  1.7957  1.8019  1.8080  1.8141  1.8201  1.8260 

229.4  239.4  249.4  259.4  269.4  279.4  289.4  299.4  309.4  319.4  329.4  339.4 
23.76    24.13    24.51    24.89  25.26    25.63  25.99    26.36    26.73  27.09    27.45    27.81 

1157.8  1162.5  1167.3  1172.0  1176.7  1181.4  1186.1  1190.8  1195.5  1200.2  1204.9  1209.6 
1.7513  1.7581  1.7648  1.7714  1.7779  1.7843  1.7906  1.7968  1.8029  1.8090  1.8150  1.8209 

232.4  242.4  252.4  262.4  272.4  282.4  292.4  302.4  312.4  322.4  332.4  342.4 
22.52    22.88    23.24    23.59  23.94    24.29  24.64    24.99    25.33  25.67    26.02    26.36 

1158.9  1163.6  1168.4  1173.1  1177.8  1182.5  1187.2  1191.9  1196.6  1201.3  1206.0  1210.7 
1.7468  1.7536  1.7603  1.7669  1.7734  1.7798  1.7861  1.7923  1.7984  1.8045  1.8104  1.8162 

235.2    245.2    255.2    265.2  275.2    285.2  295.2    305.2    315.2  325.2    335.2    345.2 

21.41    21.75    22.09    22.43  22.76    23.09  23.42    23.75    24.08  24.40    24.73    25.05 

1160.0  1164.7  1169.4  1174.2  1178.9  1183.6  1188.3  1193.0  1197.7  1202.4  1207.2  1211.9 

1.7428  1.7495  1.7562  1.7628  1.7693  1.7757  1.7820  1.7881  1.7942  1.8003  1.8063  1.8121 

238.0  248.0  258.0  268.0  278.0  288.0  298.0  308.0  318.0  328.0  338.0  348.0 
20.41  20.73  21.05  21.37  21.69  22.01  22.32  22.63  22.94  23.25  23.56  23.87 
1160.9  1165.7  1170.4  1175.2  1179.9  1184.6  1189.3  1194.1  1198.8  1203.5  1208.3  1213.0 
1.7388  1.7456  1.7522  1.7587  1.7652  1.7716  1.7779  1.7840  1.7901  1.7961  1.8021  1.8080 

240.6    250.6    260.6    270.6  280.6    290.6  300.6    310.6    320.6  330.6    340.6    350.6 

19.49  19.80  20.11  20.42  20.72  21.02  21.32  21.62  21.92  22.21  22.51  22.81 
1161.9  1166.6  1171.4  1176.1  1180.9  1185.6  1190.3  1195.1  1199.8  1204.5  1209.3  1214.0 
1.7348  1.7415  1.7481  1.7547  1.7612  1.7675  1.7737  1.7799  1.7860  1.7921  1.7980  1.8038 

243.1  253.1  263.1  273.1  283.1  293.1  303.1  313.1  323.1  333.1  343.1  353.1 
18.67  18.96  19.26  19.55  19.84  20.13  20.41  20.70  20.98  21.26  21.55  21.83 
1162.8  1167.5  1172.3  1177.1  1181.8  1186.6  1191.3  1196.0  1200.8  1205.5  1210.3  1215.0 
1.7309  1.7376  1.7442  1.7507  1.7571  1.7635  1.7698  1.7759  1.7820  1.7881  1.7940  1.7998 

245.5  255.5  265.5  275.5  285.5  295.5  305.5  315.5  325.5  335.5  345.5  355.5 
17.91  18.19  18.47  18.75  19.03  19.30  19.58  19.35  20.12  20.39  20.66  20.93 
1163.6  1168.4  1173.2  1178.0  1182.7  1187.5  1192.2  1197.0  1201.7  1206.4  1211.2  1215.9 
1.7272  1.7339  1.7405  1.7470  1.7534  1.7598  1.7660  1.7721  1.7782  1.7843  1.7902  1.7960 

247.8    257.8    267.8    277.8       287.8    297.8  307.8    317.8    327.8  337.8    347.8    357.8 

17.21    17.48    17.75    18.02       18.28    18.55  18.81    19.07    19.33  19.59    19.85    20.11 

1164.4  1169.2  1174.0  1178.8  1183.6  1188.3  1193.0  1197.8  1202.6  1207.3  1212.1  1216.8 

1.7237  1.7303  1.7370  1.7435  1.7499  1.7562  1.7624  1.7686  1.7747  1.7807  1.7866  1.7924 

t  =  temperature  in  F,  degs,    T°  Fahr,  absolnte  =  t°  +  459.6°.  Internal  energy 

V  =  sp,  vol.  incu,  ft,  per  lb.    3  =  777.5  ft.  lbs.  per  B.  t.  n.  [log  =  2.89  071].  =  total  heat -144  Apv, 

h  =  total  heatinB.t.u.          A=:i/j=l,286X10-3  B.t.u.  per  ft,  lb.  [3.10  929].    Values  for  saturated  steam 
n=entropy.                          144  A  =  0.1852  tlog=L26  764].                              are  given  in  Tables  1  and  2, 

(24) 


Press, 
lbs. 

Sat, 
Water     Steam 

13  t 

V 

h 
n 

205.9 

0.02     30.03 

173.8   1148.0 

0.3025  1.7664 

14  t 

V 

h 
n 

209.6 

0.02     28.02 

177.5    1149.4 

0.3081  1.7604 

15  t 

V 

h 
n 

213.0 

0.02     26.27 

181.0    1150.7 

0.3133  1.7549 

16  t 

V 

h 
n 

216.3 

0.02     24.74 

184.4    1152.0 

0.3183  1.7494 

17  t 

V 

h 
n 

219.4 

0.02     23.38 

187.5    1153.1 

0.3229  1.7444 

18  t 

V 

h 
n 

222.4 

0.02     22.16 

190.5    1154.2 

0.3273  1.7400 

19  t 

V 

h 
n 

225.2 

0.02     21.07 

193.4    1155.2 

0.3315  1.7360 

20  t 

V 

h 
n 

228.0 

0.02     20.08 

196.1    1156.2 

OJ355  1.7320 

21  t 

V 

h 
n 

230.6 

0.02     19.18 

198.8    1157.1 

0.3393  1.7280 

22  t 

V 

h 
n 

233.1 

0.02     18.37 

201.3    1158.0 

0.3130  1.7241 

23  t 

V 

h 

n 

235.5 

0.02     17.62 

203.8    1158.8 

0.3465  1.7204 

24  t 

V 

h 
n 

237.8 

0.02     16.93 

206.1    1159.6 

0.3499  1.7169 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

130"  140°  150°  160°  170°  180°  190°  200°  250°  300°  350°  400°  500°  600°  ^ibT 

335.9    345.9  355.9    365.9    375.9    385.9    395.9  405.9    455.9    505.9    555.9  605.9    705.9    805.9  t  13 

36.26    36.73  37.20    37.67    38.14    38.61    39.07  39.54    41.87    44.19    46.51  48.82    53.43    58.04  v 

1208.7  1213.4  1218.0  1222.7  1227.4  1232.0  1236.7  1241.4  1264.7  1288.1  1311.5  1335.0  1382.2  1429.8  h 

1.8497  1.8556  1.8614  1.8671  1.8727  1.8782  1.8837  1.8892  1.9154  1.9402  1.9637  1.9862  2.0284  2.0673  n 

339.6    349.6  359.6    369.6    379.6    389.6    399.6  409.6    459.6    509.6    559.6  609.6    709.6    809.6  t  14 

33.82    34.26  34.69    35.13    35.56    36.00    36.43  36,86    39.03    41.19    43.34  45.49    49.78    54.06  v 

1210.2  1214.9  1219.6  1224.2  1228.9  1233.6  1238.3  1243.1  1266.3  1289.6  1313.1  1336.7  1383.9  1431.5  h 

1.8435  1.8493»  1.8550  1.8606  1.8662  1.8718  1.8773  1.8827  1.9089  1.9336  1.9570  1.9795  2.0215  2.0603  n 

343.0    353.0  363.0    373.0    383.0    393.0    403.0  413.0    463.0    513.0    563.0  613.0    713.0    813.0  t  15 

31.69  32.10  32.50  32.91  33.32  33.73  34.13  34.53  36.56  38.58  40.59  42.59  46.59  50.59  v 
1211.6  1216.3  1221.0  1225.6  1230.3  1235.0  1239.7  1244.4  1267.7  1291.1  1314.7  1338.3  13«5.5  1433.2  h 
1.8377  1.8435  1.8492  1.8548  1.8604  1.8659  1.8714  1.8768  1.9029  1.9276  1.9509  1.9733  2.0152  2.0539  n 

346.3  356.3  366.3    376.3    386.3    396.3    406.3  416.3    466.3    516.3    566.3  616.3    716.3    816.3  t  16 
29.82    30.21  30.59    30.97    31.36    31.74    32.12  32.50    34.40    36.29    38.17  40.05    43.81    47.55  v 
1213.0  1217.7  1222.4  1227.0  1231.7  1236.4  1241.1  1245.8  1269.2  1292.6  1316.1  1339.8  1387.0  1434.8  h 
1.8319  1.8377  1.8434  1.8490  1.8546  1.8601  1.8556  1.8710  1.8970  1.9216  1.9449  1.9672  2.0089  2.0475  n 

349.4  359.4  369.4    379.4    389.4    399.4    409.4  419.4    469.4    519.4    569.4  619.4    719.4    819.4  t  17 
28.18    28.54  28.90    29.26    29.62    29.98    30.33  30.69    32.48    34.26    36.04  37.81    41.35    44.87  V 
1214.2  1218.9  1223.6  1228.3  1233.0  1237.7  1242.4  1247.1  1270.5  1294.0  1317.5  1341.1  1388.3  1436.1  h 
1.8267  1.8324  1.8381  1.8437  1.8493  1.8548  1.8602  1.8656  1.8916  1.9162  1.9394  1.9617  2.0033  2.0418  n 

352.4  362.4  372.4    382.4    392.4    402.4    412.4  422.4    472.4    522.4    572.4  622.4    722.4    822.4  t  18 

26.70  27.04  27.3^^    27.73    28.07    28.41    28.74  29.08    30.77    32.46    34.14  35.81    39.15    42.48  v 

1215.4  1220.1  1224.8  1229.5  1234.2  1238.9  1243.6  1248.3  1271.8  1295.3  1318.8  1342.4  1389.7  1437.5  h 
1.8220  1.8278  1.8335  1.8391  1.8447  1.8502  1.8556  1.8609  1.8868  1.9114  1.9345  1.9568  1.9983  2.0367  n 

355.2    365.2  375.2    385.2    395.2    405.2    415.2  425.2    475.2    525.2    575.2  625.2    725.2    825.2  t  19 

25.38    25.70  26.03    26.35    26.67    26.99    27.32  27.64    29.24    30.84    32.43  34.01    37.18    40.34  v 

1216.6  1221.3  1226.0  1230.7  1235.4  1240.1  1244.8  1249.5  1273.0  1296.5  1320.0  1343.6  1391,0  1438.8  h 
1.8179  1.8236  1.8293  1.8349  1.8404  1.8459  1.8513  1.8566  1.8825  1.9070  1.9301  1.9523  1.9938  2.0321  n 

358.0  368.0  378.0    388.0    398.0    408.0    418.0  428.0    478.0    528.0    578.0  628.0    728.0    828.0  t  20 
24.18    24.49  24.80    25.11    25.41    25.72    26.02  26.33    27.85    29.37    30.88  32.39    35.40    38.40  V 

1217.7  1222.4  1227.1  1231.8  1236.5  1241.2  1245.9  1250.6  1274.1  1297.6  1321.2  1344.8  1392.2  1440.0  h 
1.8137  1.8194  1.8251  1.8307  1.8362  1.8417  1.8471  1.8524  1.8781  1.9026  1.9257  1.9479  1.9893  2.0275  n 

360.6    370.6  380.6    390.6.  400.6    410.6    420.6  430.6    480.6    530.6    580.6  630.6    730.6    830.6  t  21 

23.10  23.39  23.68  23.98  24.27  24.56  24.85  25.15  26.60  28.04  29.48  30.92  33.79  36.65  V 
1218.7  1223.4  1228.1  1232.8  1237.5  1242.2  1246.9  1251.7  1275.2  1298.7  1322.3  1346.0  1393.3  1441.1  h 
1.8096  1.8153  1.8209  1.8264  1.8319  1.8374  1.8428  1.8481  1.8738  1.8983  1.9213  1.9434  1.9848  2.0230  n 

363.1  373.1  383.1    393.1    403.1    413.1    423.1  433.1    483.1    533.1    583.1  633.1    733.1    833.1  t  22 

22.11  22.39  22.67  22.95  23.23  23.51  23.79  24.06  25.45  26.83  28.21  29.58  32.32  35.05  V 
1219.7  1224.4  1229.1  1233.8  1238.5  1243.2  1249.0  1252.7  1276.3  1299.8  1323.4  1347.0  1394.4  1442.2  h 
1.8055  1.8112  1.8168  1.8224  1.8279  1.8333  1.8387  1.8440  1.8697  1.8941  1.9171  1.9392  1.9804  2.0186  n 

365.5  375.5  385.5    395.5    405.5    415.5    425.5  435.5    485.5    535.5    585.5  635.5    735.5    835.5  t  23 
21.20    21.47  21.74    22.01    22.28    22.54    22.81  23.08    24.40    25.72    27.04  28.36    30.98    32.59  V 
1220.6  1225.3  1230.0  1234.8  1239.5  1244.2  1249.0  1253.7  1277.3  1300.8  1324.4  1348.1  1395.5  1443.3  h 
1.8017  1.8074  1.8130  1.8185  1.8240  1.8294  1.8348  1.8401  1.8657  1.8900  1.9131  1.9351  1.9763  2.0144  n 

367.8    377.8  387.8    397.8    407.8    417.8    427.8  437.8    487.8    ^37.8    587.8  637.8    737.8    837.8  t  24 

20.37    20.63  20.89    21.14    21.40    21.66    21.91  22.17    23.44    24.71    25.97  27.23    29.74    32.25  v 

1221.5  1226.2  1231.0  1235.7  1240.4  1245.1  1249.9  1254.7  1278.2  1301.8  1325.4  1349.1  1396.5  1444.3  h 
1.7981  1.8037  1.8093  1.8148  1.8203  1.8258  1.8312  1.8365  1.8620  1.8863  1.9093  1.9313  1.9724  2.0105  n 

Conversion  from  Metric  Units 

1kg.  per  sq.  cm.  =  14.22  lbs,  per  sq.  in.  [log=1.15  300].    1  cu.  meter=  35,31  en.  ft.  [log=  1.54  795]. 

To  change  degs.  C.  to  degs.  F.,  multiply  by  t,  and  add  32.    To  change  mean  kg. 

calorics  per  kg.  to  mean  B.t.n.  per  lb.,  multiply  by  g.    Entropy  same  in  both  systems. 

/2S) 


Table  3:   Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 


Press, 
lbs. 

Sat. 
Water     Steam 

26  t 

V 

h 
n 

240.1 

0.02     16.30 

208.4   1160.4 

0.3532  1.7130 

26  t 

V 

h 
n 

242.2 

0.02     15.72 

210.6   1161.2 

0.3564  1.7106 

27  t 

V 

h 
n 

244.4 

0.02     15.18 

212.7    1161.9 

0.3594  1.7077 

28  t 

V 

h 
n 

246.4 

0.02     14.67 

214.8    1162.6 

0.3623  1.7048 

29  t 

V 

h 
n 

248.4 

0.02     14.19 

216.8    1163.2 

0.3652  1.7019 

30  t 

V 

h 
n 

250.4 

0.02     13.74 

218.8    1163.9 

0.3680  1.6991 

31  t 

V 

h 
n 

252.3 

0.02     13.32 

220.7    1164.5 

0.3707  1.6964 

32  t 

V 

h 
n 

254.1 

0.02     12.93 

222.6    1165.1 

0.3733  1.6938 

33  t 

V 

h 
n 

255.8 

0.02     12.57 

224.4    1165.7 

0.3759  1.6914 

34  t 

V 

h 
n 

257.6 

0.02     12.22 

226.2    1166.3 

0.3784  1.6890 

36  t 

V 

h 
n 

259.3 

0.02     11.89 

227.9    1166.8 

0.3808  1.6868 

36  t 

V 

h 
n 

261.0 

0.02     11.58 

229.6    1167.3 

0.3832  1.6846 

37  t 

V 

h 
n 

262.6 

0.02     11.29 

231.3    1167.8 

0.3855  1.6824 

40°   50°   60°   70°   80°   90°   100°  110°  120° 


250.1  260.1  270.1  280.1  290.1  300.1  310.1  320.1  330.1  340.1  350.1  360.1 
16.57  16.84  17.10  17.35  17.60  17.86  18.11  18.36  18.61  18.86  19.11  19.36 
1165.2  1170.0  1174.8  1179.6  1184.4  1189.2  1193.9  1198.7  1203.4  1208.2  1213.0  1217.7 
1,7204  1.7271  1.7337  1.7402  1.7466  1.7529  1.7591  1.7652  1.7712  1.7772  1.7832  1.7890 

252.2  262.2  272.2  282.2  292.2  302.2  312.2  322.2  332.2  342.2  352.2  362.2 
15.98  16.24    16.49    16.73  16.97    17.21    17.45     17.69    17.93  18.17  18.41  18.65 

1166.0  1170.8  1175.6  1180.4  1185.2  1190.0  1194.7  1199.5  1204.2  1209.0  1213.8  1218.5 
1.7174  1.7240  1.7306  1.7371  1.7435  1.7498  1.7560  1.7622  1.7682  1.7742  1.7801  1.7859 

254.4  264.4    274.4    284.4  294.4    304.4    314.4    324.4    334.4  344.4  354.4  364.4 

15.43  15.67     15.91     16.14  16.37    16.61     16.84    17.08    17.31  17.54  17.77  18.00 

1166.7  1171.5  1176.4  1181.2  1186.0  1190.7  1195.5  1200.3  1205.1  1209.8  1214.6  12193 
1.7145  1.7211  1.7277  1.7342  1.7406  1.7469  1.7531  1.7592  1.7652  1.7712  1.7771  1.7829 

256.4  266.4    276.4    286.4  296.4    306.4    316.4    326.4    336.4  346.4  356.4  366.4 

14.91  15.15     15.38    15.60  15.82    16.05     16.28    16.51    16.73  16.95  17.18  17.40 

1167.4  1172.2  1177.1  1181.9  1186.7  1191.5  1196.2  1201.0  1205.8  1210.6  1215.4  1220.1 

1.7116  1.7182  1.7248  1.7313  1.7377  1.7440  1.7502  1.7563  1.7623  1.7683  1.7742  1.7800 

258.4  268.4    278.4    288.4  298.4    308.4    318.4    328.4    338.4  348.4  358.4  368.4 

14.42  14.65     14.87    15.09  15.31    15.53     15.75     15.97    16.19  16.40  16.62  16.83 

1168.1  1172.9  1177.8  1182.6  1187.4  1192.2  1197.0  1201.8  1206.6  1211.4  1216.2  1220.9 
1.7087  1.7153  1.7219  1.7283  1.7347  1.7410  1.7472  1.7533  1.7593  1.7653  1.7712  1.7770 

260.4  270.4    280.4    290.4  300.4    310.4    320.4    330.4    340.4  350.4  360.4  370.4 

13.97  14.19    14.41     14.62  14.83    15.05     15.26    15.47    15.68  15.89  16.10  16.31 

1168.8  1173.6  1178.5  1183.3  1188.1  1192.9  1197.7  1202.5  1207.3  1212.1  1216.9  1221.7 
1.7059  1.7125  1.7191  1.7255  1.7319  1.7382  1.7444  1.7505  1.7565  1.7625  1.7684  1.7741 

262.3  272.3  282.3  292.3  302.3  312.3  322.3  332.3  342.3  352.3  362.3  372.3 
13.54  13.76  13.97  14.18  14.38  14.59  14.79  14.99  15.20  15.40  15.60  15.80 
1169.4  1174.3  1179.1  1184.0  1188.8  1193.6  1198.4  1203.2  1208.0  1212.8  1217.6  1222.4 
1.7032  1.7098  1.7164  1.7228  1.7292  1.7354  1.7416  1.7477  1.7538  1.7597  1.7656  1.7713 

264.1  274.1    284.1    294.1  304.1    314.1    324.1    334.1    344.1  354.1  364.1  374.1 

13.15  13.36    13.56    13.76  13.96    14.16    14.35    14.55     14.75  14.95  15.14  15.34 

1170.0  1174.9  1179.8  1184.6  1189.4  1194.3  1199.1  1203.9  1208.7  1213.5  1218.3  1223.1 

1.7006  1.7072  1.7138  1.7202  1.7266  1.7328  1.7390  1.7451  1.7511  1.7571  1.7630  1.7687 

265.8  275.8    285.8    295.8  305.8    315.8    325.8    335.8    345.8  355.8  365.8  375.8 

12.78  12.98    13.18    13.37  13.56    13.76    13.95     14.14    14.33  14.52  14.72  14.91 

1170.6  1175.5  1180.4  1185.2  1190.1  1194.9  1199.7  1204.6  1209.4  1214.2  1219.0  1223,8 
1.6982  1.7048  1.7114  1.7178  1.7242  1.7304  1.7366  1.7427  1.7487  1.7546  1.7605  1.7662 

267.6  277.6    287.6    297.6  307.6    317.6    327.6    337.6    347.6  357.6  367.6  377.6 

12.42  12.62     12.81     13.00  13.19     13.38     13.57     13.76     13.94  14.12  14.31  14.50 

1171.2  1176.1  L181.0  1185.8  1190.7  1195.5  1200.3  1205.2  1210.0  1214.8  1219.6  1224.4 
1.6958  1.7024  1.7090  1.7154  1.7218  1.7280  1.7342  1.7402  1.7462  1.7522  1.7581  1.7638 

269.3  279.3    289.3    299.3  309.3    319.3    329.3    339.3    349.3  359.3  369.3  379.3 

12.09  12.29    12.48     12.67  12.85     13.03    13.21    13.39    13.57  13.75  13.93  14.11 

1171.7  1176.6  1181.5  1186.4  1191.3  1196.1  1201.0  1205.8  1210.6  1215.4  1220.2  1225.0 
1.6936  1.7002  1.7068  1.7132  1.7196  1.7258  1.7320  1.7380  1.7440  1.7500  1.7558  1.7615 

271.0  281.0    291.0    301.0  311.0    321.0    331.0    341.0    351.0  361.0  371.0  381.0 

11.78  11.97     12.15     12.33  12.51     12.69    12.86    13.04    13.22  13.39  13.57  13.75 

1172.3  1177.2  1182.1  1187.0  1191.8  1196.7  1201.5  1206.4  1211.2  1216.0  1220.8  1225.6 
1.6914  1.6980  1.7046  1.7110  1.7174  1.7236  1.7298  1.7358  1.7418  1.7478  1.7536  1.7593 

272.6  282.6    292.6    302.6  312.6    322.6    332.6    342.6    352.6  362.6  372.6  382.6 

11.48  11.67     11.85     12.02  12.19    12.37    12.54    12.71    12.88  13.05  13.22  13.40 

1172.8  1177.7  1182.6  1187.5  1192.4  1197.3  1202.1  1207.0  1211.8  1216.6  1221.4  1226.2 
1.6892  1.6958  1.7024  1.7088  1.7152  1.7214  1.7276  1.7336  1,7396  1.7455  1.7514  1.7571 

(26) 


Degrees  of  Superheat 

139°  140°  150°  160°  170°  180°  190"  200°  250°  300°  350°   400°  500°  600°   ''ibT 

370.1  380.1  390.1    400.1    410.1  420.1    430.1  440.1    490.1     54J.1  590.1  640.1  740.1  840.1  t  25 

19.61  19.86  20.10  20.35  20.60  20.84  21.08  21.32  22.55  23.77  24.99  26.20  28.61  31.01  v 
1222.4  1227.1  1231.9  1236.6  1241.3  1246.0  1250.8  1255.6  1279.2  1302.8  1326.4  1350.1  1397.5  1445.4  h 
1.7947  1.8004  1.8059  1.8114  1.8169  1.8223  1.8277  1.8330  1.8585  1.8827  1.9057  1.9277  1.9688  2.0078  n 

372.2  382.2  392.2    402.2    412.2  422.2    432.2  442.2    492.2    542.2  592.2  642.2  742.2  842.2  t  26 
18.89    19.13  19.37     19.61     19.85  20.09    20.32  20.55    21.74    22.91  24.07       25.24  27.56  29.82  v 

1223.3  1228.0  1232.8  1237.5  1242.2  1246.9  1251.7  1256.5  1280.1  1303.7  1327.4  1351.1  1398.5  1446.3  h 
1.7916  1.7972  1.8028  1.8083  1.8138  1.8192  1.8246  1.8298  1.8553  1.8795  1.9024  1.9244  1.9654  2.0034  n 

374.4    384.4  394.4    404.4    414.4  424.4    434.4  444.4    494.4    544.4  594.4  644.4  744.4  844.4  t  27 

18.24    18.47  18.70     18.93     19.16  19.38     19.61  19.84    20.97    22.10  23.23  24.35  26.59  28.81  V 

1224.1  1228.8  1233.6  1238.3  1243.0  1247.7  1252.5  1257.3  1280.9  1304.6  1328.3  1352.0  1399.4  1447.3  h 
1.7886  1.7942  1.7998  1.8053  1.8108  1.8162  1.8215  1.8268  1.8522  1.8763  1.8992  1.9212  1.9621  2.0001  n 

376.4    386.4  396.4    406.4    416.4  426.4    436.4  446.4    496.4    546.4  596.4  646.4  746.4  846.4  t  28 

17.62  17.84  18.06  18.28  18.51  18.73  18.95  19.17  20.26  21.35  22.44  23.52  25.68  27.83  V 
1224.9  1229.6  1234.4  1239.1  1243.8  1248.6  1253.4  1258.1  1281.8  1305.4  1329.2  1352.8  1400.3  1448.2  h 
1.7857  1.7913  1.7969  1.8024  1.8079  1.8133  1.8186  1.8239  1.8493  1.8734  1.8963  1.9183  1.9592  1.9972  n 

378.4    388.4  398.4    408.4    418.4  428.4    438.4  448.4    498.4    548.4  598.4  648.4  748.4  848.4  t  29 

17.05    17.26  17.48    17.69    17.91  18.12    18.33  18.55     19.61    20.66  21.70  22.75  24.83  26.91  v 

1225.7  1230.4  1235.2  1239.9  1244.6  1249.4  1254.2  1258.9  1282.6  1306.3  1330.0  1353.7  1401.2  1449.0  h 
1.7827  1.7883  1.7938  1.7993  1.8048  1.8102  1.8155  1.8207  1.8460  1.8702  1.8930  1.9149  1.9557  1.9936  n 

380.4    390.4  400.4    410.4    420.4  430.4    440.4  450.4    500.4    550.4  600.4  650.4  750.4  850.4  t  30 

16.52    16.73  16.93    17.14    17.35  17.55    17.76  17.97    18.99    20.00  21.02  22.03  24.05  26.05  v 

1226.4  1231.2  1236.0  1240.7  1245.4  1250.2  1255.0  1259.7  1283.4  1307.1  1330.8  1354.5  1402.1  1449.9  h 
1.7798  1.7854  1.7909  1.7964  1.8019  1.8073  1.8126  1.8178  1.8430  1.8672  1.8900  1.9118  1.9526  1.9904  n 

382.3  392.3  402.3    412.3    422.3  432.3    442.3  452.3     502.3     552.3  602.3       652.3  752.3  852.3  t  31 
16.01     16.21  16.41     16.61     16.81  17.01     17.21  17.41     18.40     19.39  20.37       21.35  23.30  25.24  v 

1227.2  1231.9  1236.7  1241.4  1246.2  1250.9  1255.7  1260.5  1284.2  1307.9  1331.6  1355.3  1402.9  1450.7  h 
1.7770  1.7826  1.7881  1.7936  1.7991  1.8045  1.8098  1.8150  1.8402  1.8643  1.8871  1.9089  1.9496  1.9874  n 

384.1    394.1  404.1    414.1    424.1  434.1    444.1  454.1    504.1    554.1  604.1       654.1  754.1  854.1  t  32 

15.54    15.73  15.92    16.12    16.31  16.51     16.70  16.89    17.85    18.81  19.77  20.71  22.60  24.48  v 

1227.9  1232.6  1237.4  1242.1  1246.9  1251.6  1256.4  1261.2  1284.9  1308.6  1332.3  1356.1  1403.7  1451.6  h 

1.7744  1.7799  1.7854  1.7909  1.7964  1.8018  1.8071  1.8123  1.8374  1.8615  1.8843  1.9060  1.9467  1.9845  n 

385.8    395.8  405.8    415.8    425.8  435.8    445.8  455.8    505.8    555.8  605.8       655.8  755.8  855.8  t  33 

15.10    15.29  15.48    15.66    15.85  16.04    16.23  16.42    17.35     18.28  19.20  20.12  21.95  23.78  v 

1228.6  1233.3  1238.1  1242.8  1247.6  1252.4  1257.2  1261.9  1285.7  1309.4  1333.1  1356.9  1404.4  1452.3  h 

1.7719  1.7775  1.7830  1.7884  1.7939  1.7993  1.8046  1.8098  1.8349  1.8590  1.8817  1.9034  1.9441  1.9818  n 

387.6    397.6  407.6    417.6    427.6  437.6    447.6  457.6    507.6    557.6  607.6  657.6  757.6  857.6  t  34 

14.68    14.87       15.05    15.23    15.42  15.60    15.79  15.97    16.87    17.77  18.67       19.56  21.34  23.12  v 

1229.2  1234.0  1238.8  1243.5  1248.3  1253.0  1257.8  1262.6  1286.4  1310.1  1333.8  1357.6  1405.1  1453.1  h 

1.7695  1.7751  1.7806  1.7860  1.7914  1.7968  1.8021  1.8073  1.8324  1.8564  1.8791  1.9008  1.9414  1.9791  a 

389.3    399.3  409.3    419.3    429.3  439.3    449.3  459.3    509.3    559.3  609.3       659.3  759.3  859.3  t  36 

]4.29    14.47  14.65     14.83     15.01  15.18     15.36  15.54    16.42     17.30  18.17       19.04  20.76  22.49  v 

1229.8  1234.6  1239.4  1244.2  1248.9  1253.7  1258.5  1263.3  1287.1  1310.8  1334.5  1358.3  1405.9  1453.8  h 
1.7672  1.7728  1.7784  1.7838  1.7892  1.7946  1.7998  1.8050  1.8301  1.8541  1.8768  1.8984  1.9390  1.9766  n 

391.0    401.0  411.0    421.0    431.0  441.0    451.0  461.0    511.0    561.0  611.0  661.0  761.0  861.0  t  36 

13.92    14.09  14.27     14.44    14.61  14.79     14.96  15.13     16.00     16.85  17.69       18.54  20.22  21.89  v 

1230.4  1235.2  1240.0  1244.8  1249.6  1254.3  1259.1  1263.9  1287.7  1311.5  1335.2  1359.0  1406.6  1454.5  h 

1.7650  1.7705  1.7760  1.7815  1.7869  1.7923  1.7975  1.8027  1.8278  1.8518  1.8744  1.8960  1.9365  1.9741  n 

392.6    402.6  412.6    422.6    432.6  442.6    452.6  462.6    512.6    562.6  612.6  662.6  762.6  862.6  t  37 

13.57    13.74  13.91     14.08     14.24  14.41     14.58  14.74    15.59     16.42  17.24       18.06  19.70  21.32  v 

1231.0  1235.8  1240.6  1245.4  1250.2  1255.0  1259.8  1264.6  1288.4  1312.2  1335.9  1359.7  1407.3  1455.3  h 

1.762S  1.7683  1.7738  1.7793  1.7847  1.7900  1.7953  1.8005  1.8254  1.8494  1.8720  1.8936  1.9341  1.9716  n 

(27) 


Fable  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

10°   20°   30°   40°  50°   60°   70°   80°   90°  100°  110°  120° 

274.2  284.2  294.2  304.2  314.2  324.2  334.2  344.2  354.2  364.2  374.2  384.2 
11.19  11.36  11.54  11.71  11.89  12.06  12.23  12.40  12.57  12.73  12.90  13.07 
1173.3  1178.2  1183.2  1188.1  1193.0  1197.9  1202.7  1207.6  1212.4  1217.2  1222.0  1226  8 
1.6870  1.6937  1.7002  1.7066  1.7129  1.7192  1.7254  1.7314  1.7374  1.7433  1.7491  1.754« 

275.8    285.8    295.8    305.8  315.8    325.8  335.8    345.8    355.8  365.8    375.8    385.8 

10.92    11.09    11.26    11.43  11.60    11.77  11.94    12.10    12.26  12.42    12.59    12.75 

1173.8  1178.8  1183.7  1188.6  1193.5  1198.4  1203.3  1208.1  1213.0  1217.8  1222.7  1227.5 

1.6849  1.6915  1.6981  1.7045  1.7108  1.7171  1.7233  1.7293  1.7353  1.7412  1.7470  1.7527 

277.3  287.3  297.3  307.3  317.3  327.3  337.3  347.3  357.3  367.3  377.3  387.3 
10.66  10.83  11.00  11.16  11.33  11.50  11.66  11.82  11.98  12.13  12.29  12.45 
1174.3  1179.3  1184.2  1189.1  1194.0  1198.9  1203.8  1208.7  1213.5  1218.4  1223.2  1228.0 
1.6829  1.6895  1.6961  1.7025  1.7089  1.7151  1.7212  1.7273  1.7333  1.7392  1.7450  1.7507 

278.7    288.7    298.7    308.7  318.7    328.7  338.7    348.7    358.7  368.7    378.7    388.7 

10.42    10.58    10.74    10.91  11.07    11.23  11.38    11.54    11.70  11.86    12.01    12.17 

1174.8  1179.8  1184.8  1189.7  1194.6  1199.5  1204.3  1209.2  1214.1  1218.9  1223.8  1228.6 
1.6809  1.6875  1.6941  1.7005  1.7069  1.7131  1.7192  1.7253  1.7312  1.7371  1.7429  1.7486 

280.2    290.2    300.2    310.2  320.2    330.2  340.2    350.2    360.2  370.2    380.2    390.2 

10.18    10.34    10.50    10.66  10.82    10.98  11.13    11.28    11.44  11.59    11.74    11.90 

1175.3  1180.2  1185.2  1190.2  1195.1  1200.0  1204.8  1209.7  1214.6  1219.5  1224.4  1229.2 

1.6789  1.6855  1.6921  1.6985  1.7049  1.7111  1.7172  1.7233  1.7292  1.7351  1.7409  1.7466 

281.7  291.7  301.7  311.7  321.7  331.7  341.7  351.7  361.7  371.7  381.7  391.7 
9.96     10.12    10.28    10.43  10.58    10.74  10.89    11.04    11.19  11.34    11.49    11.64 

1175.7  1180.7  1185.7  1190.7  1195.6  1200.5  1205.4  1210.3  1215.1  1220.0  1224.9  1229.7 

1.6770  1.6836  1.6902  1.6966  1.7030  1.7092  1.7153  1.7214  1.7273  1.7332  1.7390  1.7447 

283.1  293.1  303.1  313.1  323.1  333.1  343.1  353.1  363.1  373.1  383.1  393.1 
9.75      9.90     10.06    10.21  10.36    10.51  10.66    10.81     10.96  11.10    11.24    11.39 

1176.2  1181.2  1186.2  1191.2  1196.1  1201.0  1205.9  1210.8  1215.6  1220.5  1225.4  1230.2 
1.6751  1.6817  1.6883  1.6947  1.7011  1.7073  1.7134  1.7195  1.7254  1.7313  1.7371  1.7427 

284.5    294.5    304.5    314.5  324.5    334.5  344.5    354.5    364.5  374.5    384.5    394.5 

9.55      9.70      9.85     10.00  10.14    10.29  10.44    10.58    10.73  10.86    11.00    11.15 

1176.6  1181.6  1186.6  1191.6  1196.6  1201.5  1206.4  1211.3  1216.2  1221.0  1225.9  1230.7 

1.6733  1.6799  1.6864  1.6929  1.6993  1.7055  1.7116  1.7177  1.7236  1.7295  1.7353  1.7409 

285.8  295.8  305.8  315.8  325.8  335.8  345.8  355.8  365.8  375.8  385.8  395.8 
9.35      9.50      9.65      9.79  9.94     10.08  10.22    10.37    10.51  10.64    10.78    10.92 

1177.1  1182.1  1187.1  1192.1  1197.0  1202.0  1206.9  1211.8  1216.7  1221.5  1226.4  1231.3 

1.6715  1.6781  1.6846  1.6911  1.6975  1.7037  1.7098  1.7159  1.7218  1.7277  1.7335  1.7391 

287.2  297.2  307.2  317.2  327.2  337.2  347.2  357.2  367.2  377.2  387.2  397.2 
9.17      9.31      9.45      9.60  9.74      9.88  10.02     10.16    10.30  10.43    10.57    10.70 

1177.5  1182.5  1187.5  1192.5  1197.5  1202.4  1207.3  1212.2  1217.1  1222.0  1226.9  1231.8 

1.6698  1.6764  1.6829  1.6894  1.6958  1.7020  1.7081  1.7142  1.7201  1.7260  1.7318  1.7374 

288.5    298.5    308.5    318.5  328.5    338.5  348.5    358.5    368.5  378.5    388.5    398.5 

8.99      9.13      9.27      9.41  9.55      9.69  9.82      9.96     10.10  10.23    10.36    10.49 

1177.9  1182.9  1187.9  1192.9  1197.9  1202.9  1207.8  1212.7  1217.6  1222.5  1227.4  1232.2 
1.6681  1.6747  1.6812  1.6877  1.6941  1.7003  1.7064  1.7125  1.7184  1.7243  1.7301  1.7357 

289.8    299.8    309.8    319.8  329.8    339.8  349.8    359.8    369.8  379.8    389.8    399.8 

8.81      8.95      9.09      9.23  9.37      9.50  9.64      9.77      9.90  10.03     10.16    10.30 

1178.3  1183.3  1188.4  1193.4  1198.4  1203.3  1208.2  1213.1  1218.0  1222.9  1227.8  1232.7 
1.6665  1.6732  1.6796  1.6861  1.6925  1.6987  1.7048  1.7109  1.7168  1.7227  1.7285  1.7341 

t  ^ temperature  in  F.  degs,    T' Fahr.  absolute  =  t^  +  459.6 V  Internal  energy 

V  =  Bp.  vol.  in  en.  ft,  per  lb.    J=  777.5  ft.  lbs,  per  B.t.n,  [log  =  2.8ft  071].  =totallieat  — 144  Apv, 

h=totalheatin  B.t.u.          A  =  i//  =  1.286X10-3  B.t.u,  per  ft.  lb,  [3,10  929],    Values  for  saturated  steam 

n=entropy,                          144  A=:0,1852  llog  =  i.26  764],                              are  given  in  Tables  1  and 2. 

C23^, 


Press, 
lbs. 

Sat. 
Water     Steam 

38  t 

264.2 

V 

0.02      11.01 

h 

232.9    1168.4 

n 

0.3877  1.6802 

39  t 

265.8 

V 

0.02     10.74 

h 

234.5    1168.9 

n 

0.3899  1.6781 

40  t 

267.3 

V 

0.02     10.49 

h 

236.0    1169.4 

n 

0.3920  1.6761 

41  t 

268.7 

V 

0.02     10.25 

h 

237.6    1169.8 

n 

0.3941  1.6741 

42  t 

270.2 

V 

0.02     10.02 

h 

239.1    1170.3 

n 

0.3962  1.6721 

43  t 

271.7 

V 

0.02      9.80 

h 

240.5    1170.7 

n 

0.3982  1.6702 

44  t 

273.1 

V 

0.02      9.59 

h 

242.0    1171.2 

n 

0.4002  1.6683 

45  t 

274.5 

V 

0.02      9.39 

h 

243.4    1171.6 

n 

0.4021  1.6665 

46  t 

275.8 

V 

0.02      9.20 

h 

244.8    1172.0 

n 

0.4040  1.6647 

47  t 

277.2 

V 

0.02      9.02 

h 

246.1    1172.4 

n 

0.4059  1.6630 

48  t 

278.5 

V 

0.02      8.84 

h 

247.5    1172.8 

n 

0.4077  1.6613 

49  t 

279.8 

V 

0.02      8.67 

h 

248.8    1173.2 

n 

0.4095  1.6597 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

130°  140°  150°  160°  170°  180°  190°  200°  250°  300°  350°  400°  500°  600°   ""ib" 

394.2  404.2  414.2    424.2  434.2    444.2    454.2  464.2    514.2    564.2    614.2  664.2     764.2  864.2  t  38 
13.23     13.40  13.57    13.73  13.89    14.05     14.22  14.38     15.20     16.01     16.81  17.61     19.21  20.79  V 

1231.7  1236.5  1241.3  1246.0  1250.8  1255.6  1260A  1265.2  1289.0  1312.8  1336.6  1360.4  1408.0  1456.0  h 

1.7604  1.7660  1.7715  1.7770  1.7824  1.7877  1.7930  1.7982  1.8232  1.8471  1.8696  1.8912  1.9317  1.9692  n 

395.8    405.8  415.8    425.8  435.8    445.8    455.8  465.8    515.8     565.8    615.8  665.8     765.8  865.8  t  39 

12.92     13.08  13.24    13.40  13.56     13.72     13.87  14.03     14.83     15.62     16.40  17.18     18.74  20.28  V 

1232.3  1237.1  1241.9  1246.6  1251.4  1256.2  1261.0  1265.8  1289.7  1313.5  1337.2  1361.0  1408.6  1456.7  h 
1.7584  1.7639  1.7694  1.7748  1.7802  1.7856  1.7909  1.7960  1.8210  1.8448  1.8674  1.8889  1.9293  1.9668  n 

397.3  407.3  417.3    427.3  437.3    447.3    457.3  467.3    517.3    567.3    617.3  667.3    767.3  867.3  t  4C 

12.61  12.77  12.93  13.08  13.23  13.39  13.54  13.70  14.48  15.25  16.02  16.78  18.30  19.80  v 
1232.9  1237.7  1242.4  1247.2  1252.0  1256.8  1261.6  1266.4  1290.3  1314.1  1337.8  1361.6  1409.3  1457.4  h 
1.7564  1.7619  1.7674  1.7728  1.7782  1.7836  1.7888  1.7940  1.8189  1.8427  1.8652  1.8867  1.9271  1.9646  u 

398.7    408.7  418.7    428.7  438.7    448.7    458.7  468.7    518.7    568.7    618.7  668.7    768.7  868.7  t  41 

12.32     12.48  12.63     12.79  12.93     13.08     13.23  13.38     14.15     14.90     15.65  16.39     17.87  19.34  v 

1233.4  1238.2  1243.0  1247.8  1252.6  1257.4  1262.2  1267.0  1290.9  1314.7  1338.5  1362.3  1410.0  1458.0  h 
1.7542  1.7598  1.7653  1.7707  1.7762  1.7815  1.7868  1.7919  1.8168  1.8406  1.8631  1.8845  1.9249  1.9624  n 

400.2    410.2  420.2    430.2  440.2    450.2    460.2  470.2    520.2    570.2    620.2  670.2    770.2  8702  t  42 

12.04    12.19  12.34     12.49  12.64     12.79     12.94  13.09     13.83     14.56     15.29  16.02     17.46  18.90  v 

1234.0  1238.8  1243.6  1248.4  1253.2  1258.0  1262.8  1267.6  1291.5  1315.3  1339.1  1362.9  1410.6  1458.6  h 
1.7523  1.7578  1.7633  1.7687  1.7741  1.7795  J.7S47  1.7899  1.8147  1.8385  1.8609  1.8823  1.9227  1.9601  n 

401.7  411.7  421.7    431.7  441.7    4S1.7    461.7  471.7    521.7    571.7    621.7  671.7    771.7  871.7  t  43 
11.78     11.93  12.08     12.22  12.37     12.52     12.66  12.80     13.53     14.25     14.96  15.67     17.08  18.48  v 

1234.5  1239.3  1244.1  1249.0  1253.8  1258.6  1263.4  1268.2  1292.1  1315.9  1339.7  1363.5  1411.2  1459.2  h 
1.7504  1.7559  1.7614  1.7668  1.7722  1.7775  1.7828  1.7879  1.8127  1.8364  1.8589  1.8803  1.9206  1.9580  n 

403.1  413.1  423.1    433.1  443.1    453.1    463.1  473.1     523.1     573.1    623.1  673.1     773.1  873.1  t  44 
11.53     11.67  11.82     11.96  12.10    12.25     12.39  12.53     13.24    13.94     14.64  15.33     16.70  18.08  v 

1235.1  1239.9  1244.7  1249.5  1254.3  1259.1  1263.9  1268.7  1292.6  1316.4  1340.2  1364.0  1411.8  1459.8  h 
1.7483  1.7539  1.7595  1.7649  1.7703  1.7756  1.7808  1.7860  1.8108  1.8344  1.8568  1.8782  1.9185  1.9559  n 

404.5    414.5  424.5    434.5  444.5    454.5    464.5  474.5    524.5    574.5    624.5  674.5     774.5  874.5  t  45 

11.29     11.43  11.57     11.71  11.85     11.99     12.13  12.27     12.96     13.65     14.33  15.01     16.36  17.70  V 

1235.6  1243.4  1245.2  1250.0  1254.8  1259.7  1264.5  1269.3  1293.2  1317.0  1340.8  1364.6  1412.4  1460.4  h 
1.7465  1.7521  1.7576  1.7630  1.7684  1.7737  1.7790  1.7841  1.8089  1.8325  1.8549  1.8762  1.9165  1.9539  n 

405.8  415.8  425.8    435.8  445.8    455.8    465.8  475.8    525.8    575.8    625.8  675.8    775.8  875.8  t  46 
11.06     11.20  11.34     11.47  11.60    11.74    11.88  12.02     12.69     13.36     14.03  14.70     16.02  17.33  v 

1236.1  1240.9  1245.7  1250.6  1255.4  1260.2  1265.0  1269.8  1293.7  1317.5  1341.3  1365.2  1413.0  1461.0  h 

1.7447  1.7503  1.7558  1.7612  1.7666  1.7719  1.7771  1.7823  1.8071  1.8306  1.8530  1.8743  1.9145  1.9519  n 

407.2  417.2  427.2    437.2  447.2    457.2    467.2  477.2     527.2     577.2    627.2  677.2     777.2  877.2  t  47 
10.84     10.98  11.11     11.24  11.38     11.51     11.64  11.78     12.44     13.10     13.75  14.40     15.69  16.98  v 

1236.6  1241.4  1246.2  1251.0  1255.8  1260.7  1265.5  1270.3  1294.3  1318.1  1341.9  1365.7  1413.5  1461.6  h 

1.7430  1.7486  1.7541  1.7595  1.7648  1.7701  1.7753  1.7805  1.8053  1.8288  1.8511  1.8724  1.9126  1.9500  n 

408.5    418.5  428.5    438.5  448.5    458.5    468.5  478.5    528.5    578.5    628.5  678.5    778.5  878.5  t  48 

10.62  10.75  10.89  11.02  11.15  11.28  11.41  11.54  12.19  12.84  13.48  14.12  15.38  16.64  v 
1237.1  1241.9  1246.7  1251.6  1256.4  1261.2  1266.0  1270.8  1294.8  1318.6  1342.4  1366.3  1414.1  1462.2  h 
1.7413  1.7469  1.7524  1.7578  1.7631  1.7684  1.7736  1.7788  1.8035  1.8270  1.8493  1.8706  1.9107  1.9481  n 

409.8    419.8  429.8    439.8  449.8    459.8    469.8  479.8     529.8    579.8    629.8  679.8     779.8  879.8  t  49 

10.43     10.55  10.68     10.81  10.94    11.07     11.19  11.32     11.96     12.59     13.22  13.85     15.09  16.32  v 

1237.6  1242.4  1247.2  1252.0  1256.8  1261.7  1266.5  1271.4  1295.3  1319.1  1342.9  1366.8  1414.6  1462.7  h 

1.7397  1.7453  1.7507  1.7561  1.7615  1.7668  1.7720  1.7771  1.8019  1.8253  1.8476  1.8688  1.9090  1.9463  n 

Conversion  from  Metric  Units 

1kg.  per  sq.  cm.  =  14.22  lbs.  per  sq.  in,  [log  =  1.15  3001,    1  cu.  meter- 35,31  cu.  ft,  [lop=  1,54  795]. 

To  change  degs,  C,  to  degs,  F.,  multiply  by  ?,  and  add  32.    To  change  mean  kg, 

calories  per  kg,  to  mean  B.t.u,  per  lb,,  multiply  by  t,    Entrocy  same  in  both  systema. 

(29^ 


Table  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

t      Water     S?eam         10°      20°      30°  40°  50°      G0°      70°      80°      90°  100°     110°  120° 

50  t  281.0  291.0    301.0    311.0  321.0  331.0  341.0    351.0    361.0    371.0  381.0    391.0  401,0 

V  0.02  8.51  8.65  8.78  8.92  9.06  9.19  9.32  9.45  9.58  9.71  9.84  9.97  10.10 
h  250.1  1173.6  1178.7  1183.7  1188.8  1193.8  1198.8  1203.8  1208.7  1213.6  1218.5  1223.4  1228.3  1233.2 
n    0.4113  1.6581     1.6649  1.6716  1.6782  1.6846  1.6909  1.6971  1.7032  1.7092  1.7152  1.7211  1.7269  1.7326 

51  t  282.3  292.3    302.3    312.3  322.3  332.3  342.3    352.3    362.3    372.3  382.3    392.3  402.3 

V  0.02      8.35         8.49      8.62      8.76  8.89  9.02      9.15      9.28      9.41      9.53  9.66      9.79  9.91 
h     251.4    1174.0     1179.1  1184.1  1189.2  1194.2  1199.2  1204.2  1209.1  1214.0  1219.0  1223.9  1228.8  1233.6 
n    0.4130  1.6565     1.6633  1.6700  1.6766  1.6830  1.6893  1.6955  1.7016  1.7076  1.7136  1.7195  1.7253  1.7310 


52  t           283.5  293.5    303.5    313.5  323.5  333.5  343.5    353.5    363.5    373.5  383.5    393.5  403.5 

V  0  02      8.21         8.34      8.47      8.60      8.73  8.86      8.99      9.12      9.24      9.36        9.49      9.61  9.74 
h  252  6    1174.3  1179.4  1184.5  1189.6  1194.6  1199.6  1204.6  1209.5  1214.4  1219.4  1224.3  1229.2  1234.1 
n  0.4147  1.6549  1.6617  1.6684  1.6750  1.6814  1.6877  1.6939  1.7001  1.7061  1.7020  1.7179  1.7237  1.7294 

53  t           284.7  294.7    304.7    314.7  324.7  334.7  344.7    354.7    364.7    374.7  384.7    394.7  404.7 

V  0.02      8.05         8.19      8.32      8.45      8.58  8.70      8.83      8.96      9.08      9.20        9.32      9.44  9.56 
h  253  9    1174.7  1179.8  1184.9  1190.0  1195.0  1200.0  1205.0  1209.9  1214.9  1219.8  1224.7  1229.6  1234.5 
n  0.4164  1.6534  1.6602  1.6669  1.6735  1.6799  1.6862  1.6924  1.6986  1.7046  1.7105  1.7164  1.7222  1.7279 

54  t           285.9  295.9    305.9    315.9  325.9  335.9  345.9    355.9    365.9    375.9  385.9    395.9  405.9 

V  0  02      7.91         8.04      8.17      8.30      8.43  8.55      8.67      8.80      8.92      9.04         9.16      9.28  9.40 
h  255.1    1175.0  1180.1  1185.2  1190.3  1195.4  1200.4  1205.4  1210.4  1215.3  1220.2  1225.1  1230.0  1234.9 
n  0.4180  1.6519  1.6587  1.6654  1.6720  1.6784  1.6847  1.6909  1.6971  1.7031  1.7090  1.7149  1.7207  1.7264 

55  t           287.1  297.1    307.1    317.1  327.1  337.1  347.1    357.1    367.1    377.1  387.1    397.1  407.1 

V  0  02      7.78         7.91      8.03      8.16      8.28  8.40      8.52      8.64      8.76      8.88         9.00      9.12  9.24 
h  256  3    1175.4  1180.5  1185.6  1190.7  1195.8  1200.8  1205.8  1210.8  1215.7  1220.6  1225.6  1230.5  1235.4 
n  0.4196  1.6505  1.6573  1.6640  1.6706  1.6770  1.6833  1.6895  1.6957  1.7017  1.7076  1.7135  1.7193  1.7250 

56  t           288  2  298.2    308.2    318.2  328.2  338.2  348.2    358.2    368.2    378.2  388.2    398.2  408.2 

V  0  02      7  65         7.78      7.90      8.02      8.14  8.26      8.38      8.50      8.62      8.74         8.85      8.96  9.08 
h  257  5    1175  7  1180.8  1185.9  1191.0  1196.1  1201.2  1206.2  1211.1  1216.1  1221.0  1225.9  1230.9  1235.8 
n  0.4212  1.6490  1.6558  1.6625  1.6691  1.6755  1.6818  1.6880  1.6941  1.7002  1.7062  1.7120  1.7178  1.7235 

57  t           289  4  299.4    309.4    319.4  329.4  339.4  349.4    359.4    369.4    379.4  389.4    399.4  409.4 

V  0  02      7.52         7.65      7.77      7.89  8.01  8.13      8.24      8.36      8.48      8.59         8.70      8.82  8.94 
h  258  7    1176.0  1181.2  1186.3  1191.4  1196.5  1201.5  1206.5  1211.5  1216.5  1221.5  1226.4  1231.3  1236.2 
n  0.4227  1.6475  1.6543  1.6610  1.6676  1.6740  1.6803  1.6865  1.6926  1.6987  1.7047  1.7105  1.7163  1.7220 

58  t           290.5  300.5    310.5    320.5  330.5  340.5  350.5    360.5    370.5    380.5  390.5    400.5  410.5 

V  0  02      7  40         7.52      7.64      7.76      7.88  8.00      8.11      8.23      8.34      8.45         8.57      8.68  8.79 
h  259  8    1176.4  1181.5  1136.6  1191.7  1196.8  1201.9  1206.9  1211.9  1216.9  1221.8  1226.8  1231.7  1236.6 
n  0.42*42  1.6460  1.6528  1.6595  1.6661  1.6725  1.6788  1.6850  1.6911  1.6972  1.7032  1.7090  1.7148  1.7205 

69  t           291.6  301.6    311.6    321.6  331.6  341.5  351.6    361.6    371.6    381.6  391.6    401.6  411.6 

V  0  02      7.28         7.40      7.52      7.64      7.76         7.87      7.98      8.10      8.21      8.32         8.43      8.54  8.65 
h  261  0    1176.7  1181.8  1187.0  1192.1  1197.2  1202.3  1207.3  1212.3  1217.3  1222.2  1227.2  1232.1  1237.0 
n  0.4257  1.6446  1.6514  1.6582  1.6648  1.6712  1.6775  1.6837  1.6898  1.6958  1.7017  1.7076  1.7134  1.7191 

60  t           292.7  302.7    312.7    322.7  332.7  342.7  352.7    362.7    372.7    382.7  392.7    402.7  412.7 

V  0  02      7.17         7.29      7.40      7.52      7.63         7.75       7.86      7.97      8.08      8.19         8.30      8.41  8.52 
h  262.1    1177.0  1182.2  1187.3  1192.4  1197.5  1202.6  1207.7  12127  1217.7  1222.6  1227.6  1232.5  1237^4 
n 


0.4272  1.6432  1.6500  1.6568  1.6634  1.6698  1.6761  1.6823  1.6884  1.6944  1.7003  1.7062  1.7120  1.7177 

61  t           293.8  303.8  313.8  323.8    333.8  343.8    353.8  363.8  373.8    383.8  393.8    403.8    413  8 

V  0  02      7  06  7.18  7.29  7.40      7.52         7.63      7.74  7.85      7.95      8.06  8.17      8.28      8.39 
h     263  2    1177.3  1182.5  1187.6  1192.7  1197.8  1202.9  1208.0  1213.0  1218.0  1223.0  1228.0  1232.9  1237.8 
n    0.4287  1.6419  1.6487  1.6555  1.6621  1.6685  1.6748  1.6810  1.6871  1.6931  1.6991  1.7050  1.7107  1.7163 

62  t           294  9  304.9  314.9  324.9    334.9  344.9    354.9  364.9  374.9    384.9  394.9    404.9    414.9 

V  0  02     '6.95  7.06  7.17  7.29      7.40         7.51      7.62  7.73      7.83      7.94  8.05      8.15      8.26 
h     264  3    1177  6  1182.8  1188.0  1193.2  1198.3  1203.4  1208.4  1213.4  1218.4  1223.4  1228.4  1233.3  1238.2 
2    0.4302  1.6406  1.6474  1.6542  1.5608  1.6673  1.6736  1.6797  1.6858  1.6918  1.6978  1.7037  1.7094  1.7150 

(30) 


Degrees  of  Superheat 

130°  140^   150^  1G0'  170°  180°  190°  200°  250^  300°  350°  400°  500°  600°   t 

411.0  421.0  431.0    441.0    451.0    461.0    471.0  481.0    531.0    581.0    631.0  681.0    781.0    881.0  t  50 
10.23     10.35  10.48    10.61     10.73     10.86    10.99  11.11     11.74    12.36    12.97  13.58    14.80    16.01  v 

1238.1  1242.9  1247.7  1252.5  1257.3  1262.2  1267.0  1271.8  1295.8  1319.7  1343.5  1367.4  1415.1  1463.3  h 
1.7382  1.7437  1.7491  1.7545  1.7599  1.7652  1.7704  1.7755  1.8002  1.8237  1.8459  1.8671  1.9072  1.9445  n 

412.3  422.3  432.3    442.3    452.3    462.3    472.3  482.3    532,3    582.3    632.3  682.3     782.3    882.3  t  51 
10.04    10.16  10.29    10.41     10.54     10.66    10.78  10.91    11.52     12.13    12.73  13.33     14.52     15.71  V 

1238.5  1243.3  1248.2  1253.0  1257.8  1262.6  1267.5  1272.4  1296.3  1320.2  1344.0  1367.9  1415.6  1463.8  h 

1.7366  1.7421  1.7475  1.7529  1.7583  1.7636  1.7688  1.7739  1.7986  1.8220  1.8442  1.8654  1.9054  1.9427  n 

413.5    423.5  433.5    443.5    453.5    463.5    473.5  483.5    533.5    583.5    633.5  683.5    783.5    883.5  t  52 

9.86      9.98  10.10    10.22    10.35    10.47    10.59  10.71    11.31    11.91    12.50  13.09    14.26    15.42  v 

1239.0  1243.8  1248.6  1253.4  1258.3  1263.1  1268.0  1272.8  1296.7  1320.6  1344.5  1368.4  1416.2  1464.3  h 
1.7350  1.7405  1.7459  1.7513  1.7567  1.7619  1.7670  1.7721  1.7969  1.8203  1.8425  1.8636  1.9037  1.9409  n 

414.7    424.7  434.7    444.7    454.7    464.7    474.7  484.7    534.7    584.7    634.7  684.7    784.7    884.7  t  53 

9.69      9.81         9.93      10.04    10.16    10.28     10.40  10.52     11.11     11.70    12.28  12.86    14.01    15.15  v 

1239.4  1244.2  1249.1  1253.9  1258.7  1263.5  1268.4  1273.2  1297.2  1321.1  1345.0  1368.9  1416.7  1464.8  h 
1.7335  1.7390  1.7444  1.7498  1.7551  1.7604  1.7656  1.7707  1.7954  1.8187  1.8409  1.8620  1.9020  1.9392  n 

415.9    425.9  435.9    445.9    455.9    465.9    475.9  485.9    535.9    585.9    635.9  685.9    785.9    885.9  t  54 

9.52      9.64  9.75      9.87      9.99     10.11     1022  1034    10.92     11.49    12.06  12.63     13.76    14.88  v 

1239.8  1244.7  1249.5  1254.3  1259.2  1264.0  1268.9  1273.7  1297.7  1321.6  1345.5  1369.4  1417.2  1465.3  h 
1.7320  1.7375  1.7429  1.7483  1.7536  1.7589  1.7641  1.7692  1.7939  1.8172  1.8393  1.8604  1.9004  1.9375  n 

417.1  427.1  437.1    447.1    457.1    467.1    477.1  487.1    537.1    587.1    637.1  687.1    787.1    887.1  t  55 
9.36      9.47  9.59      9.70      9.82      9.94     10.05  10.16    10.73     11.30    11.86  12.41     13.52     14.62  v 

1240.2  1245.1  1250.0  1254.8  1259.6  1264.5  1269.4  1274.2  1298.1  1322.0  1345.9  1369.8  1417.7  1465.8  h 
1.7306  1.7361  1.7415  1.7468  1.7521  1.7574  1.7626  1.7677  1.7924  1.8157  1.8378  1.8589  1.8988  1.9359  n 

418.2  428.2  438.2    448.2    458.2    468.2    478.2  488.2    538.2    588.2    6382  6882    788.2    888.2  t  56 
9.20      9.32  9.43      9.54      9.66      9.77      9.88  9.99     10.55    11.10    11.65  12.20    13.29    14.37  v 

1240.7  1245.5  1250.4  1255.2  1260.1  1264.9  1269.8  1274.6  1298.6  1322.5  1346.4  1370.3  1418.2  1466.3  h 

1.7291  1.7346  1.7400  1.7453  1.7506  1.7559  1.7611  1.7662  1.7909  1.8141  1.8362  1.8573  1.8972  1.9343  n 

419.4  429.4  439.4    449.4    459.4    469.4    479.4  489.4    539.4    589.4    639.4  689.4    789.4    889.4  t  57 
9.05      9.16  9.27      9.38      9.50      9.61      9.72  9.83      10.38     10.92     11.46  12.00    13.07     14.13  V 

1241.1  1245.0  1250.8  1255.6  1260.5  1265.3  1270.2  1275.1  1299.1  1323.0  1346.9  1370.8  1418.7  1466.7  h 
1.7276  1.7331  1.7385  1.7438  1.7491  1.7544  1.7596  1.7647  1.7893  1.8125  1.8346  1.8556  1.8955  1.9326  n 

420.5  430.5  440.5    450.5    460.5    470.5    480.5  490.5    540.5    590.5    640.5  690.5    790.5    890.5  t  58 
8.90      9.01  9.12      9.23      9.34      9.45      9.56  9.67      10.21     10.74    11.28  11.81     12.86     13.90  v 

1241.5  1246.4  1251.2  1256.1  1260.9  1265.8  1270.6  1275.5  1299.5  1323.4  1347.3  1371.2  1419.1  1467.2  h 
1.7261  1.7316  1.7370  1.7423  1.7476  1.7529  1.7581  1.7632  1.7878  1.8110  1.8330  1.8540  1.8939  1.9310  n 

421.6  431.6  441.6    451.6    461.6    471.6    481.6  491.6    541.6    591.6    641.6  691.6    791.6    891.6  t  59 
8.76      8.87  8.98      9.09      9.19      9.30      9.41  9.52      10.05     10.57    11.09  11.61     12.65     13.68  V 

1241.9  1246.8  1251.7  1256.5  1261.4  1266.2  1271.1  1276.0  1300.0  1323.9  1347.8  1371.7  1419.6  1467.7  h 
1.7247  1.7302  1.7556  1.7409  1.7462  1.7515  1.7567  1.7618  1.7864  1.8095  1.8316  1.8526  1.8924  1.9294  n 

422.7  432.7  442.7    452.7    462.7    472.7    482.7  492.7    542.7    592.7    642.7  692.7    792.7    892.7  t  60 
8.62      8.73  8.84      8.94      9.05      9.15      9.26  9.36      9.89     10.41     10.92  11.43     12.45     13.46  V 

1242.3  1247.2  1252.1  1256.9  1261.8  1266.6  1271.5  1276.4  1300.4  1324.3  1348.3  1372.2  1420.0  1468.2  h 
1.7233  1.7288  1.7342  1.7395  1.7448  1.7500  1.7552  1.7603  1.7849  1.8081  1.8301  1.8511  1.8908  1.9279  n 

423.8  433.8  443.8    453.8    463.8    473.8    483.8  493.8    543.8    593.8    643.8  693.8    793.8    893.8  t  61 
8.50      8.60  8.70      8.S0      8.91      9.02      9.12  9.22      9.74     10.25     10.75  11.26     12.26    13.25  v 

1242.7  1247.6  1252.5  1257.4  1262.2  1267.0  1271.9  1276.8  1300.8  1324.7  1348.7  1372.6  1420.4  1468.6  h 

1.7219  1.7274  1.7328  1.7382  1.7435  1.7487  1.7539  1.7590  1.7836  1.8067  1.8287  1.8497  1.8894  1.9265  n 

424.9  434.9  444.9    454.9    464.9    474.9    484.9  494.9    544.9    594.9    644.9  694.9    794.9    894.9  t  62 
836      8.46  8.57      8.67      8.77      8.88      8.98  9.08      9.59     10.09     10.59  11.09    12.07    13.05  V 

1243.1  1248.0  1252.9  1257.7  1262.6  1267.4  1272.3  1277.2  1301.2  1325.1  1349.1  1373.0  1420.8  1469.1  h 

1.7206  1.7261  1.7315  1.7369  1.7422  1.7474  1.7526  1.7577  1.7823  1.8054  1.8273  1.8483  1.8880  1.9250  n 

(31^ 


Table  3  :  Superheated  Steam 


Press, 
lbs. 


Sat. 
Water      Steam 


63  t  295.9 

V  0.02   6.85 
h  265.4  1177.9 
n  0.4316  1.6393 

64  t  297.0 

V  0.02      6.75 
h  266.4    1178.2 
n  0.4330  1.6380 

65  t  298.0 

V  0.02      6.65 
h  667.5    1178.5 
n  0.4344  1.6368 

66  t  299.0 

V  0.02      6.56 
h  268.5    1178.8 
n  0.4358  1.6355 

67  t     300.0 

V  0.02   6.47 
h  269.6  1179.0 
n  0.4371  1.6343 


Degrees  of  Superheat 

10°  20°      30°      40° 

305.9  315.9    325.9    335.9 

6.96  7.07      7.18      7.29 

1183.1  1188.3  1193.5  1198.6 

1.6461  1.6529  1.6595  1.6659 

307.0  317.0    327.0    337.0 

6.86  6.97      7.08      7.19 

1183.4  1188.6  1193.8  1198.9 

1.6448  1.6516  1.6582  1.6646 

308.0  318.0  328.0  338.0 

6.76  6.87   6.98   7.09 

1183.7  1188.9  1194.1  1199.2 

1.6436  1.6504  1.6570  1.6635 

309.0  319.0    329.0    339.0 

6.66  6.77      6.88      6.98 

1184.0  1189.2  1194.4  1199.5 

1.6423  1.6491  1.6557  1.6622 

310.0  320.0  330.0  340.0 

6.58  6.68   6.78   6.89 

1184.3  1189.5  1194.7  1199.9 

1.6411  1.6479  1.6545  1.6610 


50°      G0°      70°      80°      90° 

345.9    355.9  365.9    375.9    385.9 

7.40      7.51  7.61      7.72      7.82 

1203.7  1208.8  1213.8  1218.8  1223.7 

1.6722  1.6784  1.6845  1.6905  1.6965 

347.0    357.0  367.0    377.0    387.0 

7.29      7.40      7.50      7.60      7.71 

1204.0  1209.1  1214.1  1219.1  1224.1 

1.6709  1.6771  1.6832  1.6892  1.6952 

348.0    358.0  368.0    378.0    388.0 

7.20      7.30      7.40      7.50      7.60 

1204.4  1209.5  1214.5  1219.5  1224.5 

1.6698  1.6760  1.6821  1.6881  1.6940 

349.0  359.0  369.0  379.0  389.0 

7.09   7.19   7.29   7.39   7.49 

1204.7  1209.8  1214.8  1219.8  1224.8 

1.6685  1.6747  1.6808  1.6868  1.6927 

350.0  360.0  370.0  380.0  390.0 

6.99   7.09   7.19   7.29   7.39 

1205.0  1210.1  1215.1  1220.2  1225.2 

1.6673  1.6735  1.6796  1.6856  1.6915 


100°  110°    120° 

395.9  405.9    415.9 

7.93  8.03      8.14 

1228.7  1233.7  1238.6 
1.7024  1.7081  1.7137 

397.0  407.0    417.0 
7.81      7.91      8.02 

1229.1  1234.1  1239.0 
1.7011  1.7068  1.7124 

398.0  408.0    418.0 

7.70      7.80      7.90 

1229.5  1234.4  1239.3 

1.6999  1.7056  1.7112 

399.0  409.0    419.0 
7.59      7.69      7.79 

1229.8  1234.8  1239.7 
1.6986  1.7043  1.7099 

400.0  410.0    420.0 
7.49      7.58      7.68 

1230.2  1235.2  1240.1 
1.6974  1.7031  1.7087 


68  t  301.0 

V  0.02      6.38 
h  270.6    1179.3 
n  0.4385  1.6331 

69  t     302.0 

V  0.02  ■  6.29  ' 
h  271.6  1179.6 
n  0.4398  1.6319 

70  t  302.9 

V  0.02       6.20 
h  272.6    1179.8 
n  0.4411  1.6307 

71  t  303.9 

V  0.02      6.12 
h  273.6    1180.1 
n  0.4424  1.6296 

72  t     304.8 

V  0.02   6.04 
h  274.5  1180.4 
n  0.4437  1.6285 


311.0  321.0  331.0  341.0 
6.48   6.58   6.69   6.79 

1184.6  1189.8  1195.0  1200.2 
1.6399  1.6467  1.6534  1.6598 

312.0  322.0  332.0  342.0 

5.39   6.49   6.60   6.70 

1184.9  1190.1  1195.3  1200.5 

1.6387  1.6455  1.6521  1.6586 

312.9    322.9  332.9    342.9 

6.30      6.40      6.51      6.61 

1185.1  1190.4  1195.6  1200.8 

1.6376  1.6444  1.6510  1.6574 

313.9    323.9  333.9    343.9 

6.22      6.32      6.42      6.52 

1185.4  1190.7  1195.9  1201.1 

1.6365  1.6433  1.6499  1.6563 

314.8    324.8  334.8    344.8 
6.14      6.24      6.34      6.44 

1185.7  1191.0  1196.2  1201.4 
1.6354  1.6422  1.6488  1.6553 


351.0  361.0  371.0    381.0  391.0 

6.89  6.99      7.09      7.19  7.29 

1205.3  1210.4  1215.5  1220.5  1225.5 

1.6661  1.6723  1.6784  1.6844  1.6903 

352.0  362.0  372.0    382.0  392.0 

6.80  6.90      6.99      7.09  7.19 

1205.6  1210.7  1215.8  1220.8  1225.8 

1.6649  1.6711  1.6772  1.6832  1.6892 

352.9  362.9  372.9    382.9  392.9 

6.71  6.81      6.90      7.00  7.09 

1205.9  1211.0  1216.1  1221.2  1226.2 

1.6637  1.6699  1.6760  1.6820  1.6880 

353.9  363.9  373.9    383.9  393.9 

6.62  6.72      6.81      6.90  7.00 

1206.3  1211.4  1216.4  1221.5  1226.5 

1.6627  1.6689  1.6750  1.6810  1.6869 

354.8  364.8  374.8  384.8  394.8 

6.54  6.63   6.72   6.81  6.90 

1206.6  1211.7  1216.8  1221.8  1226.8 

1.6616  1.6678  1.6739  1.6799  1.6858 


401.0  411.0  421.0 

7.38      7.48      7.57 

1230.5  1235.5  1240.4 

1.6961  1.7019  1.7075 

402.0  412.0  422.0 

7.28      7.38      7.47 

1230.8  1235.8  1240.7 

1.6950  1.7007  1.7063 

402.9  412.9  422.9 

7.18      7.28      7.37 

1231.2  1236.2  1241.1 

1.6939  1.6996  1.7052 

403.9  413.9  423.9 

7.09      7.18      7.27 

1231.5  1236.5  1241.4 

1.6928  1.6985  1.7041 

404.8  414.8  424.8 

6.99      7.08      7.17 

1231.8  1236.8  1241.7 

1.6917  1.6974  1.7030 


73  t     305.8 

V  0.02   5.96 
h  275.5  1180.6 
n  0.4449  1.6274 

74  t  306.7 

V  0.02      5.89 
h  276.5    1180.9 
n  0.4462  1.6263 


315.8    325.8  335.8    345.8 

6.06      6.15  6.25      6.35 

1185.9  1191.2  1196.5  1201.7 

1.6343  1.6411  1.6478  1.6543 

316.7  326.7  336.7  346.7 

5.98   6.07  6.17   6.27 

11S6.2  1191.5  1196.8  1202.0 

1.6332  1.6400  1.6467  1.6532 


355.8  365.8  375.8    385.8  395.8 

6.45  6.54      6.63      6.73  6.82 

1206.9  1212.0  1217.1  1222.1  1227.1 

1.6606  1.6667  1.6728  1.6788  1.6847 

356.7  366.7  376.7    386.7  396.7 

6.36  6.46      6.55      6.64  6.73 

1207.2  1212.3  1217.4  1222.4  1227.5 

1.6595  1.6656  1.6717  1.6777  1.6837 


405.8  415.8  425.8 

6.91   7.00  7.09 

1232.1  1237.1  1242.0 

1.6906  1.6963  1.7019 

406.7    416.7  426.7 

6.82      6.91  7.00 

1232.5  1237.5  1242.4 

1.6895  1.6952  1.7008 


t  =  temperature  in  F.  degs. 
V -8p.  vol.  in  cu.  ft.  per  lb, 
h=  tota I  heat  in  B,  t.  n. 
11=  entropy. 


T"  Fahr,  absolute=t-'  +  459.6^. 
J-777,5ft.  lbs.  perB.t.n.  [log  =  2.89  071]. 
A  ^  i/j - 1,286  X 10-3  B,  t.  n.  per  ft,  lb,  [3.10  929], 
144  A=0,1852  [log  =  i,26  764], 

C32) 


Internal  energy 

=  total  heat  — 144  Apv. 

Values  for  saturated  steam 

are  given  in  Tables  1  and  2. 


Degrees  of  Superheat 

130°  140°   150°  160°  170°  180°  190°   200°  250°  300°  350°   400^  500^  600^  ^\bl'' 

425.9    435.9       445.9    455.9    465.9    475.9    485.9  '''  495.9    545.9    595.9    645.9  695.9     795.9     895.9      t  63 

8.24      8.34         8.44      8.54      8.64      8.74      8.84         8.94      9.44      9.94      10.43  10.92     11.89     12.85      v 

1243.5  1248.4  1253.3  1258.1  1263.0  1267.8  1272.7  1277.6  1301.6  1325.5  1349.5  1373.5  1421  2  1469  5     h 
1.7193  1.7248  1.7302  1.7356  1.7409  1.7461  1.7513  1.7564  1.7809  1.8040  1.8260  1.8469  1.8866  1.9236  n 

427.0    437.0  447.0    457.0    467.0    477.0    487.0  497.0    547.0    597.0    647.0  697.0     797.0    897.0      t  64 

8.12      8.22         8.32      8.42      8.52      8.62      8.72         8.81      9.31      9.80      10.28  10.76     11.71     12  66     v 

1243.9  1248.7  1253.6  1258.5  1263.3  1268.2  1273.1  1278.0  1302.0  1326.0  1350.0  1373.9  1421.7  1469.9     h 

1.7180  1.7235  1.7290  1.7343  1.7396  1.7448  1.7500  1.7551  1.7796  1.8027  1.8246  1.8455  1.8852  1.9222  n 

428.0    438.0  448.0    458.0    468.0    478.0    488.0  498.0    548.0    598.0    648.0  698.0    798.0    898.0     t  65 

8.00      8.10         8.20      8.29      8.39      8.49      8.59         8.69      9.17      9.65      10.12  10.60     11.54    12.48     V 

1244.2  1249.1  1254.0  1258.8  1263.7  1268.6  1273.5  1278.4  1302.4  1326.4  1350.4  1374.3  1422.1  1470.3     h 
1.7168  1.7223  1.7277  1.7331  1.7384  1.7436  1.7488  1.7539  1.7784  1.8014  1.8233  1.8442  1.8839  1.9208  n 

429.0    439.0  449.0    459.0    469.0    479.0    489.0  499.0    549.0     599.0    649.0  699.0    799.0    899.0      t  66 

7.89      7.98         8.08      8.18      8.28      8.37      8.47         8.56      9.04      9.51      9.98  10.45     11.38    12.30  v 

1244.6  1249.5  1254.4  1259.2  1264.1  1269.0  1273.9  1278.8  1302.8  1326.8  1350.8  1374.8  1422.6  1470.8  h 
1.7155  1.7210  1.7264  1.7318  1.7371  1.7423  1.7474  1.7525  1.7771  1.8001  1.8220  1.8429  1.8825  1.9194  n 

430.0    440.0  453.0    460.0    470.0    480.0    490.0  500.0    550.0    600.0    650.0  700.0    800.0    900.0     t  67 

7.78      7.88         7.97      8.07      8.16      8.26      8.35         8.45       8.92      9.38      9.84  10.30     11.22     12.13  V 

1245.0  1249.9  1254.8  1259.6  1264.5  1269.3  1274.2  1279.1  1303.2  1327,2  1351.1  1375.1  1423.0  1471.2  h 

1.7143  1.7198  1.7252  1.7306  1.7359  1.7411  1.7462  1.7513  1.7758  1.7988  1.8207  1.8416  1.8812  1.9181  n 

431.0    441.0  451.0    461.0    471.0    481.0    491.0  501.0    551.0    601.0    651.0  701.0    801.0    901.0  t  68 

7.67      7.77         7.86      7.96      8.05      8.14      8.23         8.33      8.79      9.25      9.70  10.15     11.06     11.96  V 

1245.3  1250.2  1255.1  1260.0  1264.8  1269.7  1274.6  1279.5  1303.5  1327.5  1351.5  1375.5  1423.4  1471.6  h 
1.7131  1.7186  1.7240  1.7294  1.7347  1.7399  1.7450  1.7501  1.7746  1.7976  1.8195  1.8403  1.8799  1.9168  n 

432.0    442.0  452.0    462.0    472.0    482.0    492.0  502.0    552.0    602.0    652.0  702.0    802.0    902.0  t  62 

7.56      7.66         7.75      7.85      7.94      8.03      8.12         8.22      8.67      9.12      9.57  10.02     10.91     11.79  v 

1245.6  1250.5  1255.4  1260.3  1265.2  1270.1  1275.0  1279.9  1303.9  1327.9  1351.9  1375.9  1423.8  1472.0  h 
1.7119  1.7174  1.7228  1.7282  1.7335  1.7387  1.7438  1.7489  1.7733  1.7963  1.8182  1.8390  1.8786  1.9155  n 

432.9    442.9  452.9    462.9    472.9    482.9    492.9  502.9    552.9    602.9    652.9  702.9    802.9    902.9  t  70 

7.46      7.56         7.65       7.74      7.83      7.92      8.02  8.11      8.56      9.01      9.45  9.89      10.76     11.63  v 

1246.0  1250.9  1255.8  1260.7  1265.5  1270.4  1275.3  1280.2  1304.3  1328.3  1352.2  1376.2  1424.2  1472.4  h 

1.7107  1.7162  1.7216  1.7270  1.7323  1.7375  1.7426  1.7477  1.7721  1.7951  1.8170  1.8378  1.8773  1.9141  n 

433.9    443.9  453.9    463.9    473.9    483.9    493.9  503.9    553.9    603.9    653.9  703.9    803.9    903.9  t  71 

7.36      7.46         7.55       7.64      7.73       7.82      7.91  8.00      8.44      8.88      9.32  9.76      10.62     11.48  V 

1246.3  1251.2  1256.1  1261.0  1265.9  1270.8  1275.7  1280.6  1304.7  1328.7  1352.6  1376.6  1424.6  1472.8  h 

1.7097  1.7152  1.7206  1.7259  1.7312  1.7364  1.7415  1.7466  1.7710  1.7939  1.8158  1.8366  1.8761  1.9129  n 

434.8    444.8  454  8    464.8    474.8    484.8    494.8  504.8    554.8    604.8    654.8  704.8    804.8    904.8  t  72 

7.25      7.34  7.43      7.52      7.61       7.70      7.79  7.88      8.31       8.74      9.16  9.58      10.42     11.26  V 

1246.7  1251.6  1256.5  1261.4  1266.3  1271.2  1276.1  1281.0  1305.0  1329.0  1353.0  1377.0  1425.0  1473.2  h 
1.7086  1.7141  1.7195  1.7248  1.7301  1.7353  1.7404  1.7454  1.7699  1.7928  1.8147  1.8354  1.8749  1.9117  n 

435.8    445.8  455  8    465.8    475.8    485.8    495.8  505.8    555.8    605.8     655.8  705.8    805.8    905.8  t  73 

7.18      7.27  7.36      7.45      7.54      7.63      7.71  7.80      8.23      8.66      9.08  9.50     103.4      11.18  V 

1247.0  1251.9  1256.8  1261.7  1266.6  1271.5  1276.4  1281.3  1305.4  1329.4  1353.3  1377.3  1425.3  1473.6  h 

1.7075  1.7130  1.7184  1.7237  1.7290  1.7342  1.7393  1.7443  1.7688  1.7917  1.8135  1.8343  1.8738  1.9105  n 

436.7    446.7  456.7    466.7    476.7    486.7    496.7  506.7    556.7    606.7    656.7  706.7    806.7    906.7  t  74 

7.08      7.17  7.26      7.35      7.44      7.52      7.61  7.70      8.13      8.55      8.97  9.38      10.20     11.04  v 

1247.3  1252.2  1257.1  1262.0  1266.9  1271.8  1276  7  1281.6  1305.8  1329.8  1353.7  1377.7  1425.7  1474.0  h 

1.7064  1.7119  1.7173  1.7226  1.7279  1.7331  1.7382  1.7432  1.7676  1.7905  1.8124  1.8331  1.8726  1.9093  n 

Conversion  from  Metric  Units 

1  kg.  per  sq.  cm,  =  14,22  lbs,  per  sq,  in.  [log=l,15  300J,    1  cu.  meter  =35, 31  cu.  ft.  [log=  1,54  795], 

To  change  degs,  C,  to  degs.  F.,  multiply  by  i,  and  add  32,    To  change  mean  kg, 

calories  per  kg.  to  mean  B,t,u.  per  lb.,  multiply  by  1,    Entropy  same  in  both  systems, 

(33) 


Table  3  :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

t       Water    sfeam        10°      20°      30°      40°         50°      60°      70°  80°  90°  100°     110°  120° 

75  t            307.6  317.6    327.6    337.6    347.6  357.6    367.6    377.6  387.6  397.6  407.6    417.6  427.6 

V  0.02      5.81         5.91      6.00      6.10      6.19  6.28      6.37      6.46  6.55  6.64  6.73      6.82  6.91 
h  277.4    1181.1  1186.5  1191.8  1197.1  1202.3  1207.5  1212.6  1217.7  1222.8  1227.8  1232.8  1237.7  1242.7 
n  0.4474  1.6252  1.6321  1.6389  1.6456  1.6521  1.6584  1.6645  1.6706  1.6767  1.6825  1.6883  1.6941  1.6998 

76  t           308.5  318.5    328.5    338.5    348.5  358.5    368.5    378.5  388.5  398.5  408.5    418.5  428.5 

V  0.02      5.74         5.83      5.92      6.02      6.12  6.21      6.30      6.39  6.48  6.56         6.65      6.74  6.82 
h  278.3    1181.4  1186.7  1192.0  1197.3  1202.6  1207.8  1212.9  1218.0  1223.0  1228.1  1233.1  1238.1  1243.0 
n  0.4487  1.6242  1.6310  1.6378  1.6445  1.6509  1.6572  1.6634  1.6695  1.6756  1.6815  1.6873  1.6930  1.6986 

77  t           309.4  319.4    329.4    339.4    349.4  359.4    369.4    379.4  389.4  399.4  409.4    419.4  429.4 

V  0.02      5.67         5.76      5.85      5.95      6.04  6.13      6.22      6.31  6.40  6.49         6.57      6.65  6.74 
h  279.3    1181.6  1185.9  1192.2  1197.5  1202.8  1208.0  1213.1  1218.3  1223.4  1228.4  1233.4  1238.4  1243.3 
n  0.4499  1.6231  1.6300  1.6368  1.6435  1.6499  1.6562  1.6624  1.6685  1.6746  1.6805  1.6863  1.6920  1.6977 

78  t           310.3  320.3    330.3    340.3    350.3  360.3    370.3    380.3  390.3  400.3  410.3    420.3  430.3 

V  0.02      5.60         5.69      5.78      5.87      5.97  6.06      6.15      6.24  6.32  6.41  6.49      6.57  6.66 
h  280.2    1181.8  1187.2  1192.6  1197.9  1203.1  1208.3  1213.4  1218.5  1223.6  1228.7  1233.7  1238.7  1243.6 
n  0.4511  1.6221  1.6290  1.6358  1.6425  1.6490  1.6553  1.6615  1.6676  1.6736  1.6795  1.6854  1.6911  1.6967 

79  t            311.2             321.2    331.2    341.2    351.2  361.2    371.2    381.2  391.2  401.2  411.2    421.2  431.2 

V  0.02      5.54         5.63      5.72      5.81      5.90  5.99      6.07      6.16  6.25  6.33  6.41      6.49  6.58 
h  281.1    1182.1  1187.5  1192.8  1198.1  1203.4  1208.6  1213.7  1218.8  1223.9  1229.0  1234.0  1239.0  1243.9 
n  0.4523  1.6210  1.6279  1.6347  1.6414  1.6479  1.6542  1.6604  1.6665  1.6726  1.6785  1.6843  1.6900  1.6956 

80  t           312.0  322.0    332.0    342.0    352.0  362.0    372.0    382.0  392.0  402.0  412.0    422.0  432.0 

V  0.02      5.47         5.56      5.65      5.74      5.83  5.92      6.00      6.09  6.18  6.26  6.34      6.42  6.50 
h  282.0    1182.3  1187.7  1193.0  1198.3  1203.6  1208.8  1214.0  1219.1  1224.2  1229.3  1234.3  1239.3  1244.2 
n  0.4535  1.6200  1.6270  1.6338  1.6404  1.6469  1.6532  1.6594  1.6655  1.6716  1.6775  1.6833  1.6890  1.6946 

81  t           312.9  322.9    332.9    342.9    352.9  362.9    372.9    382.9  392.9  402.9  412.9    422.9  432.9 

V  0.02      5.41         5.50      5.58      5.67      5.76  5.85      5.94      6.03  6.11  6.19  6.27      6.35  6.43 
h  282.9    1182.5  1187.9  1193.3  1198.6  1203.9  1209.1  1214.3  1219.4  1224.5  1229.6  1234.6  1239.6  1244.5 
n  0.4546  1.6190  1.6260  1.6328  1.6394  1.6459  1.6523  1.6585  1.6646  1.6706  1.6765  1.6823  1.6880  1.6936 

82  t           313.8  323.8    333.8    343.8    353.8  363.8    373.8    383.8  393.8  403.8  413.8    423.8  433.8 

V  0.02      5.34         5.43      5.52      5.61      5.70  5.78      5.86      5.95  6.03  6.11  6.19      6.27  6.35 
h  283.8    1182.8  1188.2  1193.6  1198.9  1204.2  1209.4  1214.6  1219.7  1224.8  1229.9  1235.0  1240.0  1244.9 
n  0.4557  1.6180  1.6250  1.6318  1.6385  1.6450  1.6513  1.6575  1.6636  1.6696  1.6755  1.6813  1.6870  1.6926 

83  t           314.6  324.6    334.6    344.6    354.6  364.6    374.6    384.6  394.6  404.6  414.6    424.6  434.6 

V  0.02      5.28         5.37      5.45      5.54      5.63  5.72      5.80      5.88  5.96  6.04  6.12      6.20  6.28 
h  284.6    1183.0  1188.4  1193.8  1199.1  1204.4  1209.7  1214.9  1220.0  1225.1  1230.1  1235.2  1240.2  1245.2 
n  0.4568  1.6170  1.6240  1.6308  1.6375  1.6440  1.6503  1.6565  1.6626  1.6686  1.6746  1.6804  1.6860  1.6916 

84  t            315.4  325.4    335.4    345.4    355.4  365.4    375.4    385.4  395.4  405.4  415.4    425.4  435.4 

V  0.02      5.22         5.31      5.39      5.48      5.57  5.65      5.73      5.82  5.90  5.98  6.05      6.13  6.21 
h  285.5    1183.2  1188.6  1194.0  1199.4  1204.7  1209.9  1215.1  1220.3  1225.4  1230.4  1235.5  1240.5  1245.4 
n  0.4579  1.6160  1.6230  1.6298  1.6365  1.6430  1.6493  1.6555  1.6616  1.6677  1.6736  1.6794  1.6851  1.6907 

86  t           316.3  326.3    336.3    346.3    356.3  366.3    376.3    386.3  396.3  406.3  416.3    426.3  436.3 

V  0.02      5.16         5.25      5.33      5.42      5.51  5.59      5.67      5.75  5.83  5.91  5.99      6.06  6.14 
h  286.3    1183.4  1188.9  1194.3  1199.6  1204.9  1210.2  1215.4  1220.6  1225.7  1230.7  1235.8  1240.8  1245.8 
n  0.4590  1.6151  1.6221  1.6290  1.6356  1.6421  1.6485  1.6547  1.6608  1.6668  1.6727  1.6785  1.6842  1.6898 

86  t           317.1  327.1    337.1    347.1    357.1  367.1    377.1    387.1  397.1  407.1  417.1    427.1  437.1 

V  0.02      5.10         5.19      5.27      5.36      5.45  5.53      5.61      5.69  5.77  5.85  5.92      6.00  6.07 
h  287.2    1183.6  1189.1  1194.5  1199.9  1205.2  1210.4  1215.6  1220.8  1225.9  1231.0  1236.1  1241.1  1246.0 
n  0.4601  1.6141  1.6211  1.6280  1.6346  1.6411  1.6475  1.6537  1.6598  1.6658  1.6717  1.6775  1.6832  1.6888 

87  t           317.9  327.9    337.9    347.9    357.9  367.9    377.9    387.9  397.9  407.9  417.9    427.9  437.9 

V  0.02      5.05         5.14      5.22      5.30      5.39  5.47      5.55      5.63  5.71  5.78  5.86      5.93  6.01 
h  288.0    1183.8  1189.3  1194.7  1200.1  1205.4  1210.7  1215.9  1221.1  1226.2  1231.3  1236.4  1241.4  1246.3 
n  0,4612  1.6132  1.6202  1.6271  1.6338  1.6403  1.6466  1.6528  1.6589  1.6649  1.6708  1.6766  1.6823  1.6879 

(34) 


Degrees  of  Superheat 

130°  140°  150°  160°  170°  180°  190°   200°  250°  300°  350°  400°  500°  600°  ^Z^ 

437  6    447.6  457.6    467.6  477.6    487.6    497.6  507.6     557.6  607.6    657.6  707.6     807.6  907.6  t  75 
7  00      7  09  7.17      7.26  7.34      7.43      7.51         7.60      8.02  8.44      8.86  9.27      10.08  10.90  V 

1247  7  1252  6  1257.5  1262.4  1267.3  1272.2  1276.9  1282.0  1306.11330.11354.1  1378.0  1426.11474.4  h 
1.7054  1.7108  1.7162  1.7215  1.7267  1.7319  1.7370  1.7421  1.7665  1.7894  1.8112  1.8320  1.8714  1.9081  n 

438  5    448  5  458.5    468.5  478.5    488.5    498.5  508.5    558.5  608.5    658.5  708.5    808.5  908.5  t  76 
6  91      7  00  7.08      7.17  7.25      7.34      7.42         7.51      7.93  8.34      8.75  9.15      9.96  10.76  v 

1248  0  1252  9  1257.8  1262.7  1267.6  1272.5  1277.4  1282.3  1306.4  1330.5  1354.5  1378.4  1426.5  1474.8  h 
1.7042  1.7097  1.7151  1.7204  1.7256  1.7308  1.7359  1.7410  1.7654  1.7883  1.8101  1.8308  1.8702  1.9069  n 

4394    449.4  459.4    469.4  479.4    489.4    499.4  509.4    559.4  609.4    659.4  709.4    809.4  909.4  t  77 

6  82      6.91  7.00      7.08  7.16      7.25      7.33         7.42      7.83  8.24      8.64  9.04      9.84  10.63  v 

1248.3  1253.2  1258.1  1263.0  1267.9  1272.8  1277.7  1282.6  1306.7  1330.8  1354.8  1378.7  1426.8  1475.1  h 
1.7033  1.7087  1.7141  1.7194  1.7246  1.7298  1.7349  1.7400  1.7643  1.7872  1.8090  1.8298  1.8691  1.9058  n 

440.3  450.3  460.3    470.3  480.3    490.3    500.3  510.3    560.3  610.3    660.3  710.3    810.3  910.3  t  78 
6.74      6.83  6.92      7.00  7.08      7.16      7.24         7.33      7.74  8.14      8.54  8.93      9.72  10.50  v 

1248.6  1253.5  1258.4  1263.3  1268.2  1273.1  1278.0  1283.0  1307.1  1331.2  1355.2  1379.1  1427.2  1475.5  h 

1.7023  1.7077  1.7131  1.7184  1.7236  1.7288  1.7339  1.7389  1.7633  1.7862  1.8080  1.8287  1.8681  1.9047  n 

441.2  451.2  461.2    471.2  481.2    491.2    501.2  511.2    561.2  611.2    661.2  711.2    811.2  911.2  t  79 
6.66      6.75  6.83      6.91  6.99      7.08      7.16         7.24      7.64  8.04      8.43  8.82      9.60  10.37  v 

1248.9  1253.8  1258.7  1263.7  1268.6  1273.5  1278.4  1283.3  4307.4  1331.5  1355.5  1379.4  1427.5  1475.8  h 

1.7012  1.7066  1.7120  1.7173  1.7225  1.7277  1.7328  1.7378  1.7622  1.7851  1.8068  1.8276  1.8669  1.9036  n 

442.0  452.0  462.0    472.0  482.0    492.0    502.0  512.0    562.0  612.0    662.0  712.0    812.0  912.0  t  80 
6.58      6.67  6.75      6.83  6.91      7.00      7.08         7.17      7.56  7.95       8.34  8.72      9.49  10.24  v 

1249.2  1254.1  1259.0  1264.0  1268.9  1273.8  1278.7  1283.6  1307.8  1331.9  1355.9  1379.8  1427.9  1476.2  h 

1.7001  1.7056  1.7110  1.7163  1.7215  1.7267  1.7318  1.7368  1.7612  1.7840  1.8058  1.8265  1.8658  1.9025  n 

442.9    452.9  462.9    472.9  482.9    492.9    502.9  512.9    562.9  612.9    662.9  712.9    812.9  912.9  t  81 

6.51      6.60  6.68      6.76  6.84      6.92       7.00         7.08      7.47  7.86      8.25  8.63      9.39  10.13  v 

1249.5  1254.4  1259.4  1264.3  1269.2  1274.1  1279.0  1283.9  1308.1  1332.2  1356.2  1380.1  1428.3  i476.6  h 

1.6991  1.7046  1.7100  1.7153  1.7205  1.7257  1.7308  1.7358  1.7602  1.7830  1.8048  1.8255  1.8648  1.9014  n 

443.8  453.8  463.8    473.8  483.8    493.8    503.8       513.8    563.8  613.8    663.8  713.8    813.8  913.8  t  82 
6.43      6.52  6.60      6.68  6.76      6.84      6.92         7.00      7.39  7.77      8.15  8.52      9.27  10.01  v 

1249.9  1254.8  1259.7  1264.6  1269.5  1274.4  1279.3  1284.2  1308.4  1332.5  1356.5  1380.5  1428.6  1476.9  h 

1.6981  1.7036  1.7090  1.7143  1.7195  1.7247  1.7298  1.7348  1.7591  1.7820  1.8037  1.8244  1.8637  1.9003  n 

444.6    454.6  464.6    474.6  484.6    494.6    504.6  514.6    564.6  614.6    664.6  7U  6    814.6  914.6  t  83 

6.36      6.44  6.52      6.60  6.68      6.76      6.84         6  92       7.30  7.68      8.05  8.42      9.17      9.90  V 

1250.2  1255.1  1260.0  1264.9  1269.8  1274.7  1279.7  1284.6  1308.8  : '.32.9  1356.9  1380  8  1428.9  1477.2  h 
1.6971  1.7026  1.7080  1.7133  1.7185  1.7237  1.7288  1.7338  1.7581  1.7810  1.8327  1.8234  1.8626  1.8992  n 

445.4  455.4  465.4    475.4  485.4    495.4    505.4  515.4    565.4  615.4    665.4  715.4    815.4  915.4  t  84 
6.29      6.37  6.45      6.53  6.61      6.69      6.76         6.84      7.22  7.60      7.97  8.33      9.06  9.79  v 

1250.4  1255.3  1260.3  1265.2  1270.1  1275.0  1279.9  1284.9  1309.1  1333.2  1357.2  1381.2  1429.3  1477.6  h 
1.6963  1.7017  1.7070  1.7123  1.7175  1.7227  1.7278  1.7328  1.7571  1.7799  1.8017  1.8224  1.8616  1.8981  n 

446.3  456.3  466.3    476.3  486.3    496.3    506.3  516.3    566.3  616.3    666  3  716.3    816.3  916.3  t  85 
6.22      6.30  6.38      6.45  6.53      6.61      6.69         6.76      7.14  7.51      7.88  8.24      8.96  9.68  V 

1250.8  1255.7  1260.6  1265.5  1270.4  1275.3  1280.3  1285.2  1309.4  1333.5  1357.5  1381.5  1429.6  1477.9  h 

1.6954  1.7008  1.7061   1.7114  1.7166  1.7218  1.7269  1.7319  1.7562  1.7790  1.8007  1.8214  1.8606  1.8971  n 

447.1  457.1  467.1    477.1  487.1    497.1    507.1  517.1    567.1  617.1    667.1  717.1    817.1  917.1  t  86 
6.15      6.23  6.31      6.38  6.46      6.54      6.62         6.69      7.06  7.43      7.79  8.15      8.86  9.57  v 

1251.0  1255.9  1260.8  1265.8  1270.7  1275.6  1280.6  1285.5  1309.7  1333.8  1357.8  1381.8  1429.9  1478.2  h 

1.6943  1.6998  1.7052  1.7105  1.7157  1.7208  1.7259  1.7309  1.7551  1.7780  1.7997  1.8204  1.8596  1.8961  n 

447.9  457.9  467.9    477.9  487.9    497.9    507.9  517.9    567.9  617.9    667.9  717.9    817.9  917.9  t  87 
6.09      6.16  6.24      6.32  6.40      6.48      6.56         6.63      7.00  7.37      7.73  8.09      8.81  9.52  v 

1251.3  1256.2  1261.1  1266.1  1271.0  1275.9  1280.9  1285.8  1310.0  1334.1  1358.1  1382,1  1430.2  1478.5  h 
1.6934  1.6989  1.7043  1.7095  1.7147  1.7199  1.7250  1.7300  1.7542  1.7770  1.7988  1.8194  1.8586  1.8951  n 

f35) 


Table  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

''lbs'"   Water  s&Jm   10°   20°   30°   40°  50°   60°   70°   80°   90°  100°  110°  120° 

88  t            318.7  328.7  338.7    348.7    358.7  368.7    378.7  388.7    398.7    408.7  418.7    428.7    438.7 

V  0.02      5.00         5.08      5.16      5.24      5.33  5.41      5.49  5.57      5.65      5.72  5.80      187      5.95 
h  288.9    1184.0  1189.5  1195.0  1200.4  1205.7  1211.0  1216.2  1221.4  1226.5  1231.5  1236.6  1241.6  1246.6 
n  0.4623  1.6123  1.6193  1.6262  1.6329  1.6394  1.6457  1.6519  1.6580  1.6641  1.6700  1.6758  1.6815  1.6871 

89  t            319.5  329.5  339.5    349.5    359.5  369.5    379.5  389.5    399.5    409.5  419.5    429.5    439.5 

V  0.02      4.94         5.02      5.10      5.19      5.27  5.35      5.43  5.51      5.59      5.66  5.74      5.81      5.88 
h  289.7    1184.2  1189.8  1195.2  1200.6  1205.9  1211.2  1216.4  1221.6  1226.7  1231.8  1236.9  1241.9  1246.9 
n  0.4633  1.6114  1.6184  1.6253  1.6320  1.6385  1.6448  1.6510  1.6572  1.6632  1.6691  1.6749  1.6806  1.6862 

90  t            320.3  330.3  340.3    350.3    360.3  370.3    380.3  390.3    400.3    410.3  420.3    430.3    440.3 

V  0.02      4.89         4.97      5.05      5.13      5.21  5.29      5.37      5.44      5.52      5.60  5.67      5.74      5.82 
h  290.5    1184.4  1190.0  1195.4  1200.8  1206.1  1211.4  1216.7  1221.9  1227.0  1232.1  1237.2  1242.2  1247.2 
n  0.4644  1.6105  1.6175  1.6244  1.6311  1.6376  1.6440  1.6502  1.6563  1.6623  1.6682  1.6740  1.6797  1.6853 

91  t            321.1  331.1  341.1    351.1    361.1  371.1    381.1  391.1    401.1    411.1  421.1    431.1    441.1 

V  0.02      4.84         4.92      5.00      5.08      5.16  5.24      5.31      5.39      5.47      5.54  5.61      5.69      5.76 
h  291.3    1184.6  1190.2  1195.7  1201.1  1206.4  1211.7  1216.9  1222.1  1227.2  1232.3  1237.4  1242.4  1247.4 
n  0.4654  1.6096  1.6166  1.6235  1.6302  1.6367  1.6431  1.6493  1.6554  1.6615  1.6674  1.6732  1.6788  1.6844 

92  t            321.8  331.8  341.8    351.8    361.8  371.8    381.8  391.8    401.8    411.8  421.8    431.8    441.8 

V  0.02      4.79         4.87      4.95      5.03      5.11  5.19      5.26      5.33      5.41      5.48  5.56      5.63      5.70 
h  292.1    1184.8  1190.4  1195.9  1201.3  1206.6  1211.9  1217.2  1222.4  1227.5  1232.6  1237.7  1242.7  1247.7 
n  0.4664  1.6087  1.6157  1.6226  1.6293  1.6359  1.6423  1.6485  1.6546  1.6606  1.6665  1.6723  1.6780  1.6836 

93  t           322.6  332.6  342.6    352.6    362.6  372.6    382.6  392.6    402.6    412.6  422.6    432.6    442.6 

V  0.02      4.74         4.82      4.90      4.98      5.06  5.14      5.21      5.28      5.36      5.43  5.50      5.57      5.64 
h  292.9    1185.0  1190.6  1196.1  1201.5  1206.8  1212.1  1217.4  1222.6  1227.8  1232.9  1238.0  1243.0  1248.0 
n  0.4674  1.6078  1.6148  1.6217  1.6284  1.6350  1.6414  1.6476  1.6537  1.6597  1.6656  1.6714  1.6771  1.6827 

94  t            323.4  333.4  343.4    353.4    363.4  373.4    383.4  393.4    403.4    413.4  423.4    433.4    443.4 

V  0.02      4.69         4.77      4.85      4.93      5.01  5.09      5.16      5.23      5.30      5.37  5.45      5.52      5.59 
h  293.7    1185.2  1190.8  1196.3  1201.7  1207.1  1212.4  1217.6  1222.9  1228.0  1233.1  1238.2  1243.2  1248.2r 
n  0.4684  1.6069  1.6139  1.6208  1.6276  1.6341  1.6405  1.6467  1.6528  1.6588  1.6647  1.6705  1.6762  1.6818 

95  t            324.1  334.1  344.1    354.1    364.1  374.1    384.1  394.1    404.1    414.1  424.1    434.1    444.1 

V  0.02      4.65         4.73      4.80      4.88      4.96  5.03      5.10      5.18      5.25      5.32  5.39      5.46      5.53 
h  294.5    1185.4  1191.0  1196.5  1201.9  1207.3  1212.6  1217.9  1223.1  1228.2  1233.3  1238.4  1243.5  1248.5 
n  0.4694  1.6061  1.6131  1.6200  1.6268  1.6333  1.6397  1.6459  1.6520  1.6581  1.6640  1.6697  1.6754  1.6810 

96  t            324.9  334.9  344.9    354.9    364.9  374.9    384.9  394.9    404.9    414.9  424.9    434.9    444.9 

V  0.02      4.60         4.68      4.75      4.83      4.91  4.98      5.05      5.12      5.20      5.27  5.34      5.41      5.48 
h  295.3    1185.6  1191.2  1196.7  1202.1  1207.5  1212.8  1218.1  1223.3  1228.5  1233.6  1238.7  1243.7  1248.7 
n  0.4704  1.6052  1.6122  1.6191  1.6258  1.6324  1.6388  1.6451  1.6512  1.6572  1.6631  1.6689  1.6745  1.6801 

97  t            325.6  335.6  345.6    355.6    365.6  375.6    385.6  395.6    405.6    415.6  425.6    435.6    445.6 

V  0.02      4.56         4.64      4.71      4.78      4.86  4.94      5.01      5.08      5.15      5.22  5.29      5.36      5.43 
h  296.1    1185.8  1191.4  1196.9  1202.3  1207.7  1213.1  1218.4  1223.6  1228.7  1233.8  1238.9  1244.0  1249.0 
n  0.4714  1.6044  1.6115  1.6184  1.6251  1.6316  1.6380  1.6443  1.6504  1.6564  1.6623  1.6681  1.6737  1.6793 

98  t            326.4            336.4  346.4    356.4    366.4  376.4    386.4  396.4    406.4    416.4  426.4    436.4    446.4 

V  0.02      4.51         4.59      4.66      4.74      4.81  4.89      4.96      5.03      5.10      5.17  5.24      5.31      5.38 
h  296.8    1186.0  1191.6  1197.1  1292.6  1208.0  1213.3  1218.6  1223.8  1229.0  1234.1  1239.2  1244.2  1249.2 
n  0.4724  1.6036  1.6107  1.6176  1.6244  1.6309  1.6373  1.6435  1.6496  1.6556  1.6615  1.6673  1.6730  1.6786 

99  t            327.1  337.1  347.1    357.1    367.1  377.1    387.1  397.1    407.1    417.1  427.1    437.1    447.1 

V  0.02      4.47         4.55      4.62      4.69      4.77  4.84      4.91      4.98      5.05      5.12  5.19      5.26      5.32 
h  297.6    1186.2  1191.8  1197.3  1202.8  1208.2  1213.5  1218.8  1224.0  1229.2  1234.3  12394  1244.5  1249.5 
n  0.4733  1.6028  1.6099  1.6168  1.6236  1.6301  1.6365  1.6428  1.6489  1.6549  1.6608  1.6666  1.6722  1.6778 

t  =  temperature  in  F.  degs.    T°  Fahr,  absolute  =  t"  +  459.6'^.  Internal  energy 

V=sp,  vol.  incu.  ft.  per  lb,    J  — 777.5  ft.  lbs.  per  B.t.u.  [10^-2.89  0711.  =  total  heat  — 144  Apv, 

h=  total  heat  in  B.t.n,          A=i/j=l,286  XIQ-^  B.t.n.  per  ft.  lb.  [3.10  929].    Values  for  saturated  steam 
n=entropy.                          144  A  =  0.1852  [log=i.26  7641.                              are  given  in  Tables  1  and  2, 

(36^ 


Degrees  of  Superheat 

130'  14(r  150'  1G0°  170°  180°  190°  200°  250°  300°  350°  400°  500°  600°  t 

448  7    458  7  468.7    478.7    488.7    498.7    508.7  518.7    568.7    618.7    668.7  718.7    818.7    918.7  t  88 
6  02      6  10  6.17      6.25      6.32      6.40      6.47  6.54      6.91      7.27      7.63  7.98      8.68      9.36  V 

1251  6  1256  5  1261.4  1266.4  1271.3  1276.2  1281.2  1286.1  1310.3  1334.4  1358.4  1382.4  1430.5  1478.8  h 

1.6926  1.6980  1.7034  1.7087  1.7139  1.7190  1.7241  1.7291  1.7533  1.7761  1.7978  1.8185  1.8577  1.8941  n 

449  5    459.5  469.5    479.5    489.5    499.5    509.5  519.5    569.5    619.5    669.5  719.5    819.5    919.5  t  89 
5  96      6  03  6.11      6.18      6.25      6.33      6.40  6.48      6.84      7.19      7.54  7.89      8.58      9.26  v 

1251  9  1256  8  1261.7  1266.7  1271.6  1276.5  1281.5  1286.4  1310.6  1334.7  1358.7  1382.7  1430.8  1479.1  h 

1.6918  1.6972  1.7025  1.7078  1.7130  1.7181  1.7232  1.7282  1.7524  1.7752  1.7969  1.8176  1.8567  1.8931  n 

4503    460.3  470.3    480.3    490.3    500.3    510.3  520.3    570.3    620.3    670.3  720.3    820.3    920.3  t  90 

5  90      5.97  6.04      6.12      6.19      6.26      6.34  6.40      6.76      7.11      7.45  7.80      8.49      9.16  V 

1252.2  1257.1  1262.0  1266.9  1271.9  1276.8  1281.7  1286.6  1310.8  1334.9  1359.0  1383.0  1431.1  1479.4  h 

1.6909  1.6963  1.7016  1.7069  1.7121  1.7172  1.7223  1.7273  1.7515  1.7743  1.7960  1.8166  1.8558  1.8921  n 

451.1    461.1  471.1    481.1    491.1    501.1    511.1  521.1    571.1    621.1    671.1  721.1    821.1    921.1  t  91 

5  83      5.91  5.98      6.05      6.J3      6.20      6.27  6.34      6.69      7.04      7.38  7.72      8.40      9.07  v 

1252.4  1257.3  1262.3  1267.2  1272.2  1277.1  1282.0  1286.9  1311.1  1335.2  1359.3  1383.3  1431.5  1479.8  h 
1.6900  1.6954  1.7007  1.7060  1.7112  1.7163  1.7214  1.7264  1.7506  1.7734  1.7950  1.8157  1.8548  1.8912  n 

451.8  461.8  471.8    481.8    491.8    501.8    511.8  521.8    571.8    621.8    671.8  721.8    821.8    921.8  t  92 
5.78      5.85  5.92      5.99      6.06      6.13      6.20         6.28      6.62      6.96      7.30  7.65      8.32      8.98  v 

1252.7  1257.6  1262.6  1267.5  1272.4  1277.4  1282.3  1287.2  1311.4  1335.5  1359.6  1383.6  1431.8  1480.1  h 

1.6891  1.6945  1.6998  1.7051  1.7103  1.7154  1.7205  1.7255  1.7497  1.7725  1.7941  1.8148  1.8538  1.8902  n 

452.6    462.6  472.6    482.6    492.6    502.6    512.6  522.6    572.6    622.6    672.6  722.6    822.6    922.6  t  93 

5.72      5.79  5.86      5.93      6.00      6.07      6.14  6.21      6.56      6.90      7.23  7.57      8.23      8.89  v 

1253.0  1257.9  1262.9  1267.8  1272.7  1277.6  1282.6  1287.5  1311.7  1335.8  1359.9  1383.9  1432.1  1480.4  h 

1.6882  1.6936  1.6989  1.7042  1.7094  1.7145  1.7196  1.7246  1.7487  1.7715  1.7932  1.8139  1.8529  1.8892  n 

453.4    463.4  473.4    483.4    493.4    503.4    513.4  523.4    573.4    623.4    673.4  723.4    823.4    923.4  t  94 

5.66      5.73  5.80      5.87      5.94      6.01      6.08         6.i5      6.49      6.83      7.16  7.50      8.15      8.80  v 

1253.2  1258.2  1263.1  1268.1  1273.0  1277.9  1282.9  1287.8  1312.0  1336.1  1360.2  1384.2  1432.4  1480.7  h 

1.6874  1.6928  1.6981  1.7033  1.7085  1.7136  1.7187  1.7237  1.7478  1.7706  1.7922  1.8129  1.8519  1.8882  n 

454.1    464.1  474.1    484.1    494.1    504.1    514.1  524.1    574.1    624.1    674.1  724.1    824.1    924.1  t  95 

5.60      5.67         5.74      5.81      5.88      5.95      6.02         6.09      6.43      6.76      7.09  7.42      8.06      8.72  v 

1253.5  1258.4  1263.4  1268.3  1273.2  1278.2  1283.1  1288.1  1312.3  1336.4  1360.5  1384.5  1432.7  1481.0  h 
1.6866  1.6920  1.6973  1.7025  1.7077  1.7128  1.7179  1.7229  1.7470  1.7698  1.7914  1.8121  1.8511  1.8873  n 

454.9  464.9  474.9    484.9    494.9    504.9    514.9  524.9    574.9    624.9    674.9  724.9    824.9    924.9  t  96 
5.55      5.62  5.69      5.76      5.82      5.89      5.96         6.03      6.37      6.70      7.03  7.35      7.99      8.63  v 

1253.7  1258.7  1263.7  1268.6  1273.5  1278.4  1283.4  1288.3  1312.5  1336.7  1360.8  1384.8  1433.0  1481.3  h 

1.6857  1.6911  1.6964  1.7016  1.7068  1.7119  1.7170  1.7220  1.7461  1.7688  1.7905  1.8112  1.8502  1.8864  n 

455.6    465.6  475.6    485.6    495.6    505.6    515.6  525.6    575.6    625.6    675.6  725.6    825.6    925.6  t  97 

5.50      5.56         5.63      5.70      5.77      5.84      5.90         5.97      6.30      6.63      6.95  7.28      7.91      8.55  v 

1254.0  1258.9  1263.9  1268.9  1273.8  1278.7  1283.7  1288.6  1312.8  1337.0  1361.1  1385.1  1433.3  1481.6  h 

1.6849  1.6903  1.6956  1.7008  1.7060  1.7111  1.7162  1.7212  1.7453  1.7680  1.7896  1.8103  1.8493  1.8855  n 

456.4    466.4  476.4    486.4    496.4    506.4    516.4  526.4    576.4    626.4    676.4  726.4    826.4    926.4  t  98 

5.44      5.51         5.58      5.65      5.71      5.78      5.85         5.91      6.24      6.57      6.89  7.21      7.84      8.47  v 

1254.2  1259.2  1264.2  1269.1  1274.0  1279.0  1283.9  1288.9  1313.1  1337.2  1361.4  1385.4  1433.6  1481.9  h 

1.6841  1.6895  1.6948  1.7000  1.7053  1.7104  1.7154  1.7204  1.7445  1.7672  1.7888  1.8095  1.8485  1.8846  n 

457.1    467.1  477.1     487.1     497.1     507.1     517.1  527.1     577.1    627.1    677.1  727.1     827.1    927.1  t  99 

5.39      5.46         5.52      5.59      5.66      5.72      5.79         5.86      6.18      6.50      6.82  7.14      7.76      8.39  v 

1254.5  1259.4  1264.4  1269.4  1274.3  1279.3  1284.2  1289.1  1313.3  1337.5  1361.6  1385.7  1433.9  1482.2  h 

1.6833  1.6887  1.6940  1.6993  1.7045  1.7096  1.7146  1.7196  1.7436  1.7664  1.7880  1.8087  1.8476  1.8838  n 

Conversion  from  Metric  Units 

1  kg.  persq.  cm. -14,22  IKs.  per  sq.  in.  [log=1.15  300].    1  en.  meter=  35.31  en.  ft.  [log=  1,54  795]. 

To  change  degs.  C,  to  degs,  F,,  mnltiply  by  ?,  and  add  32.    To  chanee  mein  kg. 

calories  per  kg,  to  mean  B.ttU,  per  lb,,  mnltiply  by  I.    Entropy  same  in  both  systems. 

(37) 


Table  3:  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 


Press, 
lbs. 

Sat. 
Water     Steam 

100  t 

V 

h 
n 

327.8 

0.02      4.43 

298.3    1186.3 

0.4743  1.6020 

101  t 

V 

h 
n 

328.6 

0.02      4.39 

299.1    1186.5 

0.4752  1.6012 

102  t 

V 

h 
n 

329.3 

0.02      4.35 

299.8    1186.7 

0.4762  1.6004 

103  t 

V 

h 
n 

330.0 

0.02      4.31 

300.6   1186.9 

0.4771  1.5996 

104  t 

V 

h 
n 

330.7 

0.02      4.27 

301.3    1187.0 

0.4780  1.5988 

105  t 

V 

h 
n 

331.4 

0.02      4.23 

302.0    1187.2 

0.4789  1.5980 

106  t 

V 

h 
n 

332.0 

0.02      4.19 

302.7    1187.4 

0.4798  1.5972 

107  t 

V 

h 
n 

332.7 

0.02      4.16 

303.4    1187.5 

0.4807  1.5965 

108  t 

V 

h 
n 

333.4 

0.02      4.12 

304.1    1187.7 

0.4816  1.5957 

109  t 

V 

h 
n 

334.1 

0.02      4.08 

304.8    1187.9 

0.4825  1.5950 

110  t 

V 

h 
n 

334.8 

0.02      4.05 

305.5    1188.0 

0.4834  1.5942 

111  t 

V 

h 
n 

335.4 

0.02      4.01 

306.2    1188.2 

0.4843  1.5935 

112  t 

V 

h 
n 

336.1 

0.02      3.98 

306.9    1188.4 

0.4852  1.5928 

10°  20°   30°   40°   50°   B0°  70°   80°   90°  100°  110°  120° 

337.8  347.8    357.8    367.8  377.8    387.8  397.8    407.8    417.8  427.8    437.8    447.8 

4.51  4.58      4.65      4.72  4.79      4.86  4.93      5.00      5.07  5.14      5.21      5.27 

1192.0  1197.5  1203.0  1208.4  1213.8  1219.1  1224.3  1229.5  1234.6  1239.7  1244.7  1249.7 
1.6091  1.6160  1.6228  1.6294  1.6358  1.6420  1.6481  1.6541  1.6600  1.6658  1.6714  1.6770 

338.6  348.6    358.6    368.6  378.6    388.6  398.6    408.6    418.6  428.6    438.6    448.6 
4.47  4  54      4.61      4.68  4.75      4.82  4.89      4.96      5.02  5.09      5.16      5.22 

1192.2  1197.7  1203.2  1208.6  1214.0  1219.3  1224.5  1229.7  1234.8  1239.9  1245.0  1250.0 

1.6083  1.6152  1.6220  1.6286  1.6350  1.6412  1.6473  1.6533  1.6592  1.6650  1.6706  1.6762 

339.3  349.3    359.3    369.3  379.3    389.3  399.3    409.3    419.3  429.3    439.3    449.3 
4.42  4.49      4.56      4.64  4.71      4.78  4.84      4.91      4.98  5.04      5.11      5.18 

1192.4  1197.9  1203.4  1208.8  1214.2  1219.5  1224.7  1229.9  1235.0  1240.1  1245.2  1250.2 
1.6076  1.6145  1.6212  1.6278  1.6343  1.6406  1.6467  1.6526  1.6585  1.6643  1.6699  1.6755 

340.0  350.0    360.0    370.0  380.0    390.0  400.0    410.0    420.0  430.0    440.0    450.0 

4.38  4.45      4.52      4.59  4.66      4.73  4.80      4.87      4.93  5.00      5.06      5.13 

1192.5  1198.1  1203.6  1209.1  1214.5  1219.8  1225.0  1230.1  1235.2  1240.4  1245.5  1250.5 
1.6068  1.6137  1.6204  1.6270  1.6334  1.6397  1.6458  1.6518  1.6577  1.6635  1.6691  1.6747 

340.7  350.7    360.7    370.7  380.7    390.7  400.7    410.7    420.7  430.7    440.7    450.7 
4.34  4.41      4.48      4.55  4.62      4.69  4.75      4.82      4.89  4.95      5.02      5.09 

1192.7  1198.3  1203.8  1209.2  1214.6  1219.9  1225.2  1230.4  1235.5  1240.6  1245.7  1250.7 
1.6060  1.6129  1.6197  1.6262  1.6326  1.6389  1.6450  1.6510  1.6569  1.6627  1.6683  1.6739 

341.4  351.4    361.4    371.4  381.4    391.4  401.4    411.4    421.4  431.4    441.4    451.4 
4.30  4.37      4.44      4.51  4.58      4.65  4.71      4.78      4.84  4.91      4.97      5.04 

1192.9  1198.5  1204.0  1209.5  1214.9  1220.2  1225.4  1230.6  1235.7  1240.8  1245.9  1250.9 

1.6052  1.6121  1.6189  1.6255  1.6319  1.6381  1.6442  1.6502  1.6561  1.6619  1.6676  1.6732 

342.0  352.0    362.0    372.0  382.0    392.0  402.0    412.0    422.0  432.0    442.0    452.0 
4.26  4.33      4.40      4.47  "4.54      4.60  4,67      4.74      4.80  4.86      4.93      4.99 

1193.1  1198.7  1204.2  1209.7  1215.1  1220.4  1225.6  1230.8  1236.0  1241.1  1246.2  1251.2 
1.6044  1.6113  1.6181  1.6247  1.6311  1.6374  1.6435  1.6495  1.6554  1.6612  1.6668  1.6724 

342.7  352.7    362.7    372.7  382.7    392.7  402.7    412.7    422.7  432.7    442.7    452.7 
4.23  4.29      4.36      4.43  4.50      4.57  4.63      4.70      4.76  4.82      4.89      4.95 

1193.2  1198.8  1204.3  1209.8  1215.2  1220.6  1225.9  1231.1  1236.2  1241.3  1246.4  1251.4 
1.6037  1.6107  1.6175  1.6240  1.6304  1.6367  1.6428  1.6488  1.6547  1.6605  1.6661  1.6717 

343.4  353.4    363.4    373.4  383.4    393.4  403.4    413.4    423.4  433.4    443.4    453.4 

4.19  4.25      4.32      4.39  4.46      4.53  4.59      4.66      4.72  4.78      4.85      4.91 

1193.4  1199.0  1204.6  1210.1  1215.5  1220.8  1226.1  1231.3  1236.4  1241.5  1246.6  1251.6 

1.6029  1.6099  1.6167  1.6233  1.6297  1.6359  1.6420  1.6480  1.6539  1.6597  1.6654  1.6709 

344.1  354.1    364.1    374.1  384.1    394.1  404.1    414.1    424.1  434.1    444.1    454.1 
4.15  4.22      4.29      4.35  4.42      4.49  4.55      4.62      4.68  4.74      4.80      4.87 

1193.6  1199.2  1204.8  1210.3  1215.7  1221.0  1226.3  1231.5  1236.7  1241.8  1246.9  1251.9 
1.6022  1.6092  1.6160  1.6226  1.6290  1.6353  1.6414  1.6474  1.6533  1.6591  1.6647  1.6703 

344.8  354.8    364.8    374.8  384.8    394.8  404.8    414.8    424.8  434.8    444.8    454.8 
4.12  4.18      4.25      4.32  4.38      4.45  4.51      4.57      4.64  4.70      4.76      4.83 

1193.8  1199.4  1205.0  1210.5  1215.9  1221.2  1226.5  1231.7  1236.9  1242.0  1247.1  1252.1 
1.6014  1.6084  1.6152  1.6218  1.6282  1.6345  1.6406  1.6466  1.6525  1.6583  1.6640  1.6695 

345.4  355.4    365^    375.4  385.4    395.4  405.4    415.4    425.4  435.4    445.4    455.4 

4.08  4.14      4.21      4.28  4.35      4.41  4.47      4.54      4.60  4.66      4.72      4.79 

1194.0  1199.6  1205.2  1210.7  1216.1  1221.4  1226.7  1231.9  1237.1  1242.2  1247.3  1252.3 
1.6007  1.6077  1.6145  1.6212  1.6276  1.6339  1.6400  1.6459  1.6518  1.6576  1.6633  1.6688 

346.1  356.1    366.1    376.1  386.1    396.1  406.1    416.1    426.1  436.1    446.1    456.1 

4.05  4.11      4.18      4.24  4.31      4.37  4.43      4.50      4.56  4.62      4.68      4.75 

1194.1  1199.8  1205.4  1210.9  1216.3  1221.7  1227.0  1232.2  1237.4  1242.5  1247.6  1252  6 
1.6000  1.6070  1.6138  1.6205  1.6269  1.6332  1.6393  1.6453  1.6512  1.6570  1.6626  1.6682 

(38) 


Degrees  of  Superheat 

130°  140°  150°  160°  170°  180°  190°  200°  250°  300°  350°  400°  500°  600°   t 

457.8  467.8  477.8  487.8  497.8  507.8  517.8  527.8  577.8  627.8  677.8  727.8  827.8  927  8  t  100 

5.34   5.41  5.47   5.54   5.61  5.67   5.74    5.80   6.12   6.44  6.75    7.07  7.69  8  31  v 

1254.7  1259.7  1264.7  1269.6  1274.6  1279.5  1284.5  1289.4  1313.6  1337.8  1361.9  1385.9  1434.1  1482.5  h 

1.6826  1.6880  1.6933  1.6985  1.7037  1.7088  1.7138  1.7188  1.7428  1.7656  1.7872  1.8079  1.8468  1.8829  n 

458.6  468.6  478.6  488.6  498.6  508.6  518.6  528.6  578.6  628.6  678.6  728.6  828.6  928.6  t  101 
5.29   5.36  5.42   5.49   5.56  5.62   5.68    5.75   6.07   6.38   6.69    7.01  7.62  8.24  v 

1255.0  1260.0  1264.9  1269.9  1274.8  1279.8  1284.7  1289.6  1313.9  1338.1  1362.2  1386.2  1434.4  1482.8  h 
1.6818  1.6872  1.6925  1.6977  1.7029  1.7080  1.7130  1.7180  1.7420  1.7647  1.7863  1.8071  1.8459  1.8820  n 

459.3  469.3  479.3  489.3  499.3  509.3  519.3  529.3  579.3  629.3  679.3  729.3  829.3  929.3  t  102 
5.24   5.31  5.37   5.44   5.50  5.57   5.63    5.70   6.02   6.33   6.63    6.94  7.55  8.16  v 

1255.2  1260.2  1265.2  1270.2  1275.1  1280.0  1285.0  1289.9  1314.1  1338.3  1362.4  1386.5  1434.7  1483  1  h 

1.6810  1.6864  1.6917  1.6969  1.7021  1.7072  1.7122  1.7172  1.7412  1.7639  1.7855  1.8062  1.8451  1.8812  n 

460.0  470.0  480.0  490.0  500.0  510.0  520.0  530.0  580.0  630.0  680.0  730.0  830.0  930.0  t  103 

5.19   5.26  5.32   5.39   5.45  5.52   5.58    5.64   5.96   6.27  6.57    6.88  7.48  8  08  V 

1255.5  1260.4  1265.4  1270.4  1275.3  1280.3  1285.2  1290.1  1314.4  1338.6  1362.7  1386.8  1435.0  1483.4  h 
1.6802  1.6856  1.6909  1.6961  1.7013  1.7064  1.7114  1.7164  1.7404  1.7631  1.7847  1.8054  1.8442  1.8803  n 

460.7  470.7  480.7  490.7  500.7  510.7  520.7  530.7  580.7  630.7  680.7  730.7  830.7  930.7  t  104 
5.15   5.21  5.28   5.34   5.40  5.47   5.53    5.59   5.90   6.21   6.51    6.82  7.41  8  01  v 

1255.7  1260.7  1265.6  1270.6  1275.6  1280.5  1285.5  1290.4  1314.6  1338.8  1362.9  1387.0  1435.2  1483  6  h 

1.6794  1.6848  1.6901  1.6954  1.7006  1.7056  1.7106  1.7156  1.7396  1.7623  1.7839  1.8046  1.8434  1.8795  n 

461.4  471.4  481.4  491.4  501.4  511.4  521.4  531.4  581.4  631.4  681.4  731 4  831 4  931 4  t  105 
5.10   5.17  5.23   5.29   5.36  5.42   5.48    5.54   5.85   6.15   6.45    6.76  7.35  7  94  v 

1255.9  1260.9  1265.9  1270.9  1275.8  1280.7  1285.7  1290.6  1314.9  1339.1  1363.2  1387.3  1435  5  1483  9  h 

1.6787  1.6841  1.6894  1.6946  1.6997  1.7048  1.7098  1.7148  1.7388  1.7614  1.7830  1.8037  1.8426  1.8786  n 

462.0  472.0  482.0  492.0  502.0  512.0  522.0  532.0  582.0  632.0  682.0  732.0  832.0  932.0  t  106 
5.06   5.12  5.18   5.25   5.31  5.37   5.43    5.49   5.80   6.10   6.40    6.70  7.29  7  87  v 

1256.2  1261.2  1266.1  1271.1  1276.1  1281.0  1286.0  1290.9  1315.2  1339.4  1363.5  1387.6  1435  8  1484  2  h 
1.6779  1.6833  1.6886  1.6938  1.6990  1.7041  1.7091  1.7140  1.7380  1.7606  1.7822  1.8029  1.8417  1.8777  n 

462.7  472.7  482.7  492.7  502.7  512.7  522.7  532.7  582.7  632.7  682.7  732.7  832.7  932  7  t  107 
5.02   5.08  5.14   5.21   5.27  5.33   5.39    5.45   5.75   6.05   6.34    6.64  7.22  7  80  v 

1256.4  1261.4  1266.4  1271.4  1276.3  1281.2  1286.2  1291.1  1315.4  1339.6  1363.7  1387.8  1436  0  1484  4  h 

1.6772  1.6826  1.6879  1.6931  1.6983  1.7034  1.7084  1.7133  1.7373  1.7599  1.7815  1.8022  1.8410  1.8769  n 

463.4  473.4  483.4  493.4  503.4  513.4  523.4  533.4  583.4  633.4  683.4  733.4  833.4  933.4  t  108 

4.98   5.04  5.10   5.16   5.22  5.28   5.34    5.40   5.70   6.00   6.29    6.58  7.16  7  73  v 

1256.6  1261.6  1266.6  1271.6  1276.6  1281.5  1286.5  1291.4  1315.7  1339.9  1364  0  1388  1  1436  3  1484  7  h 
1.6764  1.6818  1.6871  1.6923  1.6975  1.7026  1.7076  1.7125  1.7365  1.7591  1.7806  1.8013  1.8401  1.8761  n 

464.1  474.1  484.1  494.1  504.1  514.1  524.1  534.1  584.1  634.1  684.1  734.1  834.1  934.1  t  109 
4.93   4.99  5.05   5.12   5.18  5.24   5.29    5.35   5.65   5.95  6.24    6.53  7.10  7.66  v 

1256.9  1261.9  1266.8  1271.8  1276.8  1281.7  1286.7  1291.6  1315.9  1340.1  1364.3  1388.4  1436.6  1485.0  h 

1.6758  1.6812  1.6864  1.6916  1.6968  1.7019  1.7069  1.7118  1.7358  1.7584  1.7799  1.8006  1.8393  1.8753  n 

464.8  474.8  484.8  494.8  504.8  514.8  524.8  534.8  584.8  634.8  684.8   734.8  834  8  934  8  t  110 
4.89   4.95  5.01   5.07   5.13  5.19   5.25    5.31   5.61   5.90  6.19    6.47  7.03  7.59  v 

1257.1  1262.1  1267.1  1272.1  1277.0  1282.0  1287.0  1291.9  1316.2  1340.4  1364.5  1388.6  1436.8  1485.2  h 
1.6750  1.6804  1.6857  1.6909  1.6960  1.7011  1.7061  1.7110  1.7350  1.7576  1.7791  1.7997  1.8384  1.8744  n 

465.4  475.4  485.4  495.4  505.4  515.4  525.4  535.4  585.4  635.4  685.4  735  4  835.4  935.4  t  111 

4.85   4.91  4.97   5.03   5.09  5.15   5.20    5.26   5.56   5.85   6.14    6.42  6.97  7.53  v 

1257.3  1262.3  1267.3  1272.3  1277.3  1282.2  1287.2  1292.1  1316.4  1340.6  1364.8  1388.9  1437.1  1485.5  h 
1.6743  1.6797  1.6850  1.6902  1.6953  1.7004  1.7054  1.7103  1.7343  1.7569  1.7783  1.7990  1.8377  1.8736  n 

466.1  476.1  486.1  496.1  506.1  516.1  526.1  536.1  586.1  636.1  686.1  736.1  836.1  936.1  t  112 

4.81   4.87  4.93   4.99   5.05  5.10   5.16    5.22   5.51   5.80   6.08    6.36  6.92  7.46  v 

1257.6  1262.6  1267.6  1272.5  1277.5  1282.4  1287.4  1292.4  1316.6  1340.8  1365.0  1389.2  1437  4  1485  8  h 

1.6736  1.6790  1.6843  1.6895  1.6946  1.6997  1.7047  1.7096  1.7336  1.7562  1.7776  1.7982  1.8369  i  8728  n 

(39) 


Table  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 
Water     sfeam  10°        20°        30= 


Press, 
lbs. 


40= 


113  t  336.8 

V  0.02      3.95 
h  307.6    1188.5 
n  0.4860  1.5921 

114  t     337.4 

V  0.02   3.91 
h  308.3  1188.7 
n  0.4869  1.5914 

116  t     338.1 

V  0.02   3.88 
h  309.0  1188.8 
n  0.4877  1.5907 

116  t     338.7 

V  0.02   3.85 
h  309.6  1189.0 
n  0.4886  1.5900 

117  t  339.4 

V  0.02      3.82 
h  310.3    1189.1 
n  0.4894  1.5893 

118  t     340.0 

V  0.02   3.79 
h  311.0  1189.3 
n  0.4903  1.5887 

119  t     340.6 

V  0.02   3.76 
h  311.6  1189.4 
n  0.4911  1.5880 

120  t     341.3 

V  0.02   3.73 
h  312.3  1189.6 
n  0.4919  1.5873 

121  t     341.9 

V  0.02   3.70 
h  313.0  1189.7 
n  0.4927  1.5866 

122  t  342.5 

V  0.02      3.67 
h  313.6    1189.8 
n  0.4935  1.5859 

123  t     343.2 

V  0.02   3.64 
h  314.3  1190.0 
n  0.4943  1.5853 

124  t  343.8 

V  0.02      3.61 
h  314.9    1190.1 
n  0.4951  1.5846 


346.8  356.8  366.8    376.8 
4.01  4.07  4.14      4.21 

1194.3  1200.0  1205.6  1211.1 
1.5993  1.6063  1.6131  1.6198 

347.4  357.4  367.4    377.4 

3.98  4.04  4.11      4.17 

1194.4  1200.1  1205.7  1211.2 
1.5986  1.6057  1.6125  1.6191 

348.1  358.1  368.1    378.1 
3.95  4.01  4.08      4.14 

1194.6  1200.3  1205.9  1211.4 

1.5979  1.6050  1.6118  1.6185 

348.7  358.7  368.7    378.7 
3.92  3.98  4.04      4.10 

1194.8  1200.5  1206.1  1211.6 
1.5972  1.6043  1.6111  1.6178 

349.4  359.4  369.4    379.4 
3.88  3.94  4.01      4.07 

1194.9  1200.7  1206.3  1211.8 
1.5965  1.6036  1.6104  1.6171 

350.0  360.0  370.0    380.0 

3.85  3.91  3.98      4.04 

1195.1  1200.8  1206.4  1212.0 
1.5959  1.6029  1.6097  1.6164 

353.6  360.6  370.6    380.6 

3.82  3.88  3.95      4.01 

1195.2  1201.0  1206.7  1212.2 
1.5953  1.6023  1.6092  1.6159 

351.3  361.3  371.3    381.3 

3.79  3.85  3.92      3.98 

1195.4  1201.1  1206.8  1212.4 

1.5946  1.6016  1.6085 '1.6152 

351.9  361.9  371.9  381.9 
3.76  3.82  3.88   3.94 

1195.6  1201.4  1207.0  1212.5 
1.5939  1.6010  1.6078  1.6145 

352.5  362.5  372.5  382.5 
3.73  3.79  3.85   3.91 

1195.7  1201.5  1207.2  1212.7 
1.5932  1.6003  1.6071  1.6138 

353.2  363.2  373.2  383.2 
3.70  3.76  3.82   3.88 

1195.9  1201.7  1207.4  1212.9 

1.5926  1.5997  1.6066  1.6133 

353.8  363.8  373.8  383.8 
3.67  3.73  3.79   3.85 

1196.0  1201.8  1207.5  1213.1 

1.5919  1.5990  1.6059  1.6126 


50°  60°     70°      80°      90° 

386.8  396.8  406.8    416.8    426.8 
4.27  4.34      4.40      4.46      4.52 

1216.5  1221.9  1227.2  1232.4  1237.5 

1.6262  1.6325  1.6387  1.6447  1.6505 

387.4  397.4  407.4    417.4    427.4 

4.24  4.30      4.36      4.42      4.49 

1216.7  1222.1  1227.4  1232.6  1237.7 

1.6256  1.6319  1.6380  1.6440  1.6498 

388.1  398.1  408.1    418.1    428.1 
4.20  4.27      4.33      4.39      4.45 

1216.9  1222.3  1227.6  1232.8  1237.9 

1.6249  1.6312  1.6373  1.6433  1.6492 

388.7  398.7  408.7    418.7    428.7 
4.17  4.23      4.29      4.35      4.41 

1217.1  1222.5  1227.8  1233.0  1238.1 
1.6242  1.6305  1.6366  1.6426  1.6485 

389.4  399.4  409.4    419.4    429.4 
4.14  4.20      4.26      4.32      4.38 

1217.3  1222.7  1228.0  1233.2  1238.3 
1.6235  1.6298  1.6360  1.6419  1.6478 

390.0  400.0  410.0    420.0    430.0 

4.10  4.16      4.22      4.28      4.34 

1217.5  1222.9  1228.2  1233.4  1238.5 
1.6229  1.6292  1.6353  1.6412  1.6471 

390.6  400.6  410.6    420.6    430.6 

4.07  4.13      4.19      4.25      4.31 

1217.7  1223.1  1228.4  1233.6  1238.7 

1.6223  1.6286  1.6347  1.6407  1.6466 

391.3  401.3  411.3    421.3    431.3 

4.04  4.10      4.16      4.22      4.28 

1217.9  1223.3  1228.6  1233.8  1238.9 

1.6216  1.6279  1.6340  1.6400  1.6459 

391.9  401.9  411.9    421.9    431.9 
4.00  4.06      4.12      4.18      4.24 

1218.0  1223.4  1228.8  1234.0  1239.1 

1.6209  1.6272  1.6334  1.6393  1.6452 

392.5  402.5  412.5    422.5    432.5 
3.97  4.03      4.09      4.15      4.21 

1218.2  1223.6  1228.9  1234.2  1239.3 
1.6202  1.6265  1.6327  1.6387  1.6446 

393.2  403.2  413.2    423.2    433.2 
3.94  4.00      4.06      4.12      4.18 

1218.4  1223.8  1229.1  1234.3  1239.5 
1.6197  1.6260  1.6321  1.6381  1.6440 

393.8  403.8  413.8    423.8    433.8 
3.91  3.97      4.03      4.09      4.14 

1218.6  1224.0  1229.3  1234.5  1239.7 
1.6190  1.6253  1.6315  1.6374  1.6433 


100°  110°    120° 

436.8  446.8    456.8 
4.58  4.64      4.71 

1242.6  1247.7  1252.7 
1.6563  1.6619  1.6675 

437.4  447.4    457.4 

4.55  4.61      4.67 

1242.9  1248.0  1253.0 

1.6556  1.6613  1.6668 

438.1  448.1    458.1 
4.51      4.57      4.63 

1243.1  1248.2  1253.2 

1.6549  1.6606  1.6661 

438.7  448.7    458.7 
4.47      4.53      4.59 

1243.3  1248.4  1253.4 

1.6543  1.6599  1.6654 

439.4  449.4    459.4 
4.44      4.50      4.56 

1243.5  1248.6  1253.6 

1.6536  1.6592  1.6647 

440.0  450.0    460.0 
4.40      4.46      4.52 

1243.7  1248.8  1253.8 
1.6529  1.6586  1.6641 

440.6  450.6    460.6 

4.37      4.42      4.48 

1243.9  1249.0  1254.0 

1.6523  1.6580  1.6635 

441.3  451.3    461.3 

4.33      4.39      4.45 

1244.1  1249.2  1254.2 

1.6517  1.6573  1.6628 

441.9  451.9    461.9 
4.30      4.36      4.41 

1244.3  1249.4  1254.4 

1.6510  1.6566  1.6621 

442.5  452.5    462.5 
4.27      4.32      4.38 

1244.5  1249.6  1254.6 

1.6503  1.6559  1.6614 

443.2  453.2    463.2 
4.23      4.29      4.35 

1244.7  1249.8  1254.8 

1.6497  1.6554  1.6609 

443.8  453.8    463.8 
4.20      4.26      4.31 

1244.9  1250.0  1255  0 

1.6491  1.6547  1.6602 


t  =  temperature  in  F.  daps.    T^  Fahr,  absolute  =  t"  +  45  9. 6°,  Internal  energy 

V-sp.  vol.  incu.  ft.  per  lb.    J- 777.5  ft.  lbs.  per  B. t. u.  [log=2,89  071].  =totallieat  — 144  Apv, 

h  =  totol  heat  in  B.t.u,          A  =  Vj  =  l,286  XIO"'*  B.t.u.  per  ft,  lb.  [3,10  929],  Values  for  saturated  steam 

n=  entropy.                           144  A  =  0.1852  [log=i.26  764].  are  given  in  Tables  1  and  2. 

(40) 


Degrees  of  Superheat 

130°  140°   150"  160°  170°  180°  190°  200°  250°  300°  350°  400°  500°  600°  ^\ht 

466.8  476.8  486.8    496.8    506.8    516.8    526.8  536.8    586.8    636.8    686.8  736.8    836.8  936.8  t  113 
4.77      4.82         4.88      4.94      5.00      5.06      5.12  5.18      5.48      5.76      6.04  6.31      6.86  7.40  V 

1257.8  1262.8  1267.8  1272.8  1277.7  1282.6  1287.6  1292.6  1316.9  1341.1  1365.3  1389.4  1437.7  1486.0  h 
1.6730  1.6783  1.6836  1.6888  1.6939  1.6990  1.7040  1.7089  1.7329  1.7554  1.7769  1.7975  1.8362  1.8721  n 

467.4    477.4  487.4    497.4    507.4    517.4    527.4  537.4    587.4    637.4    687.4  737.4    837.4  937.4  t  114 

4.73      4.78         4.84      4.90      4.96      5.02      5.07  5.13      5.42      5.70      5.98  6.25      6.80  7.34  v 

1258.0  1263.0  1268.0  1273.0  1278.0  1282.9  1287.9  1292.8  1317.1  1341.3  1365.5  1389.6  1437.9  1486.3  h 
1.6723  1.6777  1.6829  1.6881  1.6932  1.6983  1.7033  1.7082  1.7322  1.7547  1.7761  1.7967  1.8354  1.8713  n 

468.1  478.1  488.1    498.1    508.1    518.1    528.1  538.1    588.1    638.1    688.1  738.1    838.1  938.1  t  115 
4.69      4.75         4.81      4.87      4.92      4.98      5.03  5.09      5.38      5.66      5.93  6.20      6.75  7.28  V 

1258.2  1263.2  1268.2  1273.2  1278.2  1283.1  1288.1  1293.0  1317.3  1341.5  1365.7  1389.9  1438.1  1486.5  h 
1.6716  1.6770  1.6822  1.6874  1.6925  1.6976  1.7026  1.7075  1.7314  1.7540  1.7754  1.7960  1.8347  1.8706  n 

468.7  478.7  488.7    498.7    508.7    518.7    528.7  538.7    588.7    638.7    688.7  738.7    838.7  938.7  t  116 
4.65      4.71         4.77      4.83      4.88      4.94      4.99  5.05      5.33      5.61      5.88  6.15      6.69  7.22  V 

1258.4  1263.4  1268.4  1273.4  1278.4  1283.3  1288.3  1293.3  1317.6  1341.8  1366.0  1390.1  1438.4  1486.8  h 
1.6709  1.6763  1.6815  1.6867  1.6918  1.6969  1.7019  1.7068  1.7307  1.7533  1.7747  1.7953  1.8340  1.8698  n 

469.4  479.4  489.4    499.4    509.4    519.4    529.4  539.4    589.4    639.4    689.4  739.4    839.4  939.4  t  117 
4.61      4.67         4.73      4.79      4.84      4.90      4.95  5.01      5.29      5.56      5.83  6.10      6.63  7.16  v 

1258.6  1263.6  1268.6  1273.6  1278.6  1283.6  1288.6  1293.5  1317.8  1342.0  1366.2  1390.4  1438  6  1487.1  h 
1.6702  1.6756  1.6809  1.6861  1.6912  1.6962  1.7012  1.7061  1.7300  1.7526  1.7740  1.7945  1.8332  1.8691  n 

470.0    480.0  490.0    500.0    510.0    520.0    530.0  540.0    590.0    640.0    690.0  740.0    840.0  940.0  t  118 

4.57      4.63  4.69      4.75      4.80      4.86      4.91  4.97      5.25      5.52      5.79  6.06      6.58  7.11  v 

1258.9  1263.9  1268.9  1273.9  1278.8  1283.8  1288.8  1293.7  1318.0  1342.3  1366.5  1390.6  1438.9  1487.3  h 
1.6696  1.6749  1.6802  1.6854  1.6905  1.6955  1.7005  1.7054  1.7293  1.7518  1.7732  1.7938  1.8325  1.8683  n 

470.b    480.6  490.6    500.6    510.6    520.6    530.6  540.6    590.6    640.6    690.6  740.6    840.6  940.6  t  119 

4.54      4.60  4.66      4.71      4.77      4.82      4.87  4.93      5.21      5.48      5.74  6.01      6.53  7.05  v 

1259.1  1264.1  1269.1  1274.1  1279.0  1284.0  1289.0  1293.9  1318.2  1342.4  1366.6  1390.8  1439.1  1487.6  h 
1.6690  1.6743  1.6796  1.6848  1.6899  1.6949  1.6999  1.7048  1.7287  1.7512  1.7726  1.7932  1.8318  1.8677  n 

471.3    481.3  491.3    501.3    511.3    521.3    531.3  541.3    591.3    641.3    691.3  741.3    841.3  941.3  t  120 

4.50      4.56  4.62      4.68      4.73      4.78      4.83  4.89      5.17      5.44      5.70  5.96      6.48  6.99  v 

1259.3  1264.3  1269.3  1274.3  1279.2  1284.2  1289.2  1294.1  1318.4  1342.7  1366.9  1391.0  1439.4  1487.8  h 
1.6683  1.6736  1.6789  1.6841  1.6893  1.6943  1.6992  1.7041  1.7280  1.7505  1.7719  1.7924  1.8311  1.8669  n 

471.9  481.9  491.9    501.9    511.9    521.9    531.9  541.9    591.9    641.9    691.9  741.9    841.9  941.9  t  121 
4.47      4.53  4.58      4.64      4.69      4.75      4.80  4.86      5.13      5.40      5.66  5.92      6.43  6.94  v 

1259.5  1264.5  1269.5  1274.5  1279.4  1284.4  1289.4  1294.4  1318.7  1342.9  1367.1  1391.3  1439.6  1488.0  h 
1.6676  1.6730  1.6782  1.6834  1.6886  1.6936  1.6985  1.7034  1.7273  1.7498  1.7712  1.7917  1.8303  1.8662  n 

472.5  482.5  492.5    502.5    512.5    522.5    532.5  542.5    592.5    642.5    692.5  742.5    842.5  942.5  t  122 
4.43      4.49  4.55      4.60      4.66      4.71      4.76  4.82      5.09      5.35      5.61  5.87      6.38  6.88  v 

1259.7  1264.7  1269.7  1274.7  1279.6  1284.6  1289.6  1294.6  1318.9  1343.1  1367.3  1391.5  1439.8  1488.3  h 
1.6669  1.6723  1.6775  1.6827  1.6879  1.6929  1.6978  1.7027  1.7266  1.7491  1.7705  1.7910  1.8296  1.8655  n 

473.2  483.2  493.2    503.2     513.2     523.2     533.2  543.2    593.2    643.2    693.2  743.2    843.2  943.2  t  123 
4.40      4.46  4.51      4.57      4.62      4.67      4.72  4.78      5.05      5.31      5.57  5.83      6.33  6.83  V 

1259.9  1264.9  1269.9  1274.9  1279.9  1284.9  1289.9  1294.8  1319.1  1343.4  1367.6  1391.8  1440.1  1488.5  h 

1.6663  1.6717  1.6769  1.6821  1.6873  1.6923  1.6972  1.7021  1.7259  1.7484  1.7698  1.7903  1.8289  1.8648  n 

473.8  483.8  493.8    503.8    513.8    523.8    533.8  543.8    593.8    643.8    693.8  743.8    843.8  943.8  t  124 
4.36      4.42  4.48      4.53      4.58      4.64      4.69  4.74      5.01      5.27      5.53  5.78      6.28  6.78  V 

1260.1  1265.1  1270.1  1275.1  1280.1  1285.1  1290.1  1295.0  1319.3  1343.6  1367.8  1392.0  1440.3  1488.7  h 

1.6657  1.6710  1.6762  1.6814  1.6865  1.6916  1.6966  1.7015  1.7252  1.7477  1.7f91  1.7896  1.8282  1.8640  n 

Conversion  from  Metric  Units 

1kg.  per  sq.  cm.  =  14.22  lbs.  per  sq.iB.  [log  =1.15  3001.    1  en.  meter  =35.31  cu.  ft.  [log  =1.54  796]. 

To  change  degs.  C.  to  degs.  F,,  mnltiply  by  t,  and  add  32.    To  change  mean  kg. 

calories  per  kg.  to  mean  B.t.n.  per  lb.,  multiply  by  §.    Entropy  same  in  both  systemsi 

(41) 


Table  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 


Press, 
lbs. 

Sat. 
Water   Steam 

125  t 

V 

h 
n 

344.4 
0.02   3.58 
315.5  1190.3 
0.4959  1.5839 

126  t 

V 

h 
n 

345.0 

0.02   3.56 

316.2  1190.4 

0.4967  1.5832 

127  t 

V 

h 
n 

345.6 

0.02   3.53 

316.8  1190.5 

0.4974  1.5825 

128  t 

V 

h 
n 

346.2 
0.02   3.50 
317.4  1190.7 
0.4982  1.5819 

129  t 

V 

h 
n 

346.8 

0.02   3.48 

318.0  1190.9 

0.4990  1.5813 

130  t 

V 

h 
n 

347.4 

0.02   3.45 

318.6  1191.0 

0.4998  1.5807 

131  t 

V 

h 
n 

348.0 

0.02   3.43 

319.3  1191.1 

0.5005  1.5801 

132  t 

V 

h 
n 

348.5 

0.02   3.40 

319.9  1191.2 

0.5013  1.5795 

133  t 

V 

h 
n 

349.1 

0.02   3.38 

320.5  1191.3 

0.5020  1.578^ 

134  t 

V 

h 
n 

349.7 

0.02   3.35 

321.1  1191.5 

0.5028  1.5783 

135  t 

V 

h 
n 

350.3 

0.02   3.33 

321.7  1191.6 

0.5035  1.5777 

136  t 

V 

h 
n 

350.8 

0.02   3.31 

322.3  1191.7 

0.5043  1.5771 

137  t 

V 

h 
n 

351.4 

0.02   3.29 

322.8  1191.8 

0.5050  1.5765 

10°  20°  30°   40°  50°   60°  70°   80°   90°  100°  110°  120° 

354.4  364.4    374.4    384.4  394.4    404.4  414.4    424.4    434.4  444.4    454.4  464.4 

3.64  3.70      3.76      3.82  3.88      3.94  4.00      4.06      4.11  4.17      4.22  4.28 

1196.2  1202.0  1207.7  1213.3  1218.8  1224.2  1229.5  1234.8  1240.0  1245.1  1250.2  1255.3 
1.5913  1.5983  1.6052  1.6119  1.6183  1.6246  1.6307  1.6367  1.6426  1.6484  1.6540  1.6595 

355.0  365.0    375.0    385.0  395.0    405.0  415.0    425.0    435.0  445.0    455.0  465.0 

3.62  3.68      3.74      3.80  3.86      3.91  3.97      4.02      4.08         4.14      4.19  4.25 

1196.3  1202.1  1207.8  1213.4  1219.0  1224.4  1229.7  1234.9  1240.1  1245.3  1250.4  1255.5 
1.5906  1.5976  1.6045  1.6112  1.6177  1.6240  1.6301  1.6361  1.6420  1.6477  1.6533  1.6588 

355.6  365.6    375.6    385.6  395.6    405.6  415.6    425.6    435.6  445.6    455.6  465.6 
3.59  3.65      3.71      3.77  3.83      3.88      3.94      4.00      4.05         4.11      4.16  4.22 

1196.5  1202.3  1208.0  1213.6  1219.1  1224.6  1229.9  1235.1  1240.3  1245.5  1250.6  1255.7 

1.5899  1.5970  1.6038  1.6105  1.6170  1.6233  1.6295  1.6355  1.6413  1.6470  1.6526  1.6581 

356.2  366.2    376.2    386.2  396.2    406.2  416.2    426.2    436.2  446.2    456.Z  466.2 
3.56  3.62      3.68      3.74  3.80      3.86      3.91      3.97      4.02         4.08      4.13  4.19 

1196.7  1202.5  1208.2  1213.8  1219.3  1224.8  1230.1  1235.3  1240.5  1245.7  1250.8  1255.9 
1.5893  1.5964  1.6033  1.6100  1.6164  1.6227  1.6289  1.6349  1.6407  1.6464  1.6520  1.6575 

356.8  366.8    376.8    386.8  396.8    406.8  416.8    426.8    436.8  446.8    456.8  466.8 

3.54  3.59      3.65      3.71  3.77      3.83      3.88      3.94      3.99         4.05      4.10  4.16 

1196.8  1202.6  1208.3  1213.9  1219.4  1224.9  1230.3  1235.5  1240.7  1245.9  1251.0  1256.1 
1.5887  1.5958  1.6027  1.6094  1.6158  1.6221  1.6283  1.6343  1.6402  1.6459  1.6515  1.6570 

357.4  367.4    377.4    387.4  397.4    407.4  417.4    427.4    437.4  447.4    457.4  467.4 
3.51  3.57      3.63      3.69  3.74      3.80  3.85      3.91      3.96  4.02      4.07  4.13 

1197.0  1202.8  1208.5  1214.1  1219.7  1225.1  1230.4  1235.7  1240.9  1246.1  1251.2  1256.3 
1.5881  1.5952  1.6021  1.6088  1.6153  1.6216  1.6277  1.6337  1.6396  1.6453  1.6509  1.6564 

358.0  368.0    378.0    388.0  398.0    408.0  418.0    428.0    438.0  448.0    458.0  468.0 
3.49  3.54      3.60      3.66  3.72      3.77      3.83      3.88      3.94         3.99      4.05  4.10 

1197.1  1203.0  1208.7  1214.3  1219.8  1225.2  1230.6  1235.9  1241.1  1246.3  1251.4  1256.5 
1.5875  1.5946  1.6015  1.6082  1.6147  1.6210  1.6271  1.6331  1.6390  1.6447  1.6503  1.6558 

358.5  368.5    378.5    388.5  398.5    408.5  418.5    428.5    438.5  448.5    458.5  468.5 
3.46  3.52      3.58      3.63  3.69      3.75      3.80      3.85      3.91         3.96      4.02  4.07 

1197.2  1203.1  1208.8  1214.4  1220.0  1225.5  1230.8  1236.1  1241.3  1246.5  1251.6  1256.7 
1.5869  1.5940  1.6009  1.6077  1.6141  1.6204  1.6265  1.6325  1.6384  1.6441  1.6498  1.6553 

359.1  369.1    379.1    389.1  399.1    409.1  419.1    429.1    439.1  449.1    459.1  469.1 
3.44  3.49      3.55      3.61  3.66      3.72      3.77      3.83      3.88         3.94      3.99  4.04 

1197.4  1203.3  1209.0  1214.6  1220.1  1225.6  1231.0  1236.3  1241.5  1246.7  1251.8  1256.8 
1.5863  1.5935  1.6004  1.6071  1.6136  1.6199  1.6260  1.6320  1.6379  1.6436  1.6492  1.6547 

359.7  369.7    379.7    389.7  399.7    409.7  419.7    429.7    439.7  449.7    459.7  469.7 
3.41  3.47      3.53      3.58  3.64      3.69      3.74      3.80      3.85         3.91      3.96  4.01 

1197.5  1203.4  1209.2  1214.9  1220.4  1225.8  1231.2  1236.5  1241.7  1246.9  1252.0  1257.0 
1.5857  1.5929  1.5998  1.6065  1.6130  1.6193  1.6254  1.6314  1.6373  1.6430  1.6486  1.6541 

360.3  370.3    380.3    390.3  400.3    410.3  420.3    430.3    440.3  450.3    460.3  470.3 
3.39  3.44      3.50      3.56  3.61      3.67      3.72      3.77      3.83         3.88      3.93  3.98 

1197.6  1203.5  1209.3  1215.0  1220.6  1226.1  1231.4  1236.6  1241.8  1247.0  1252.1  1257.2 
1.5852  1.5923  1.5992  1.6059  1.6124  1.6187  1.6248  1.6308  1.6367  1.6424  1.6480  1.6535 

360.8  370.8    380.8    390.8  400.8    410.8  420.8    430.8    440.8  450.8    460.8  470  8 
3.37  3.42      3.48      3.53  3.59      3.64      3.70      3.75      3.80         3.85      3.90  3.96 

1197.8  1203.7  1209.5  1215.1  1220.7  1226.2  1231.5  1236.8  1242.0  1247.2  1252.3  1257.4 
1.5846  1.5917  1.5986  1.6053  1.6118  1.6181  1.6243  1.6303  1.6361  1.6418  1.6474  1.6529 

361.4  371.4    381.4    391.4  401.4    411.4  421.4    431.4    441.4  451.4    461.4  471.4 
3.35  3.40      3.45      3.51  3.56      3.62      3.67      3.72      3.77         3.83      3.88  3.93 

1197.9  1203.8  1209.6  1215.3  1220.9  1226.3  1231.7  1237.0  1242.2  1247.4  1252  5  1257.6 
1.5840  1.5911  1.5980  1.6047  1.6112  1.6176  1.6237  1.6297  1.6355  1.6412  1.6469  1.6524 

(42) 


Degrees  of  Superheat 

130°  140°  150°  160°  170°  180°  190°  200°  250°  300°  350°   400°  500°  600^   ''ibs'' 

474  4  484  4  4944  504.4  514.4  524.4  534.4  544.4  594.4  644.4  694.4  744.4  844.4  944.4  t  125 
4  33   4  39  4  45   4  50   4  55   4  60   4.65  4.71   4.97   5.23   5.49    5.74   6.24   6.73  V 

1260  4  1265  4  1270  4  1275  4  1280.3  1285.3  1290.3  1295.2  1319.5  1343.8  1368.0  1392.2  1440.6  1489.0  h 

1.6650  1.6703  1.6755  1.6807  1.6858  1.6909  1.6959  1.7007  1.7245  1.7470  1.7684  1.7889  1.8275  1.8633  n 

475  0  485  0  495  0  505.0  515.0  525.0  535.0  545.0  595.0  645.0  695.0  745.0  845.0  945.0  t  126 
4  30   4  36  4  41   4  47   4.52   4.57   4.62  4.68   4.94   5.20   5.45    5.70   6.19   6.68  V 

1260  6  1265  6  1270  6  1275.6  1280.5  1285.5  1290.5  1295.4  1319.7  1344.0  1368.2  1392.4  1440.8  1489.2  h 

1.6643  1.6696  1.6748  1.6800  1.6851  1.6902  1.6952  1.7000  1.7238  1.7463  1.7677  1.7881  1.8267  1.8625  n 

475  6  485.6  495.6  505.6  515.6  525.6  535.6  545.6  595.6  645.6  695.6  745.6  845.6  945.6  t  127 
4  27   4  32  4  38   4  43   4.49   4.54   4.59  4.64   4.90   5.16   5.41    5.66   6.15   6.63  V 

1260  8  1265  8  1270  8  1275  8  1280.7  1285.7  1290.7  1295.6  1319.9  1344.2  1368.4  1392.6  1441.0  1489.4  h 
1.6636  1.6690  1.6742  1.6794  1.6845  1.6895  1.6945  1.6993  1.7231  1.7456  1.7670  1.7874  1.8260  1.8618  n 

476  2  486  2  496  2  506.2  516.2  526.2  536.2  546.2  596.2  646.2  696.2  746.2  846.2  946.2  t  128 
4  24   4  29  4  35   4  40   4.45   4.50   4.55  4.61   4.86   5.12   5.37    5.62   6.10   6.58  V 

1261  0  1266  0  1271  0  1276  0  1281.0  1285.9  1290.9  1295.8  1320.1  1344.4  1368.6  1392.8  1441.2  1489.7  h 
1.6630  1.6684  1.6736  1.6788  1.6839  1.6889  1.6939  1.6987  1.7225  1.7450  1.7663  1.7868  1.8253  1.8611  n 

476  8  486  8  496  8  506  8  516  8  526.8  536.8  546.8  596.8  646.8  696.8  746.8  846.8  946.8  t  129 

4  21   4  26  4  32   4  37   4.42   4.47   4.52  4.57   4.83   5.08   5.33    5.57   6.05   6  53  v 

1261  2  1266  2  1271  2  1276  2  1281.2  1286.1  1291.1  1296.0  1320.3  1344.6  1368.8  1393.0  1441.4  1489.9  h 

1.6624  1.6677  1.6730  1.6782  1.6833  1.6883  1.6933  1.6982  1.7219  1.7444  1.7657  1.7861  1.8247  1.8605  n 

477.4  487.4  497.4  507.4  517.4  527.4  537.4  547.4  597.4  647.4  697.4   747.4  847.4  947.4  t  130 
4  18   4.23    4.28   4.34   4.39   4.44   4.49  4.54   4.80   5.05   5.29    5.53   6.01   6  49  v 

1261  4  1266  4  1271  4  1276.4  1281.4  1286.3  1291.3  1296.2  1320.6  1344.9  1369.1  1393.3  1441.7  1490.2  h 

1.6619  1.6672  1.6724  1.6776  1.6827  1.6877  1.6927  1.6976  1.7213  1.7437  1.7651  1.7855  1.8241  1.8598  n 

478.0  488.0  498.0  503  0  518.0  528.0  538.0  548.0  598.0  648.0  698.0   748.0  848.0  948.0  t  131 
4  15   4  20    4  25   4  31   4.36   4.41   4.46  4.51   4.76   5.01   5.25    5.49   5.97   6  44  v 

12616  1266  6  12716  1276  6  1281.6  1286.5  1291.5  1296.4  1320.8  1345.1  1369.3  1393.5  1441.9  1490.4  h 

1.6613  1.6666  1.6718  1.6770  1,6821  1.6871  1.6921  1.6970  1.7207  1.7431  1.7645  1.7849  1.8234  1.8591  n 

478.5  488.5  498  5  508.5  518.5  528.5  538.5  548.5  598.5  648.5  698.5   748.5  848.5  948  5  t  132 
4  12   4  17    4  22   4  28   4.33   4.38   4.43  4.48   4.73   4.98   5.22    5.45   5.93   6.40  v 

1261  8  1266  8  1271.8  1276.8  1281.8  1286.7  1291.7  1296.6  1321.0  1345.3  1369.5  1393.7  1442.1  1490.6  h 

1.6607  1.6660  1.6712  1.6764  1.6815  1.6865  1.6915  1.6964  1.7201  1.7425  1.7639  1.7842  1.8228  1.8584  n 

479.1  489.1  499.1  509.1  519.1  529.1  539.1  549.1  599.1  649.1  699.1   749.1  849.1  949.1  t  133 
4.09   4  14    4  19   4.25   4.30   4.35   4.40    4.45   4.70   4.94   5.18    5.42   5.89   6.36  V 

1261.9  1266.9  1271.9  1276.9  1281.9  1286.9  1291.9  1296.8  1321.2  1345.5  1369.7  1393.9  1442.3  1490.8  h 

1.6601  1.6654  1.6706  1.6758  1.6809  1.6859  1.6909  1.6958  1.7195  1.7419  1.7632  1.7836  1.8221  1.8578  n 

479.7  489.7  499.7  509.7  519.7  529.7  539.7  549.7  599.7  649.7  699.7   749.7  849.7  949.7  t  134 
4.06   4.11    4.16   4.22   4.27   4.32   4.37    4.42   4.66   4.90   5.14    5.38   5.84   6.31  V 

1262.1  1267.1  1272.1  1277.1  1282.1  1287.1  1292.1  1297.0  1321.4  1345.7  1369.9  1394.1  1442.5  1491.1  h 

1.6595  1.6649  1.6701  1.6752  1.6803  1.6853  1.6903  1.6952  1.7189  1.7413  1.7626  1.7830  1.8215  1.8572  n 

480.3  490.3  500.3  510.3  520.3  530.3  540.3  550.3  600.3  650.3  700.3   750.3  850.3  950.3  t  136 
4.03   4.08    4.14   4.19   4.24   4.29   4.33    4.38   4.63   4.87   5.11    5.34   5.80   6.27  v 

1262.3  1267.3  1272.3  1277.3  1282.3  1287.3  1292.3  1297.2  1321.6  1345.9  1370.2  1394.4  1442.8  1491.3  h 

1.6589  1.6643  1.6695  1.6747  1.6798  1.6848  1.6897  1.6946  1.7183  1.7407  1.7620  1.7824  1.8209  1.8565  n 

480.8  490.8  500.8  510.8  520.8  530.8  540.8  550.8  600.8  650.8  700.8   750.8  850.8  950  8   t  136 
4  01   4.06    4.11   4.16   4.21   4.26   4.30    4.35   4.60   4.84   5.08    5.31   5.76   6.22  v 

1262.5  1267.5  1272.5  1277.5  1282.5  1287.5  1292.5  1297.4  1321.8  1346.1  1370.4   1394.6  1443.0  1491.5  h 

1.6584  1.6637  1.6689  1.6741  1.6792  1.6842  1.6891  1.6940  1.7177  1.7401  1.7614   1.7817  1.8202  1.8559  n 

481.4  491.4   501.4  511.4  521.4  531.4  541.4  551.4  601.4  651.4  701.4   751.4  851.4  951.4  t  137 
3.98   4.03    4.08   4.13   4.18   4.23   4.27    4.32   4.57   4.81   5.04    5.27   5.72   6.18  V 

1262.7  1267.7  1272.7  1277.7  1282.7  1287.7  1292.7  1297.6  1322.0  1346.3  1370.6  1394.8  1443.2  1491.8  h 

1.6578  1.6631  1.6683  1.6735  1.6786  1.6836  1.6885  1.6934  1.7171  1.7395  1.7608  1.7811  1.8196  1.8552  n 

(43^ 


Table  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

t   Water  Ste'am  10°   20°   30°  40°   50°   60°   70°  80°   90°  100°  110°  120° 

138  t           352.0  362.0    372.0    382.0  392.0  402.0    412.0  422.0  432.0    442.0  452  0  462  0    472  0 

V  0.02      3.26  3.32      3.37      3.43  3.48  3.54      3.59      3.64  3.70      3.75  3  80  3  85      3  90 
h     323.4    1192.0  1198.1  1204.0  1209.8  1215.5  1221.1  1226.5  1231.9  1237.2  1242.4  1247  6  1252  7  1257  8 
n  0.5057  1.5759  1.5834  1.5906  1.5975  1.6042  1.6107  1.6170  1.6232  1.6292  1.6350  1.6407  1.6463  1.6518 

139  t           352.5  362.5    372.5    382.5  392.5  402.5    412.5  422.5  432.5    442.5  452  5  462  5    472  5 

V  0.02      3.24  3.30      3.35      3.41  3.46  3.52      3.57  3.62  3.67      3.72  3.78  3  83      3  88 
h     324.0    1192.1  1198.2  1204.1  1210.0  1215.6  1221.2  1226.7  1232.1  1237.4  1242.6  1247  8  1252  Q  1258  0 
n  0.5064  1.5753  1.5828  1.5900  1.5969  1.6036  1.6101  1.6164  1.6224  1.6285  1.6344  1.6401  1.6457  1.6512 

140  t            353.1  363.1    373.1    383.1  393.1  403.1    413.1  423.1  433.1    443.1  453 1  463 1    473 1 

V  0.02      3.22  3.27      3.32      3.38  3.44  3.49      3.54      3.60  3.65      3.70  3  75  3  80      3  85 
h     324.6    1192.2  1198.3  1204.3  1210.1  1215.8  1221.4  1226.8  1232.2  1237.5  1242.8  1248.0  1253.1  1258  2 
n  0.5072  1.5747  1.5822  1.5894  1.5964  1.6031  1.6096  1.6159  1.6220  1.6280  1.6338  1.6395  1.6451  1.6506 

141  t           353.6  363.6    373.6    383.6  393.6  403.6    413.6  423.6  433.6    443.6  453  6  463  6    473  6 

V  0.02      3.20  3.25      3.30      3.36  3.41  3.47      3.52  3.57  3.62      3.67  3  72  3  77      3  82 
h     325.2    1192.3  1198.4  1204.4  1210.2  1215.9  1221.5  1227.0  1232.4  1237.7  1242.9  1248.11253  3  1258  4 
n  0.5079  1.5741  1.5816  1.5888  1.5958  1.6025  1.6090  1.6153  1.6214  1.6274  1.6332  1.6389  1.6445  1.6500 

142  t           354.2  364.2    374.2    384.2  394.2  404.2    414.2  424.2  434.2    444.2  454  2  464  2    474  2 

V  0.02      3.18  3.23      3.28      3.34  3.39  3.44      3.50  3.55  3.60      3.65  3.70  3  75      3  80 
h     325.8    1192.5  1198.6  1204.6  1210.4  1216.1  1221.7  1227.2  1232.6  1237.9  1243.1  1248.3  1253  5  1258  6 
n  0.5086  1.5735  1.5810  1.5882  1.5952  1.6019  1.6084  1.6147  1.6209  1.6269  1.6327  1.6384  1.6440  1.6495 

143  t           354.7  364.7    374.7    384.7  394.7  404.7    414.7  424.7  434.7    444.7  454  7  464  7    474  7 

V  0.02      3.15  3.21      3.26      3.32  3.37  3.42      3.48  3.53  3.58      3.63  3.68  3.73      3  77 
h     326.3    1192.6  1198.7  1204.7  1210.6  1216.3  1221.9  1227.3  1232.7  1238.0  1243.3  1248  5  1253  6  1258  7 
n  0.5093  1.5730  1.5805  1.5877  1.5947  1.6014  1.6079  1.6142  1.6204  1.6264  1.6322  1.6379  1.6435  1.6490 

J44  t            355.3  365.3    375.3    385.3  395.3  405.3    415.3  425.3  435.3    445.3  455.3  465.3    475  3 

V  0.02      3.13  3.19      3.24      3.29  3.35  3.40      3.45  3.50  3.55      3.60  3.65  3.70      3  75 
h  326.9    1192.7  1198.8  1204.8  1210.7  1216.4  1222.0  1227.5  1232.9  1238.2  1243.5  1248.7  1253.8  1258  9 
n  0.5100  1.5724  1.5799  1.5872  1.5942  1.6009  1.6074  1.6137  1.6199  1.6258  1.6316  1.6373  1.6429  1.6484 

145  t            355.8  365.8    375.8    385.8  395.8  405.8    415.8  425.8  435.8    445.8  455.8  465.8    475.8 

V  0.02      3.11  3.17      3.22      3.27  3.32  3.38      3.43  3.48  3.53      3.58  3.63  3.68      3  72 
h  327.4   1192.8  1199.0  1205.0  1210.8  1216.5  1222.2  1227.7  1233.1  1238.4  1243.6  1248.8  1254  0  12591 
n  0.5107  1.5719  1.5794  1.5867  1.5937  1.6004  1.6069  1.6132  1.6194  1.6253  1.6311  1.6368  1.6424  1.6479 

146  t            356.3  366.3    376.3    386.3  396.3  406.3    416.3  426.3  436.3    446.3  456.3  466.3    476.3 

V  0.02      3.09  3.14      3.19      3.25  3.30  3.35      3.40  3.45  3.50      3.55  3.60  3.65      3.70 
h  328.0   1192.9  1199.1  1205.1  1211.0  1216.7  1222.3  1227.8  1233.2  1238.5  1243.8  1249.0  1254.2  1259.3 
n  0.5114  1.5713  1.5789  1.5861  1.5931  1.5999  1.6063  1.6126  1.6188  1.6248  1.6306  1.6363  1.6419  1.6473 

147  t           356.9  366.9    376.9    386.9  396.9  406.9    416.9  426.9  436.9    446.9  456.9  466.9    476.9 

V  0.02      3.07  3.12      3.17      3.23  3.28  3.33      3.38      3.43  3.48      3.53  3.58  3.63      3.68 
h  328.6    1193.0  1199.2  1205.3  1211.2  1216.9  1222.5  1228.0  1233.4  1238.7  1244.0  1249.2  1254.3  1259.4 
n  0.5121  1.5708  1.5784  1.5856  1.5926  1.5994  1.6058  1.6121  1.6183  1.6243  1.6301  1.6358  1.6414  1.6468 

148  t           357.4  367.4    377.4    387.4  397.4  407.4    417.4  427.4  437.4    447.4  457.4  467.4    477.4 

V  0.02      3.05  3.10      3.15      3.21  3.26  3.31      3.36      3.41  3.46      3.51  3.56  3.61      3.65 
h  329.1    1193.2  1199.4  1205.4  1211.3  1217.1  1222.7  1228.2  1233.6  1238.9  1244.1  1249.3  1254.5  1259.6 
n  0.5128  1.5702  1.5778  1.5850  1.5920  1.5988  1.6053  1.6116  1.6178  1.6237  1.6295  1.6352  1.6408  1.6463 

149  t            357.9  367.9    377.9    387.9  397.9  407.9    417.9  427.9  437.9    447.9  457.9  467.9    477.9 

V  0.02      3.03  3.08      3.13      3.19  3.24  3.29      3.34      3.39  3.44      3.49  3.54  3.58      3.63 
h  329.7    1193.3  1199.5  1205.5  1211.4  1217.2  1222.9  1228.4  1233.7  1239.0  1244.3  1249.5  1254.7  1259.8 
n  0.5135  1.5697  1.5773  1.5845  1.5915  1.5983  1.6048  1.6111  1.6172  1.6232  1.6291  1.6348  1.6404  1.6458 

t  =  temperature  in  F.  degs.    T^  Fahr,  abBolute  =  t=  + 459,6  \  Internal  energy 

V  =  8p.  vol.  incu,  ft,  per  lb.    J  =  777,5  ft.  lbs.  per  B,t,u,  [log-2.89  071].                 =  total  he.it -144  Apv. 

h  =  totalheatmB.t.u.  A  =  i/j  =  1,286  XIO"-' B,t,u.  per  ft.  lb,  [3.10  929].    Values  for  saturated  steam 

n=entropy.  144  A  =  0.1852  [log=i.26  764].                              are  given  in  Tables  1  and  2. 


Degrees  of  Superheat 

130°  140°  150°  160°  170°  180°  190°   200°  250°  300°  350°  400°  500°  600°   t 

482  0    492.0  502.0    512.0    522.0    532.0    542.0  552.0    602.0    652.0    702.0  752.0    852.0    952.0  t  138 

3  95      4.00  4.05      4.10      4.15      4.20      4.24         4.29      4.54      4.78      5.01  5.23      5.68      6.13  V 

1262  9  1267  9  1272.9  1277.9  1282.9  1287.9  1292.9  1297.8  1322.2  1346.5  1370.8  1395.0  1443.4  1492.0  h 
1.6572  1.6625  1.6677  1.6729  1.6780  1.6830  1.6879  1.6928  1.7164  1.7389  1.7601  1.7805  1.8190  1.8546  n 

482  5    492  5  502.5     512.5    522.5    532.5    542.5  552.5    602.5    652.5    702.5  752.5    852:S    952.5  t  139 

3  93      3.97  4.02      4.07      4.12      4.17      4.22         4.27      4.51      4.74      4.97  5.20      5.65      6.10  V 

1263  1  1268  1  1273.1  1278.1  1283.1  1288.1  1293.0  1298.0  1322.4  1346.7  1371.0  1395.2  1443.6  1492.2  h 
1.6566  1.6619  1.6671  1.6723  1.6774  1.6824  1.6873  1.6922  1.7158  1.7382  1.7595  1.7799  1.8183  1.8540  n 

483.1  493.1  503.1    513.1    523.1    533.1    543.1  553.1    603.1    653.1    703.1  753.1    853.1    953.1  t  140 
3.90      3.95  4.00      4.05      4.09      4.14      4.19         4.24      4.48      4.71      4.94  5.16      5.61      6.06  V 

1263.3  1268.3  1273.3  1278.3  1283.3  1288.3  1293.2  1298.2  1322.6  1346.9  1371.2  1395.4  1443.8  1492.4  h 
1.6560  1.6614  1.6666  1.6717  1.6768  1.6818  1.6867  1.6916  1.7152  1.7376  1.7589  1.7792  1.8177  1.8533  n 

483.6  493.6  503.6    513.6    523.6    533.6    543.6  553.6    603.6    653.6    703.6  753.6    853.6    953.6  t  141 
3.87      3.92  '  3.97      4.02      4.07      4.12      4.16         4.21      4.45      4.68      4.91  5.13      5.57      6.02  V 

1263.5  1268.5  1273.5  1278.5  1283.5  1288.5  1293.4  1298.3  1322.8  1347.1  1371.4  1395.6  1444.0  1492.6  h 

1.6554  1.6608  1.6660  1.6711  1.6762  1.6812  1.6862  1.6911  1.7146  1.7370  1.7583  1.7786  1.8170  1.8527  n 

484.2  494.2  504.2    514.2    524.2    534.2    544.2  554.2    604.2    654.2    704.2  754.2    854.2    954.2  t  142 
3.85      3.90  3.94      3.99      4.04      4.09      4.13         4.18      4.42      4.65      4.88  5.10      5.54      5.98  V 

1263.7  1268.7  1273.7  1278.7  1283.7  1288.7  1293.6  1298.5  1323.0  1347.3  1371.6  1395.8  1444.3  1492.9  h 
1.6549  1.6602  1.6654  1.6705  1.6756  1.6806  1.6856  1.6905  1.7140  1.7364  1.7577  1.7780  1.8164  1.8521  n 

484.7  494.7  504.7    514.7    524.7    534.7    544.7  554.7    604.7    654.7    704.7  754.7    854.7    954.7  t  143 
3.82      3.87  3.92      3.97      4.01      4.06      4.11         4.16      4.39      4.62      4.84  5.06      5.50      5.94  V 

1263.8  1268.8  1273.8  1278.8  1283.8  1288.8  1293.8  i298.7  1323.2  1347.5  1371.8  1396.0  1444.5  1493.1  h 
1.6544  1.6597  1.6649  1.6700  1.6751  1.6801  1.6851  1.6900  1.7135  1.7359  1.7571  1.7775  1.8159  1.8515  n 

485.3  495.3  505.3    515  3    525.3    535.3    545.3       555.3    605.3    655.3    705.3  755.3    855.3    955.3  t  144 
3.80      3.84  3.89      3.94      3.99      4.03      4.08         4.13      4.36      4.59      4.81         5.03      5.46      5.90  V 

1264.0  1269.0  1274.0  1279.0  1284.0  1289.0  1294.0  1298.9  1323.4  1347.7  1372.0  1396.2  1444.7  1493.3  h 

1.6538  1.6591  1.6643  1.6695  1.6746  1.6796  1.6845  1.6894  1.7129  1.7353  1.7565  1.7768  1.8152  1.8509  n 

485.8  495.8  505.8    515.8    525.8    535.8    545.8       555.8    605.8    655.8    705.8  755.8    855.8    955.8  t  145 
3.77      3.82  3.87      3.92      3.96      4.01      4.05         4.10      4.33      4.56      4.78         5.00      5.43      5.86  V 

1264.2  1269.2  1274.2  1279.2  1284.2  1289.2  1294.2  1299.1  1323.6  1347.9  1372.2  1396.4  1444.9  1493.5  h 

1.6533  1.6586  1.6638  1.6690  1.6741  1.6791  1.6840  1.6889  1.7124  1.7348  1.7560  1.7763  1.8147  1.8504  n 

486.3  496.3  506.3    516.3    526.3    536.3    546.3       556.3    606.3    6  6.3    706.3  756.3    856.3    956.3  t  146 
3.75      3.80  3.84      3.89      3.93      3.98      4.02         4.07      4.30      4.53      4.75         4.97      5.39      5.82  V 

1264.4  1269.4  1274.4  1279.4  1284.4  1289.4  1294.3  1299.3  1323.8  1348.1  1372.4  1396.6  1445.1  1493.8  h 
1.6527  1.6581  1.6633  1.6684  1.6735  1.6785  1.6834  1.6883  1.7118  1.7342  1.7554  1.7757  1.8141  1.8498  n 

486.9  496.9  506.9    516.9    526.9    536.9    546.9       556.9    606.9    656.9    706.9  756.9    856.9    956.9  t  147 
3.73      3.77  3.82      3.86      3.91      3.96      4.00         4.05      4.27      4.50      4.72         4.94      5.36      5.78  V 

1264.5  1269.6  1274.6  1279.6  1284.6  1289.6  1294.5  1299.4  1323.9  1348.2  1372.5  1396.8  1445.3  1494.0  h 
1.6522  1.6576  1.6628  1.6679  1.6730  1.6780  1.6829  1.6878  1.7113  1.7336  1.7549  1.7752  1.8135  1.8492  n 

487.4  497.4  507.4    517.4    527.4    537.4    547.4       557.4    607.4    657.4    707.4  757.4    857.4    957.4  t  148 
3.70      3.75  3.79      3.84      3.88      3.93      3.97         4.02      4.25      4.47      4.69         4.90      5.32      5.75  v 

1264.7  1269.7  1274.7  1279.8  1284.8  1289.8  1294.7  1299.6  13240  1348.4  1372.7  1397.0  1445.5  1494.2  h 

1.6517  1.6570  1.6622  1.6673  1.6724  1.6774  1.6823  1.6872  1.7107  1.7330  1.7542  1.7746  1.8129  1.8486  n 

487.9    497.9  507.9    517.9    527.9    537.9    547.9       557.9    607.9    657.9    707.9  757.9    857.9    957.9  t  149 

3.68      3.72  3.77      3.82      3.86      3.91      3.95         4.00      4.22      4.44      4.66         4.87      5.29      5.71  v 

1264.9  1269.9  1274.9  1280.0  1285.0  1290.0  1294.9  1299.8  13242  1348.6  1372.9  1397.2  1445.7  1494.4  h 
1.6512  1.6565  1.6617  1.6668  1.6719  1.6769  1.6818  1.6867  1.7102  1.7325  1.7537  1.7740  1.8124  1.8480  n 

Conversion  from  Metric  Units 

1  kg.  persq,  cm.=  14.22  lbs,  per  sq,  in,  [log=1.15  3001,    1  cu.  meter=  35,31  cu.  ft,  [log=  1,54  795]. 

To  change  degs.  C.  to  dags.  F.,  multiply  by  ",  and  add  32.    To  change  mean  kg, 

calories  per  kg.  to  mean  B.t.u.  per  lb.,  multiply  by  i.    Entropy  same  in  both  syatems. 

(45) 


Table  3  :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 


Press, 
lbs. 

Sat. 
Water      Steam 

150  t 

V 

h 
n 

358.5 

0.02      3.01 

330.2    1193.4 

0.5142  1.5692 

161  t 

V 

h 
n 

359.0 

0.02      2.99 

330.8    1193.5 

0.5148  1.5686 

162  t 

V 

h 
n 

359.5 

0.02      2.97 

331.4    1193.6 

0.5155  1.5680 

163  t 

V 

h 
n 

360.0 

0.02      2.96 

331.9    1193.7 

0.5162  1.5675 

164  t 

V 

h 
n 

360.5 

0.02      2.94 

332.4    1193.8 

0.5169  1.5670 

165  t 

V 

h 
n 

361.0 

0.02      2.92 

332.9    1194.0 

0.5175  1.5665 

156  t 

V 

h 
n 

361.6 

0.02      2.90 

333.5    1194.1 

0.5182  1.5659 

157  t 

V 

h 
n 

362.1 

0.02      2.88 

334.0    1194.2 

0.5188  1.5654 

168  t 

V 

h 
n 

362.6 

0.02      2.87 

334.6    1194.3 

0.5195  1.5649 

159  t 

V 

h 
n 

363.1 

0.02      2.85 

335.1    1194.4 

0.5201  1.5644 

160  t 

V 

h 

n 

363.6 

0.02      2.83 

335.6    1194.5 

0.5208  1.5639 

161  t 

V 

h 

n 

364.1 

0.02      2.82 

336.2    1194.6 

0.5214  1.5634 

162  t 

V 

h 
n 

364.6 

0  02      2.80 

336  7    1194.7 

0.5220  1.5629 

10°  20°  30°   40°  50°  60°   70°   80°   90°  100°  110°  120° 

368.5  378.5  388.5    398.5  408.5  418.5    428.5    438.5  448.5  458.5    468.5  478.5 

3  06  3.11  3.17      3.22  3.27  3.32      3.37      3.42  3.46  3.51      3.56  3.61 

1199.6  1205.7  1211.6  1217.3  1223.0  1228.5  1233.9  1239.2  1244.4  1249.6  1254.8  1259.9 

1.5768  1.5840  1.5910  1.5978  1.6043  1.6106  1.6168  1.6227  1.6286  1.6343  1.6399  1.6453 

369.0  379.0  389.0    399.0  409.0  419.0    429.0    439.0  449.0  459.0    469.0  479.0 

3  04  3.09  3.15      3.20  3.25  3.30      3.35      3.40  3.44  3.49      3.54  3.59 

1199  8  1205.8  1211.7  1217.5  1223.2  1228.7  1234.1  1239.4  1244.6  1249.8  1255.0  1260.1 

1.5762  1.5835  1.5905  1.5973  1.6038  1.6100  1.6162  1.6222  1.6280  1.6337  1.6393  1.6447 

369  5  379.5  389.5  399.5  409.5  419.5  429.5  439.5  449.5  459.5  469.5  479.5 
3  02  3  07  3.13   3.18  3.23  3.28   3.33   3.38  3.42  3.47   3.52  3.56 

1199  9  1206.0  1211.9  1217.6  1223.3  1228.8  1234.2  1239.6  1244.8  1250.0  1255.2  1260.i 
1.5756  1.5829  1.5899  1.5967  1.6032  1.6095  1.6157  1.6216  1.6274  1.6331  1.6387  1.6441 

370  0  380.0  390.0  400.0  410.0  420.0  430.0  440.0  450.0  460.0  470.0  480.0 
3  01  3.06  3.11   3.16  3.21  3.26   3.31   3.35   3.40  3.45   3.50  3.54 

1200  0  1206.1  1212.0  1217.8  1223.4  1228.9  1234.4  1239.7  1244.9  1250.1  1255.3  1260.4 
1.5751  1.5824  1.5894  1.5962  1.6027  1.6090  1.6152  1.6211  1.6269  1.6326  1.6383  1.6437 

370  5  380  5  390  5  400.5  410.5  420.5  430.5  440.5  450.5  460.5  470.5  480.5 

2  99  3  04  3.09   3.14  3.19  3.24   3.29   3.33  3.38  3.43   3.48  3.52 

1200  1  1206  2  1212.2  1218.0  1223.6  1229.1  1234.5  1239.8  1245.1  1250.3  1255.5  1260.6 

1.5746  1.5819  1.5889  1.5958  1.6023  1.6085  1.6147  1.6207  1.6265  1.6322  1.6378  1.6432 

3710  381.0  391.0  401.0  411.0  421.0  431.0  441.0  451.0  461.0  471.0  481.0 

2  97  3  02  3.07   3.12  3.17  3.22   3.27   3.31   3.36  3.41   3.46  3.50 

1200  2  1206  4  1212.3  1218.0  1223.6  1229.2  1234.7  1240.0  1245.2  1250.5  1255.7  1260.8 

1.5741  1.5814  1.5884  1.5953  1.6018  1.6080  1.6142  1.6202  1.6260  1.6317  1.6373  1.6427 

3716  381.6  391.6  401.6  411.6  421.6  431.6  441.6  451.6  461.6  471.6  481.6 

2  95  3  00  3.05   3.10  3.15  3.20   3.25   3.29   3.34  3.39   3.43  3.48 

1200  4  1206  5  1212.4  1218.2  1223.9  1229.4  1234.8  1240.2  1245.4  1250.6  1255.8  1260.9 

1.5736  1.5809  1.5879  1.5947  1.6012  1.6075  1.6137  1.6197  1.6255  1.6311  1.6367  1.6421 

372  1  382  1  392  1  402.1  412.1  422.1  432.1  442.1  452.1  462.1  472.1  482.1 

2  93  2  98  3  03   3.08  3.13  3.18   3.23   3.27   3.32  3.37   3.41  3.46 

1200  5  1206  6  1212.6  1218.4  1224.1  1229.6  1235.0  1240.3  1245.6  1250.8  1256.0  1261.1 

1.5731  1.5804  1.5874  1.5942  1.6008  1.6070  1.6132  1.6192  1.6250  1.6306  1.6361  1.6416 

372  6  382  6  392  6  402.6  412.6  422.6  432.6  442.6  452.6  462.6  472.6  482.6 
2  92  2  97  3  02   3.07  3.11  3.16   3.21   3.25   3.30  3.35   3.39   3.44 

1200  6  1206  8  1212.7  1218.5  1224.2  1229.7  1235.2  1240.5  1245.7  1250.9  1256.1  1261.2 

1.5725  1.5798  1.5869  1.5937  1.6002  1.6065  1.6127  1.6187  1.6245  1.6301  1.6357  1.6411 

373  1  383  1  393.1  403.1  413.1  423.1  433.1  443.1  453.1  463.1  473.1  483.1 
2  90  2  95  3.00   3.05  3.09  3.14   3.19   3.23   3.28  3.33   3.37   3.42 

1200  7  1206  9  1212  8  1218.6  1224.3  1229.8  1235.3  1240.6  1245.9  1251.1  1256.3  1261.4 

1.5721  1.5794  1.5865  1.5933  1.5998  1.6061  1.6122  1.6182  1.6240  1.6297  1.6353  1.6407 

373  6  383  6  393.6  403.6  413.6  423.6  433.6  443.6  453.6  463.6  473.6  483.6 
2  88  2  93  2.98   3.03  3.07  3.12   3.17   3.21   3.26  3.30   3.35   3.40 

1200  8  1207  0  1213.0  1218.8  1224.5  1230.0  1235.5  1240.8  1246.1  1251.3  1256.5  1261.6 
1.5716  1.5789  1.5860  1.5928  1.5993  1.6056  1.6118  1.6177  1.6235  1.6292  1.6348  1.6402 

3741  3841  394  1  404  1  414.1  424.1  434.1  444.1  454.1  464.1  474.1  484.1 

2  87  2  91  2  96   3.01  3.06  3.11   3.15   3.20   3.24  3.29   3.33   3.38 

1201  0  1207  1  1213  1  1218.9  1224.6  1230.1  1235.6  1240.9  1246.2  1251.5  1256.6  1261.7 
1.5711  1.5785  1.5855  1.5923  1.5989  1.6052  1.6113  1.6173  1.6231  1.6287  1.6342  1.6397 

374  6  384  6  394  6  404  6  414.6  424.6  434.6  444.6  454.6  464.6  474.6  484.6 
2  85  2  90  2  95   3.00  3.04  3.09   3.13   3.18   3.22  3.27   3.31   3.36 

12011  1207  3  1213  2  1219  0  1224.8  1230.3  1235.8  1241.1  1246.4  1251.6  1256.8  1261.9 

1.5706  1.5780  1.5850  1.5919  1.5984  1.6047  1.6108  1.6168  1.6226  1.6283  1.6339  1.6393 
C46) 


Degrees  of  Superheat 

m"  140'  150^  160°  170°  180°  190°  200°  250°  300°  350°  400°  500°  600°   t 

488.5  498.5  508.5    518.5  528.5  538.5    548.5  558.5  608.5    658.5    708.5  758.5    858.5    958.5  t  150 

3.66  3.70  3.75      3.79  3.84      3.88      3.92         3.97      4.19      4.41      4.63  4.84      5.25      5.67  v 

1265.0  1270.1  1275.1  1280.1  1285.1  1290.1  1295.0  1300.0  1324.5  1348.8  1373.1  1397.4  1445.9  1494.6  h 

1.6507  1.6560  1.6612  1.6663  1.6714  1.6764  1.6813  1.6862  1.7097  1.7320  1.7532  1.7735  1.8118  1.8474  n 

489.0  499.0  509.0    519.0  529.0  539.0    549.0  559.0  609.0    659.0    709.0  759.0    859.0    959.0  t  151 

3.63  3.68  3.72      3.77  3.81      3.86      3.90  3.95      4.17      4.38      4.60  4.81      5.22      5.64  v 

1265.2  1270.2  1275.2  1280.3  1285.3  1290.3  1295.2  1300.2  1324.7  1349.0  1373.3  1397.6  1446.1  1494  8  h 

1.6501  1.6554  1.6606  1.6657  1.6708  1.6758  1.6807  1.6856  1.7091  1.7314  1.7526  1.7729  1.8112  1.8468  n 

489.5  499.5  509.5    519.5  529.5  539.5    549.5  559.5  609.5    659.5    709.5  759.5    859.5    959.5  t  152 

3.61  3.66  3.70      3.75  3.79      3.84      3.88  3.92      4.14      4.36      4.57  4.78      5.19      5.60  v 

1265.4  1270.4  1275.4  1280.5  1285.5  1290.5  1295.4  1300.3  1324.8  1349.2  1373.5  1397.8  1446.3  1495.0  h 
1.64%  1.6548  1.6600  1.6652  1.6703  1.6752  1.6801  1.6850  1.7085  1.7308  1.7520  1.7723  1.8106  1.8462  n 

490.0  500.0  510.0    520.0  530.0  540.0    550.0  560.0  610.0    660.0    710.0  760.0    860.0    960  0  t  153 

3.59  3.63  3.68      3.72  3.77      3.81      3.85         3.90      4.12      4.33      4.54  4.75      5.16      5.57  v 

1265.5  1270.6  1275.6  1280.6  1285.6  1290.6  1295.5  1300.5  1325.0  1349.4  1373.7  1398.0  1446.5  1495.2  h 
1.6491  1.6544  1.6596  1.6647  1.6698  1.6747  1.6796  1.6845  1.7080  1.7303  1.7514  1.7718  1.8100  1.8457  n 

490.5  500.5  510.5    520.5  530.5  540.5    550.5  560.5  610.5    660.5    710.5  760.5    860.5    960  5  t  154 
3.57  3.61  3.66      3.70  3.74      3.79      3.83  3.88      4.09      4.30      4.51  4.72      5.13      5  54  v 

1265.7  1270.8  1275.8  1280.8  1285.8  1290.8  1295.7  1300.7  1325.2  1349.6  1373.8  1398.2  1446  7  1495  4  h 

1.6486  1.6539  1.6591  1.6642  1.6693  1.6742  1.6791  1.6840  1.7075  1.7298  1.7509  1.7712  1.8095  1.8451  n 

491.0  501.0  511.0    521.0  531.0  541.0    551.0  561.0  611.0    661.0    711.0  761.0    861.0    961.0  t  155 
3.55  3.59  3.63      3.68  3.72      3.76      3.81         3.85      4.06      4.28      4.49  4.70      5.10      5.50  V 

1265.9  1271.0  1276.0  1281.0  1286.0  1291.0  1295.9  1300.8  1325.3  1349.7  1374.0  1398.4  1446  9  1495  6  h 

1.6481  1.6534  1.6586  1.6637  1.6688  1.6737  1.6786  1.6835  1.7070  1.7293  1.7504  1.7707  1.8090  1.8445  n 

491.6  501.6  511.6    521.6  531.6  541.6    551.6  561.6  611.6    661.9    711.6  761.6    861 6    961 6  t  156 
3.52  3.57  3.61      3.66  3.70  3.74      3.79  3.83  4.04      4.25      4.46  4.67      5  07      5  47  v 

1266.0  1271.4  1276.1  1281.2  1286.2  1291.1  1296.0  1301.0  1325.5  1349.9  1374.2  1398.5  1447.1  1495  8  h 

1.6475  1.6528  1.6580  1.6631  1.6682  1.6731  1.6781  1.6830  1.7064  1.7287  1.7498  1.7701  1.8084  1.8439  n 

492.1  502.1  512.1    522.1  532.1  542.1    552.1  562.1  612.1    662.1     712.1  762.1    862.1    962 1  t  157 
3.50  3.55  3.59      3.63  3.68  3.72      3.76  3.81  4.02      4.23      4.44  4.64      5.04      5.44  v 

1266.2  1271.3  1276.3  1281.3  1286.3  1291.3  1296.2  1301.2  1325.7  1350.1  1374.4  1398.7  1447  3  1496  0  h 
1.6470  1.6523  1.6575  1.6626  1.6676  1.6726  1.6776  1.6825  1.7059  1.7282  1.7493  1.7696  1.8078  1.8434  n 

492.6  502.6  512.6    522.6  532.6  542.6    552.6  562.6  612.6    662.6    712.6  762.6    862  6    962  6  t  158 

3.48  3.52  3.57      3.61  3.66      3.70      3.74  3.78      3.99      4.20      4.41  4.62      5  01      5  40  v 

1266.3  1271.4  1276.4  1281.5  1286.5  1291.5  1296.4  1301.3  1325.9  1350.3  1374.6  1398.9  1447  5  1496  2  h 
1.6464  1.6517  1.6569  1.6620  1.6671  1.6721  1.6770  1.6819  1.7053  1.7276  1.7487  1.7690  1.8072  1.8428  n 

493.1  503.1  513.1    523.1  533.1  543 1    553.1  563.1  613.1    663.1    713.1  763.1    863 1    963 1  t  159 

3.46  3.50  3.55      3.59  3.63  3.68      3.72  3.76  3.97      4.18      4.39  4.59      4.98      5  37  v 

1266.5  1271.6  1276.6  1281.6  1286.6  1291.6  1296.6  1301.5  1326.0  1350.4  1374.8  1399.11447  7  1496  4  h 

1.6460  1.6513  1.6565  1.6616  1.6667  1.6717  1.6766  1.6815  1.7048  1.7271  1.7483  1.7685  1.8068  1.8423  n 

493.6  503.6  513.6    523.6  533.6  543.6    553.6  563.6  613.6    663.6    713.6  763.6    863  6    963  6  t  160 

3.44  3.48  3.53      3.57  3.61      3.66      3.70  3.74  3.95      4.15      4.36  4.56      4  95      5  34  v 

1266.7  1271.8  1276.8  1281.8  1286.8  1291.8  1296.8  1301.7  1326.2  1350.6  1375.0  1399.3  1447  9  1496  6  h 

1.6456  1.6509  1.6561  1.6612  1.6662  1.6712  1.6761  1.6810  1.7043  1.7266  1.7477  1.7680  1.8063  1.8418  n 

494.1  504.1  514.1    524.1  534.1  544.1    554.1  564.1  614.1    664.1    714.1  764.1    864.1    964.1  t  161 


V 


3.42      3.46         3.51      3.55      3.59      3.63      3.67         3.72      3.92      4.13      4.34         4  54      4  92      5  31 
1266.8  1271.9      1276.9  1282.0  1287.0  1292.0  1296.9      1301.8  1326.4  1350.8  1375.1      1399  4  1448  11496  8    h 
1.6451  1.6504      1.6556  1.6607  1.6657  1.6707  1.6756     1.6805  1.7038  1.7261  1.7472     1.7675  1  8057  1  8413    n 


494.6    504.6       514.6    524.6    534.6    544.6    554.6       564.6    614.6    664.6    714.6  764  6    864  6    964  6  t  162 

3.40      3.44         3.49      3.53      3.57      3.61      3.65         3.70      3.90      4.10      4.31         4  51      4  89      5  28  v 

1267.0  1272.1      1277.1  1282.2  1287.2  1292.2  1297.1      1302.0  1326.6  1351.0  1375.3  1399  6  1448  3  1497  0  h 

1.6446  1.6499     1.6551  1.6602  1.6652  1.6702  1.6751     1.6800  1.7033  1.7256  1.7467  1.7670  1.8052  1.8407  n 

(47) 


Table  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

t   Water  sSam  10°   20°  30°  40°  50°  60°  70°  80°   90°  100°  110°  120° 

163  t            365.1  375.1    385.1    395.1  405.1  415.1  425.1  435.1    445.1    455.1  465.1    475.1    485.1 

V  0.02      2.78  2.83      2.88      2.93      2.98  3.02  3.07  3.11      3.16      3.20  3.25      3.29      3.34 
h  337.2    1194.8  1201.2  1207.4  1213.4  1219.2  1224.9  1230.4  1235.8  1241.2  1246.5  1251.7  1256.9  1262.0 
n  0.5226  1.5624  1.5701  1.5775  1.5846  1.5914  1.5979  1.6042  1.6104  1.6163  1.6221  1.6278  1.6334  1.6388 

164  t            365.6  375.6    385.6    395.6  405.6  415.6  425.6  435.6    445.6    455.6  465.6    475.6    485.6 

V  0.02      2.77  2.82      2.87      2.91      2.96  3.01  3.05  3.10      3.14      3.19  3.23      3.28      3.32 
h  337.7   1194.9  1201.3  1207.5  1213.5  1219.3  1225.1  1230.6  1236.0  1241.4  1246.7  1251.9  1257.1  1262.2 
n  0.5233  1.5620  1.5697  1.5771  1.5842  1.5910  1.5975  1.6038  1.6100  1.6160  1.6218  1.6275  1.6330  1.6384 

166  t            366.0  376.0    386.0    396.0  406.0  416.0  426.0  436.0    446.0    456.0  466.0    476.0    486.0 

V  0.02      2.75  2.80      2.85      2.90      2.94  2.99  3.04  3.08      3.12      3.17  3.21      3.26      3.30 
h  338.2    1195.0  1201.4  1207.6  1213.6  1219.5  1225.2  1230.7  1236.1  1241.5  1246.8  1252.0  1257.2  1262.3 
n  0.5239  1.5615  1.5692  1.5766  1.5837  1.5905  1.5970  1.6033  1.6095  1.6155  1.6212  1.6269  1.6325  1.6379 

166  t            366.5  376.5    386.5    396.5  406.5  416.5  426.5  436.5    446.5    456.5  466.5    476.5    486.5 

V  0.02      2.74  2.79      2.84      2.88      2.93  2.97  3.02  3.06      3.11      3.15  3.19      3.24      3.28 
h  338.7    1195.1'  1201.5  1207.8  1213.8  1219.6  1225.3  1230.9  1236.4  1241.7  1247.0  1252.2  1257.4  1262.5 
n  0.5245  1.5610  1.5688  1.5762  1.5832  1.5901  1.5966  1.6029  1.6091  1.6150  1.6208  1.6265  1.6321  1.6375 

167  t            367.0  377.0    387.0    397.0  407.0  417.0  427.0  437.0    447.0    457.0  467.0    477.0    487.0 

V  0.02      2.72  2.77      2.81      2.86      2.91  2.96  3.00  3.04      3.09      3.13  3.18      3.22      3.26 
h  339.2    1195.2  1201.6  1207.9  1213.9  1219.7  1225.5  1231.0  1236.5  1241.8  1247.1  1252.4  1257.6  1262.7 
n  0.5251  1.5605  1.5683  1.5757  1.5828  1.5896  1.5962  1.6025  1.6086  1.6146  1.6203  1.6260  1.6316  1.6370 

168  t            367.5  377.5    387.5    397.5  407.5  417.5  427.5  437.5    447.5    457.5  467.5    477.5    487.5 

V  0.02      2.71  2.76      2.81      2.85      2.89  2.94      2.98  3.03      3.07      3.12  3.16      3.20      3.24 
h  339.7    1195.3  1201.7  1208.0  1214.0  1219.9  1225.6  1231.2  1236.7  1242.0  1247.3  1252.5  1257.7  1262.8 
n  0.5257  1.5600  1.5678  1.5752  1.5823  1.5891  1.5957  1.6020  1.6081  1.6141  1.6199  1.6255  1.6310  1.6365 

169  t            368.0  378.0    388.0    398.0  408.0  418.0  428.0  438.0    448.0    458.0  468.0    478.0    488.0 

V  0.02      2.69  2.74      2.78      2.83      2.88  2.92      2.97  3.01      3.06      3.10  3.14      3.19      3.23 
h  340.2    1195.4  1201.8  1208.1  1214.1  1220.0  1225.7  1231.3  1236.8  1242.1  1247.4  1252.7  1257.9  1263.0 
n  0.5263  1.5595  1.5673  1.5747  1.5818  1.5887  1.5952  1.6015  1.6076  1.6136  1.6194  1.6251  1.6307  1.6361 

170  t            368.5  378.5    388.5    398.5  408.5  418.5  428.5  438.5    448.5    458.5  468.5    478.5    488.5 

V  0.02      2.68  2.73      2.78      2.82      2.86  2.91      2.95  3.00      3.04      3.08  3.12      3.17      3.21 
h  340.7   1195.4  1202.0  1208.2  1214.3  1220.2  1225.9  1231.5  1237.0  1242.3  1247.6  1252.8  1258.0  1263.a 
n  0.5269  1.5590  1.5668  1.5742  1.5814  1.5882  1.5947  1.6010  1.6071  1.6131  1.6189  1.6246  1.6302  1.6356 

171  t            368.9  378.9    388.9    398.9  408.9  418.9  428.9  438.9    448.9    458.9  468.9    478.9    488.9 

V  0.02      2.66  2.71      2.76      2.80  2.84  2.89      2.93  2.98      3.02      3.06  3.10      3.15      3.19 
h  341.2    1195.5  1202.1  1208.3  1214.4  1220.3  1226.0  1231.6  1237.1  1242.4  1247.7  1253.0  1258.2  1263.3 
n  0.5275  1.5586  1.5664  1.5739  1.5810  1.5878  1.5944  1.6007  1.6068  1.6127  1.6185  1.6242  1.6298  1.6352 

172  t            369.4  379.4    389.4    399.4  409.4  419.4  429.4  439.4    449.4    459.4  469.4    479.4    489.4 

V  0.02      2.64  2.69      2.74      2.78  2.83  2.88  2.92  2.96      3.00      3.05  3.09      3.13      3.17 
h  341.7    1195.6  1202.2  1208.5  1214.5  1220.4  1226.2  1231.8  1237.2  1242.6  1247.9  1253.2  1258.3  1263.4 
n  0.5281  1.5581  1.5659  .1.5734  1.5805  1.5873  1.5939  1.6002  1.6063  1.6123  1.6181  1.6237  1.6293  1.6347 

173  t            369.9  379.9    389.9    399.9  409.9  419.9  429.9  439.9    449.9    459.9  469.9    479.9    489.9 

V  0.02      2.63  2.68      2.72      2.77      2.82  2.86      2.90  2.95      2.99      3.03  3.07      3.12      3.16 
\»  342.2    1195.7  1202.3  1208.6  1214.6  1220.5  1226.3  1231.9  1237.4  1242.7  1248.0  1253.3  1258.5  1263.6 
J  0.5287  1.5576  1.5655  1.5729  1.5800  1.5869  1.5934  1.5997  1.6059  1.6118  1.6176  1.6233  1.6288  1.6342 

174  t            370.4  380.4    390.4    400.4  410.4  420.4  430.4  440.4    450.4    460.4  470.4    480.4    490.4 

V  0.02      2.62  2.67      2.72      2.76      2.80  2.84      2.89  2.93      2.97      3.01  3.06      3.10      3.14 
h  342.7    1195.8  1202.4  1208.7  1214.8  1220.7  1226.4  1232.0  1237.5  1242.9  1248.2  1253.4  1258.6  1263.7 
n  0.5293  1.5571  1.5650  1.5724  1.5795  1.5864  1.5930  1.5993  1.6054  1.6113  1.6171  1.6228  1.6284  1.6337 

t  =  temperature  in  F.  degs.    T '  Fahr.  absolute  =  t '  +  459.6'^.                                           Internal  energy 
V  =  sp,  vol.incu,  ft,  perlb.    1  =  777.5  ft,  lbs,  per  B.t.u,  [log=  2,89  0711,                =  total  heat- 144  Apv, 

h  =  total  heat  in  B.t.u,  A  =  i/j  =  l,286  X  lO^^  B,t,u,  per  ft.  lb,  [3,10  9291.    Values  for  saturated  steam 

n=entropy.  144  A  =  0,1852  [log  =  1,26  764],                              9,re  given  in  Tables  1  aid 2. 

(48) 


Degrees  of  Superheat 

130°  140°   150°  160°  170°  180°  190°   200°  250°  300°  350°  400°  500°  600°   ''ibs"" 

495.1    505.1  515.1    525.1    535.1    545.1    555.1       565.1    615.1    665.1    715.1  765.1    865.1  965.1  t  163 

3.38      3.42         3.47      3.51      3.55      3.59      3.63         3.68      3.88      4.08      4.29         4.49      4.86  5.25  V 

1267.1  1272.2  1277.2  1282.3  1287.3  1292.3  1297.2  1302.2  1326.8  1351.1  1375.5  1399.8  1448.4  1497.2  h 

1.6441  1.6494  1.6546  1.6597  1.6647  1.6697  1.6746  1.6795  1.7028  1.7251  1.7462  1.7665  1.8047  1.8402  n 

495.6    505.6  515.6    525.6    535.6    545.6    555.6       565.6    615.6    665.6    715.6       765.6    865.6  %5.6  t  164 

3.36      3.41         3.45      3.49      3.53      3.57      3.61         3.66      3.86      4.06      4.26         4.46      4.83  5.22  V 

1267.3  1272.4  1277.4  1282.4  1287.4  1292.4  1297.4  1302.4  1327.0  1351.3  1375.7  1400.0  1448.6  1497.4  h 
1.6437  1.6490  1.6542  1.6593  1.6643  1.6693  1.6742  1.6791  1.7024  1.7247  1.7458  1.7660  1.8042  1.8398  n 

496.0    506.0  516.0    526.0    536.0    546.0    556.0       566.0    616.0    666.0    716.0  766.0    866.0  966.0  t  166 

3.35      3.39         3.43      3.47      3.51      3.55      3.59         3.64      3.84      4.04      4.24         4.44      4.81  5.19  v 

1267.4  1272.5  1277.6  1282.6  1287.6  1292.6  1297.6  1302.5  1327.1  1351.5  1375.8  1400.1  1448.8  1497.6  h 
1.6433  1.6486  1.6537  1.6588  1.6638  1.6688  1.6737  1.6786  1.7019  1.7242  1.7453  1.7655  1.8037  1.8393  n 

496.5    506.5  516.5    526.5    536.5    546.5    556.5       566.5    616.5    666.5    716.5  766.5    866.5  %6.5  t  166 

3.33      3.37         3.41      3.45      3.49      3.53      3.57         3.62      3.81      4.01      4.21         4.41      4.78  5.16  v 

1267.6  1272.7  1277.8  1282.8  1287.8  1292.8  1297.7  1302.7  1327.3  1351.6  1376.0  1400.3  1449.0  1497.8  h 
1.6428  1.6480  1.6532  1.6583  1.6634  1.6684  1.6733  1.6782  1.7014  1.7237  1.7448  1.7650  1.8032  1.8387  n 

497.0    507.0  517.0    527.0    537.0    547.0    557.0       567.0    617.0    667.0    717.0  767.0    867.0  967.0  t  167 

3.31      3.35         3.39      3.43      3.47      3.51      3,55         3.60      3.79      3.99      4.19         4.39      4.75  5.13  v 

1267.8  1272.9  1277.9  1283.0  1288.0  1293.0  1297.9  1302.8  1327.4  1351.8  1376.2  1400.5  1449.1  1498.0  h 
1.6423  1.6476  1.6528  1.6579  1.6629  1.6679  1.6728  1.6777  1.7009  1.7232  1.7443  1.7645  1.8027  1.8382  n 

497.5    507.5  517.5    527.5    537.5    547.5    557.5       567.5    617.5    667.5    717.5  767.5    867.5  967.5  t  168 

3.29      3.33  3.37      3.41      3.45      3.49      3.53         3.58      3.77      3.97      4.17         4.36      4.73  5.10  V 

1267.9  1273.0  1278.1  1283.1  1288.1  1293.1  1298.1  1303.0  1327.6  1352.0  1376.3  1400.7  1449.3  1498.2  h 
1.6419  1.6471  1.6523  1.6574  1.6624  1.6674  1.6723  1.6772  1.7004  1.7227  1.7438  1.7640  1.8021  1.8377  n 

498.0    508.0  518.0    528.0    538.0    548.0    558.0  568.0    618.0    668.0    718.0  768.0    868.0  968.0  t  169 

3.27      3.31  3.35      3.39      3.43      3.47      3.51         3.56      3.75      3.95      4.15         4.34      4.70  5.07  v 

1268.1  1273.2  1278.2  1283.2  1288.2  1293.2  1298.2  1303.2  1327.8  1352.2  1376.5  1400.8  1499.5  1498.4  h 
1.6414  1.6466  1.6518  1.6569  1.6619  1.6669  1.6718  1.6767  1.6999  1.7222  1.7433  1.7635  1.8016  1.8371  n 

498.5    508.5  518.5    528.5    538.5    548.5    558.5  568.5    618.5    668.5    718.5  768.5    868.5  968.5  t  170 

3.25      3.29  3.34      3.38      3.42      3.46      3.50         3.54      3.73      3.92      4.12         4.31      4.67  5.04  v 

1268.2  1273.3  1278.4  1283.4  1288.4  1293.4  1298.4  1303.3  1327.9  1352.3  1376.7  1401.0  1449.7  1498.6  h 
1.6409  1.6461  1.6513  1.6564  1.6614  1.6664  1.6713  1.6762  1.6994  1.7217  1.7427  1.7630  1.8011  1.8366  n 

498.9    508.9  518.9    528.9    538.9    548.9    558.9       568.9    618.9    668.9    718.9  768.9    868.9  968.9  t  171 

3.23      3.27  3.32      3.36      3.40      3.44      3.48         3.52      3.71      3.90      4.10         4.29      4.65  5.02  v 

1268.4  1273.5  1278.5  1283.6  1288.6  1293.6  1298.5  1303.4  1328.1  1352.5  1376.8  1401.2  1449.8  1498.7  h 
1.6405  1.6457  1.6509  1.6560  1.6610  1.6660  1.6709  1.6758  1.6990  1.7213  1.7423  1.7625  1.8007  1.8362  n 

499.4    509.4  519.4    529.4    539.4    549.4    559.4  569.4    619.4    669.4    719.4  769.4    869.4  969.4  t  172 

3.22      3.26  3.30      3.34      3.38      3.42      3.46         3.50      3.69      3.88      4.08         4.26      4.62  4.99  V 

1268.5  1273.6  1278.7  1283.7  1288.7  1293.7  1298.7  1303.6  1328.2  1352.7  1377.0  1401.4  1450.0  1498.9  h 
1.6400  1.6452  1.6504  1.6555  1.6605  1.6655  1.6704  1.6753  1.6985  1.7208  1.7418  1.7620  1.8002  1.8357  n 

499.9    509.9  519.9    529.9    539.9    549.9    559.9  569.9    619.9    669.9    719.9  769.9    869.9  969.9  t  173 

3.20      3.24  3.28      3.32      3.36      3.40      3.44         3.48      3.67      3.86      4.05         4.24      4.60  4.96  V 

1268.7  1273.8  1278.8  1283.9  1288.9  1293.9  1298.8  1303.8  1328.4  1352.8  1377.2  1401.6  1450.2  1499.1  h 
1.6395  1.6448  1.6500  1.6551  1.6601  1.6650  1.6699  1.6748  1.6980  1.7203  1.7413  1.7615  1.7996  1.8351  n 

500.4    510.4  520.4    530.4    540.4    550.4    560.4  570.4    620.4    670.4    720.4  770.4    870.4  970.4  t  174 

3.18      3.22  3.26      3.30      3.34      3.38      3.42         3.46      3.65      3.84      4.03         4.22      4.58  4.93  V 

1268.8  1273.9  1279.0  1284.0  1289.0  1294.0  1299.0  1303.9  1328.6  1353.0  1377.3  1401.7  1450.4  1499.3  h 
1.6390  1.6443  1.6495  1.6546  1.6596  1.6645  1.6694  1.6743  1.6975  1.7197  1.7408  1.7610  1.7991  1.8346  n 

Conversion  from  Metric  Units 

1kg.  per  sq.  cm,  =  14,22  lbs.  per  sq.  in,  [log  =  l,15  300].    1  en,  meter=  35.31  cu,  ft.  Hog  =  1.54  795]. 

To  change  degs.  C,  to  degs,  F,,  multiply  by  g,  and  add  32,    To  change  mean  kg. 

calories  per  kg,  to  mean  B,t,u.  per  lb,,  multiply  by  j.    Entropy  same  in  both  syatemsi 

(49) 


Press 

Sat. 

lbs. 

Water 

Steam 

175  t 

370.8 

V 

0.02 

2.60 

h 

343.2 

1195.9 

n 

0.5^9  1.5567 

Table  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

10°   20°   30°   40°  50°   B0°   70°   80°   90°   100°  110°  120° 

380.8  390.8    400.8    410.8  420.8    430.8    440.8    450.8    460.8  470.8  480.8    490.8 

2.65      2.69      2.74      2.78  2.83      2.87      2.91      2.96      3.00         3.04      3.08      3.12 

1202.5  1208.8  1214.9  1220.8  1226.6  1232.2  1237.7  1243.0  1248.3  1253.6  1258.8  1263.9 

1.5646  1.5720  1.5792  1.5860  1.5926  1.5989  1.6051  1.6110  1.6168  1.6224  1.6280  1.6334 . 

176  t            371.3            381.3  391.3    401.3    411.3  421.3    431.3    441.3    451.3    461.3  471.3  481.3    491.3 

V  0.02      2.59         2.64      2.68      2.72      2.77  2.81      2.86      2.90      2.94      2.98         3.02      3.07      3.11 
h     343.7    1196.0     1202.6  1208.9  1215.0  1221.0  1226.7  1232.3  1237.8  1243.2  1248.5  1253.7  1258.9  1264.0 
n    0.5305  1.5562     1.5641  1.5715  1.5787  1.5856  1.5921  1.5984  1.6046  1.6105  1.6163  1.6220  1.6275  1.6329 

177  t            371.7            381.7  391.7    401.7    411.7  421.7    431.7    441.7    451.7    461.7  471.7  481.7    491.7 

V  0.02      2.57         2.62      2.66      2.71      2.75  2.80      2.84      2.88      2.92      2.97         3.01      3.05      3.09 
h     344.2    1196.1      1202.7  1209.0  1215.2  1221.1  1226.8  1232.4  1237.9  1243.3  1248.6  1253.9  1259.1  1264.2 
n    0.5311  1.5557     1.5636  1.5711  1.5782  1.5851  1.5916  1.5979  1.6041  1.6101  1.6159  1.6215  1.6270  1.6324 

178  t            372.2             382.2  392.2    402.2    412.2  422.2    432.2    442.2    452.2    462.2  472.2  482.2    492.2 

V  0.02      2.56         2.61      2.65      2.69      2.74  2.78      2.83      2.87      2.91      2.95         2.99      3.03      3.07 
h     344.7    1196.2      1202.8  1209.2  1215.3  1221.2  1227.0  1232.6  1238.1  1243.5  1248.8  1254.0  1259.2  1264.3 
n    0.5317  1.5552     1.5631  1.5706  1.5778  1.5846  1.5912  1.5975  1.6037  1.6096  1.6154  1.6211  1.6266  1.6320 

179  t            372.7            382.7  392.7    402.7    412.7  422.7    432.7    442.7    452.7    462.7  472.7  482.7    492.7 

V  0.02      2.55         2.59      2.63      2.68      2.72  2.77      2.81      2.85      2.89      2.94         2.98      3.02      3.06 
h     345.2    1196.3      1202.9  1209.3  1215.4  1221.3  1227.1  1232.7  1238.2  1243.6  1248.9  1254.2  1259.4  1264.5 
n    0.5322  1.5547     1.5626  1.5701  1.5773  1.584]  1.5907  1.5970  1.6032  1.6091  1.6149  1.6206  1.6261  1.6315 

180  t            373.1            383.1  393.1    403.1    413.1  423.1    433.1    443.1    453.1    463.1  473.1  483.1    493.1 

V  0.02      2.53         2.58      2.62      2.67      2.71  2.75      2.80      2.84      2.88      2.92         2.96      3.00      3.04 
h     345  6    1196.4      1203.0  1209.4  1215.5  1221.5  1227.2  1232.8  1238.4  1243.8  1249.1  1254.3  1259.5  1264.6 
n    0.5328  1.5543     1.5622  1.5697  1.5769  1.5838  1.5904  1.5967  1.6028  1.6088  1.6145  1.6201  1.6257  1.6311 

181  t            373.6            383.6  3y3.6    403.6    413.6  423.6    433.6    443.6    453.6    463.6  473.6  483.6    493.6 

V  0  02      2.52         2.57      2.61      2.65      2.70  2.74      2.78      2.82      2.86      2.91         2.95      2.99      3.03 
h     346.1    1196.5      1203.1  1209.5  1215.6  1221.6  1227.4  1233.0  1238.5  1243.9  1249.2  1254.5  1259.7  1264.8 
n    0.5334  1.5539     1.5619  1.5693  1.5765  1.5834  1.5900  1.5963  1.6025  1.6084  1.6141  1.6198  1.6253  1.6307 

182  t            374.0             384.0  394.0    404.0    414.0  424.0    434.0    444.0    454.0    464.0  474.0  484.0    494.0 

V  0  02      2.51         2.55      2.59      2.64      2.68  2.72      2.77      2.81      2.85      2.89         2.93      2.97      3.01 
h     346  6    1196.6      1203.2  1209.6  1215  8  1221.7  1227.5  1233.1  1238.6  1244.0  1249.3  1254.6  1259.8  1264.9 
n    0.5339  1.5534     1.5614  1.568b*  1.5761  1.5829  1.5895  1.5958  1.6020  1.6079  1.6137  1.6194  1.6249  1.6303 

183  t            374.5            384.5  394.5    404.5    414.5  424.5    434.5    444.5    454.5    464.5  474.5  484.5    494.5 

V  0  02      2.49         2.54      2.58      2.63      2.67  2.71      2.75      2.79      2.84      2.88         2.92      2.96      2.99 
h     347  1    1196.7     1203.3  1209.7  1215.9  1221.9  1227.7  1233.3  1238.8  1244.2  1249.5  1254.7  1259.9  1265.1 
n    0.5345  1.5530     1.5610  1.5685  1.5757  1.5826  1.5892  1.5955  1.6016  1.6076  1.6133  1.6189  1.6244  1.6298 

184  t            374  9            384.9  394.9    404.9    414.9  424.9    434.9    444.9    454.9    464.9  474.9  484.9    494.9 
0  02      2.48         2.52      2.56      2.61      2.66  2.70      2.74      2.78      2.82      2.86         2.90      2.94      2.98 

h     347  6    1196  8      1203.4  1209.8  1216.0  1222.0  1227.8  1233.4  1238.9  1244.3  1249.6  1254.9  1260.1  1265.2 

n    0  5351  1.5525     1.5605  1.5680  1.5752  1.5821  1.5887  1.5950  1.6011  1.6071  1.6129  1.6185  1.6240  1.6294 


V 


185  t  375  4  385.4    395.4    405.4  415.4  425.4  435.4  445.4    455.4  465.4  475.4  485.4  495.4 

V      0  02      2.47         2.51      2.55      2.60  2.64         2.68      2.72  2.76      2.81      2.85  2.89      2.93  2.97 

h     348  0    1196.8     1203.5  1210.0  1216.1  1222.1  1227.9  1233.5  1239.0  1244.4  1249.7  1255.0  1260.2  1265.3 

n    0.5356  1.5520     1.5600  1.5675  1.5748  1.5816  1.5882  1.5945  1.6007  1.6066  1.6124  1.6180  1.6235  1.6289 

385.8    395.8    405.8  415.8  425.8  435.8  445.8    455.8  465.8  475.8  485.8  495.8 

2.50      2.54      2.58  2.63         2.67      2.71  2.75      2.79      2.83  2.87      2.91  2.95 

1203.6  1210.1  1216.3  1222.2  1228.0  1233.7  1239.2  1244.6  1249.9  1255.2  1260.4  1265.5 

1.5596  1.5671  1.5744  1.5813  1.5879  1.5942  1.6003  1.6063  1.6120  1.6176  1.6231  1.6285 

386  3  396.3  406.3  416.3  426.3  436.3  446.3  456.3  466.3  476.3  486.3  496.3 

2  49   2.53   2.57  2.61    2.66   2.70  2.74   2.78   2.82  2.86  2.90  2.93 

1203  7  1210.2  1216.4  1222.3  1228.1  1233.8  1239.3  1244.7  1250.0  1255.3  1260.5  1265.6 

1.5.S91  1.5666  1.5739  1.5808  1.5874  1.5937  1.5998  1.6058  1.6116  1.6172  1.6227  1.6281 

(50) 


186  t 

375.8 

V 

0.02      2.46 

h 

348.5    1196.9 

n 

0.5362  1.5516 

187  t 

376.3 

V 

0.02      2.44 

h 

349.0    1197.0 

n 

0.5367  1.5511 

130°  140°   150°  160°  170°  180°  190°   200°  250°  300°  350"= 


Degrees  of  Superheat 

400°    500°    600° 


Press, 
lbs. 


500.8  510.8  520.8    530.8  540.8    550.8    560.8 
3.16  3.20         3.24      3.28  3.32      3.36      3.40 

1269.0  1274.1  1279.1  1284.2  1289.2  1294.2  1299.1 
1.6387  1.6439  1.6491  1.6542  1.6592  1.6642  1.6691 

501.3  511.3  521.3    531.3  541.3    551.3    561.3 

3.15  3.19         3.23      3.27  3.31      3.35      3.38 

1269.1  1274.2  1279.3  1284.3  1289.3  1294.3  1299.3 
1.6382  1.6434  1.6486  1.6537  1.6587  1.6637  1.6686 

501.7  511.7       521.7    531.7  541.7    551.7    561.7 

3.13  3.17         3.21      3.25  3.29      3.33      3.37 

1269.3  1274.4  1279.4  1284.5  1289.5  1294.5  1299.4 
1.6377  1.6429  1.6481  1.6532  1.6582  1.6632  1.6681 

502.2  512.2       522.2    532.2  542.2    552.2    562.2 

3.11  3.15         3.19      3.23  3.27      3.31      3.35 

1269.4  1274.5  1279.6  1284.6  1289.6  1294.6  1299.6 
1.6373  1.6425  1.6476  1.6527  1.6577  1.6627  1.6676 

502.7  512.7  522.7    532.7  542.7    552.7    562.7 

3.10  3.14         3.18      3.22  3.26      3.29      3.33 

1269.6  1274.7  1279.7  1284.8  1289.8  1294.8  1299.7 
1.6368  1.6420  1.6472  1.6523  1.6573  1.6622  1.6671 

503.1  513.1  523.1    533.1  543.1    553.1    563.1 

3.08  3.12         3.16      3.20  3.24      3.28      3.32 

1269.7  1274.8  1279.9  1284.9  1289.9  1294.9  1299.9 
1.6364  1.6416  1.6468  1.6519  1.6569  1.6618  1.6667 

503.6  513.6       523.6    533.6  543.6    553.6    563.6 

3.07  3.11         3.14      3.18  3.22      3.26      3.30 

1269.9  1275.0  1280.0  1285.1  1290.1  1295.1  1300.0 

1.6360  1.6412  1.6464  1.6515  1.6565  1.6614  1.6663 

504.0  514.0  524.0    534.0  544.0    554.0    564.0 

3.05  3.09         3.13      3.17  3.20      3.24      3.28 

1270.0  1275.1  1280.2  1285.2  1290.2  1295.2  1300.2 

1.6356  1.6408  1.6459  1.6510  1.6560  1.6609  1.6658 

504.5  514.5  524.5    534.5  544.5    554.5    564.5 

3.03  3.07         3.11      3.15  3.19      3.23      3.26 

1270.2  1275.3  1280.3  1285.4  1290.4  1295.4  1300.3 
1,6352  1.6404  1.6455  1.6506  1.6556  1.6605  1.6654 

504.9  514.9  524.9    534.9  544.9    554.9    564.9 
3.02  3.06         3.10      3.13  3.17      3.21      3.25 

1270.3  1275.4  1280.4  1285.5  1290.5  1295.5  1300.5 
1.6347  1.6400  1.6451  1.6501  1.6551  1.6601  1.6650 


570.8  620.8  670.8    720.8 
3  44      3.63  3.82      4.01 

1304.1  1328.7  1353.2  1377.5 
1.6740  1.6971  1.7193  1.7404 

571.3    621.3  671.3    721.3 

3.42      3.61  3.80      3.99 

1304.2  1328.9  1353.3  1377.7 
1.6735  1.6967  1.7188  1.7399 

571.7    621.7  671.7    721.7 

3.41      3.60  3.78      3.97 

1304.4  1329.0  1353.5  1377.8 
1.6730  1.6962  1.7183  1.7394 

572.2    622.2  672.2    722.2 

3.39      3.58  3.76      3.95 

1304.5  1329.2  1353.6  1378.0 
1.6725  1.6957  1.7178  1.7389 

572.7    622.7  672.7    722.7 

3.37      3.56  3.74      3.93 

1304.7  1329.3  1353.8  1378.2 
1.6720  1.6952  1.7173  1.7384 

573.1    623.1  673.1    723.1 

3.35      3.54  3.72      3.91 

1304.8  1329.5  1353.9  1378.3 
1.6716  1.6948  1.7169  1.7380 

573.6    623.6  673.6    723.6 

3.34      3.52  3.71      3.89 

1305.0  1329.6  1354.1  1378.5 
1.6712  1.6944  1.7165  1.7375 

574.0    624.0  674.0    724.0 

3.32      3.51  3.69      3.87 

1305.1  1329.8  1354.2  1378.6 
1.6707  1.6939  1.7160  1.7370 

574.5    624.5  674.5    724.5 

3.30      3.49  3.67      3.85 

1305.3  1329.9  1354.4  1378.8 
1.6703  1.6935  1.7156  1.7366 

574.9  624.9  674.9    724.9 
3.29      3.47  3.65      3.83 

1305.4  1330.0  1354.6  1379.0 
1.6699  1.6930  1.7151  1.7361 


770.8  870.8  970.8  t  176 
4.20      4.55  4.91  V 

1401.9  1450.5  1499.5  h 

1.7606  1.7987  1.8342  n 

771.3    871.3  971.3  t  176 

4.17      4.53  4.88  v 

1402.1  1450.7  1499.6  h 
1.7601  1.7982  1.8336  n 

771.7    871.7  971.7  t  177 

4.15      4.51  4.86  v 

1402.2  1450.9  1499.8  h 
1.7596  1.7977  1.8331  n 

772.2    872.2  972.2  t  178 

4.13      4.48  4.83  v 

1402.4  1451.0  1500.0  h 

1.7590  1.7971  1.8326  n 

772.7    872.7  972.7  t  179 

4.11      4.46  4.81  V 

1402.6  1451.2  1500.2  h 
1.7585  1.7966  1.8320  n 

773.1    873.1  973.1  t  180 

4.09      4.44  4.78  V 

1402.7  1451.4  1500.3  h 
1.7581  1.7%2  1.8316  n 

773.6    873.6  973.6  t  181 

4.07      4.42  4.76  v 

1402.9  1451.6  1500.5  h 

1.7577  1.7958  1.8312  n 

774.0    874.0  974.0  t  182 

4.04      4.40  4.74  v 

1403.0  1451.7  1500.7  h 

1.7572  1.7953  1.8307  n 

774.5    874.5  974.5  t  183 

4.02      4.37  4,71  v 

1403.2  1451.9  1500.9  h 

1.7568  1.7948  1.8302  n 

774.9  874.9  974.9  t  184 
4.00      4.35  4.69  v 

1403.4  1452.1  1501.1  h 

1.7563  1.7943  1.8297  n 


505.4    515.4  525.4    535.4  545.4    555.4    565.4 

3.01      3.04  3.08      3.12  3.16      3.19      3.23 

1270.5  1275.6  1280.6  1285.7  1290.7  1295.7  1300.6 
1.6342  1.6394  1.6446  1.6497  1.6547  1.6596  1.6645 

505.8    515.8  525.8    535.8  545.8    555.8    565.8 

2.99      3.03  3.07      3.10  3.14      3.18      3.22 

1270.6  1275.7  1280.7  1285.8  1290.8  1295.8  1300.8 
1.6339  1.6391  1.6442  1.6493  1.6543  1.6592  1.6641 

506.3    516.3  526.3    536.3  546.3    556.3    566.3 

2.97      3.01  3.05      3.09  3.13      3.16      3.20 

1270.7  1275.8  1280.9  1286.0  1291.0  1296  0  1.300.9 
1.6334  1.6386  1.6437  1.6488  1,6538  1,6587  1.6636 


575.4    625.4  675.4    725.4 

3.27      3.45  3.63      3.81 

1305.6  1330.2  1354.7  1379.1 
1.6694  1.6925  1.7146  1.7356 

575.8    625.8  675.8    725.8 

3.25      3.44  3.62      3.79 

1305.7  1330.3  1354.9  1379.3 
1.6690  1.6921  1.7142  1.7352 

576.3    626.3  676.3    726.3 

3.24      3.42  3.60      3.77 

1305  8  1330.5  1355.0  1379.4 

1.6685  1.6916  1.7137  1.7347 

(51) 


775.4    875.4  975.4  t  185 

3.98      4.33  4.67  v 

1403.5  1452.2  1501.2  h 

1.7558  1.7938  1.8292  n 

775.8    875.8  975.8  t  186 

3.96      4.31  4.64  v 

1403.7  1452.4  1501.4  h 
1.7554  1.7934  1.8288  n 

776.3    876.3  976.3  t  187 

3.94      4.29  4.62  v 

1403.8  1452.6  1501  6  h 
1.7549  1,7929  1.8282  n 


Table  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

10°   20°   30°  40°    50°   B0°   70°   80°   90°  100°  110°  120° 

386.7  396.7    406.7    416.7  426.7    436.7    446.7    456.7    466.7  476.7    486.7  496.7 
2.47      2.51      2.56      2.60  2.64      2.68      2.72      2.76      2.80  2.84      2.88  2.92 

1203.8  1210.3  1216.5  1222.5  1228.3  1234.0  1239.5  1244.9  1250.2  1255.5  1260.7  1265  8 
1.5587  1.5663  1.5735  1.5804  1.5870  1.5934  1.5995  1.6054  1.6111  1.6168  1.6223  1.6277 

387.2  397.2    407.2    417.2  427.2    437.2    447.2    457.2    467.2  477.2    487.2  497.2 
2.46      2.50      2.55      2.59  2.63      2.67      2.71      2.75      2.79  2.83      2.87  2.91 

1203.9  1210.4  1216.6  1222.6  1228.4  1234.1  1239.6  1245.0  1250.3  1255.6  1260.8  1265.9 
1.5582  1.5658  1.5731  1.5800  1.5866  1.5929  1.5990  1.6050  1.6107  1.6163  1.6218  1.6272 

387.6  397.6    407.6    417.6  427.6    437.6    447.6    457.6    467.6  477.6    487.6  497.6 

2.45      2.49      2.53      2.58  2.62      2.66      2.70      2.74      2.78  2.81      2.85  2.89 

1204.0  1210.5  1216.7  1222.7  1228.6  1234.3  1239.8  1245.1  1250.4  1255.7  1260.9  1266.1 
1.5579  1.5654  1.5727  1.5796  1.5862  1.5925  1.5986  1.6046  1.6103  1.6159  1.6214  1.6268 

388.0  398.0    408.0    418.0  428.0    438.0    448.0    458.0    468.0  478.0    488.0  498.0 

2.43      2.48      2.52      2.56  2.60      2.64      2.68      2.72      2.76  2.80      2.84  2.88 

1204.1  1210.6  1216.8  1222.8  1228.7  1234.4  1239.9  1245.3  1250.6  1255.8  1261.0  1266.2 
1.5575  1.5650  1.5723  1.5792  1.5858  1.5921  1.5983  1.6042  1.6100  1.6156  1.6211  1.6265 

388.5  398.5    408.5    418.5  428.5    438.5    448.5    458.5    468.5  478.5    488.5  498.5 
2.42      2.46      2.51      2.55  2.59      2.63      2.67      2.71      2.75  2.79      2.83  2.86 

1204.2  1210.7  1217.0  1223.0  1228.8  1234.5  1240.0  1245.4  1250.7  1256.0  1261.2  1266.3 
1.5571  1.5646  1.5719  1.5789  1.5855  1.5918  1.5979  1.6038  1.6096  1.6152  1.6207  1.6261 

388.9  398.9    408.9    418.9  428.9    438.9    448.9    458.9    468.9  478.9    488.9  498.9 

2.41      2.45      2.49      2.54  2.58      2.62      2.66      2.70      2.73  2.77      2.81  2.85 

1204.3  1210.8  1217.1  1223.1  1228.9  1234.6  1240.2  1245.6  1250.9  1256.1  1261.3  1266.4 
1.5566  1.5642  1.5715  1.5784  1.5850  1.5913  1.5974  1.6034  1.6092  1.6148  1.6203  1.6256 

389.3  399.3    409.3    419.3  429.3    439.3    449.3    459.3    469.3  479.3    489.3  499.3 
2.40      2.44      2.48      2.52  2.56      2.60      2.64      2.68      2.72  2.76      2.80  2.84 

1204.4  1211.0  1217.2  1223.2  1229.0  1234.7  1240.3  1245.7  1251.0  1256.3  1261.5  1266.6 
1.5562  1.5638  1.5711  1.5780  1.5846  1.5909  1.5971  1.6030  1.6088  1.6144  1.6199  1.6253 

389.8  399.8    409.8    419.8  429.8    439.8    449.8    459.8    469.8  479.8    489.8  499.8 
2.39      2.43      2.47      2.51  2.55      2.59      2.63      2.67      2.71  2.75      2.78  2.82 

1204.5  1211.1  1217.3  1223.3  1229.2  1234.9  1240.4  1245.8  1251.1  1256.4  1261.6  1266.7 
1.5557  1.5633  1.5706  1.5776  1.5842  1.5905  1.5966  1.6025  1.6083  1.6139  1.6194  1.6248 

390.2  400.2    410.2    420.2  430.2    440.2    450.2    460.2    470.2  480.2    490.2  500.2 

2.38      2.42      2.46      2.50  2.54      2.58      2.62      2.66      2.70  2.73      2.77  2.81 

1204.6  1211.2  1217.4  1223.4  1229.3  1235.0  1240.6  1246.0  1251.3  1256.5  1261.7  1266.8 
1.5553  1.5629  1.5702  1.5772  1.5838  1.5901  1.5962  1.6022  1.6079  1.6135  1.6190  1.6244 

390.6  400.6    410.6    420.6  430.6    440.6    450.6    460.6    470.6  480.6    490.6  500.6 
2.36  2.40      2.45      2.49  2.53      2.57      2.61      2.64      2.68  2.72      2.76  2.79 

1204.7  1211.3  1217.5  1223.6  1229.4  1235.1  1240.7  1246.1  1251.4  1256.7  1261.9  1267.0 
1.5549  1.5626  1.5699  1.5768  1.5834  1.5897  1.5958  1.6018  1.6076  1.6132  1.6187  1.6240 

391.0  401.0    411.0    421.0  431.0    441.0    451.0    461.0    471.0  481.0    491.0  501.0 

2.35      2.39      2.44      2.48  2.52      2.56      2.59      2.63      2.67  2.71      2.74  2.78 

1204.8  1211.4  1217.6  1223.7  1229.6  1235.3  1240.8  1246.2  1251.5  1256.8  1262.0  1267.1 
1.5546  1.5622  1.5695  1.5765  1.5831  1.5894  1.5955  1.6014  1.6072  1.6128  1.6183  1.6237 

391.4  401.4    411.4    421.4  431.4    441.4    451.4    461.4    471.4  481.4    491.4  501.4 
2.34  2.38      2.42      2.46  2.50      2.54      2.58      2.62      2.66  2.69      2.73  2.77 

1204.9  1211.5  1217.7  1223.8  1229.7  1235.4  1240.9  1246.3  1251.6  1256.9  1262.1  1267.2 
1.5542  1.5618  1.5691  1.5761  1.5827  1.5890  1.5951  1.6011  1.6068  1.6124  1.6179  1.6233 

t  =  temperature  in  F.  degs.    T-'  Fahr.  absolute  =  t '  +  45 9 . 6  '.  Internal  energy 

V=8p.  vol.  in  en,  ft,  per  lb,    J  — 777,5  ft,  lbs,  perB,t,u.  [log  =  2.89  071],  =  total  heat  — 144  Apv, 

h=totalheatinB,t,n,  A  =  i/j=  1,286  x  10-"'B,t,n.  per  ft,  lb,  [3,10  929],    Vahies  for  saturated  steam 

n=entropy.                           144  A=0.1852  [log  =  l,26  764].                               are  given  in  Tables  1  and  2. 

(52) 


Press, 
lbs. 

Sat. 
Water   Steam 

188  t 

V 

h 
n 

376.7 

0.02   2.43 

349.4  1197.1 

0.5373  1.5507 

189  t 

V 

h 
n 

377.2 

0.02   2.42 

349.9  1197.2 

0.5378  1.5502 

190  t 

V 

h 
n 

377.6 

0.02   2.41 

350.4  1197.3 

0.5384  1.5498 

191  t 

V 

h 
n 

378.0 

0.02   2.39 

350.8  1197.3 

0.5389  1.5494 

192  t 

V 

h 
n 

378.5 

0.02   2.38 

351.3  1197.4 

0.5395  1.5490 

193  t 

V 

h 
n 

378.9 

0.02   2.37 

351.7  1197.5 

0.5400  1.5485 

194  t 

V 

h 
n 

379.3 
0.02   2.36 
352.2  1197.6 
0.5405  1.5481 

196  t 

V 

h 
n 

379.8 

0.02   2.35 

352.7  1197.7 

0.5410  1.5476 

196  t 

V 

h 
n 

380.2 

0.02   2.34 

353.1  1197.8 

0.5416  1.5472 

197  t 

V 

h 
n 

380.6 

0.02   2.32 

353.6  1197.8 

0.5421  1.5468 

198  t 

V 

h 
n 

381.0 

0.02   2.31 

354.0  1197.9 

0.5426  1.5464 

199  t 

V 

h 
n 

381.4 

0.02   2.30 

354.4  1198.0 

0.5431  1.5460 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

130°  140°   150°  160°  170°  180°  190°  200°  250°  300°  350°  400°  500°  600°   t 

506  7    516  7  526.7    536.7    546.7    556.7    566.7  576.7    626.7    676.7    726.7  776.7    876.7  976.7  t  188 
2  96      3  00         3.04      3.07      3.11      3.15      3.18         3.22      3.40      3.58      3.75  3.92      4.26  4.60  v 

1270  9  1276  0  1281.0  1286.1  1291.1  12%.l  1301.0  1306.0  1330.6  1355.11379.6  1404.0  1452.7  1501.7  h 
1.6330  1.6382  1.6433  1.6484  1.6534  1.6583  1.6632  1.6681  1.6912  1.7133  1.7343  1.7544  1.7924  1.8278  n 

507  2    517  2  527.2    537.2    547.2    557.2    567.2  577.2    627.2    677.2    727.2  777.2    877.2  977.2  t  189 
2.95      2.98         3.02      3.06      3.10      3.13      3.17         3.20      3.38      3.56      3.73  3.91      4.24  4.58  v 

1271  0  1276.1  1281.2  1286.2  1291.2  1296.2  1301.2  1306.1  1330.8  1355.3  1379.7  1404.2  1452.9  1501.9  h 
1.6325  1.6378  1.6429  1.6479  1.6529  1.6578  1.6627  1.6676  1.6907  1.7128  1.7338  1.7539  1.7919  1.8273  n 

507.6    517.6  527.6    537.6    547.6    557.6    567.6  577.6    627.6    677.6    727.6  777.6    877.6  977.6  t  190 

2  93      2.97         3.00      3.04      3.08      3.12      3.15         3.19      3.37      3.55      3.72  3.89      4.22  4.55  V 

1271  2  1276.3  1281.3  1286.4  1291.4  1296.4  1301.3  1306.3  1330.9  1355.5  1379.9  1404.3  1453.1  1502.1  h 

1.6322  1.6374  1.6425  1.6475  1.6525  1.6574  1.6623  1.6672  1.6904  1.7124  1.7334  1.7535  1.7915  1.8269  n 

;08.0    518.0  528.0    538.0    548.0    558.0    568.0  578.0    628.0    678.0    728.0  778.0    878.0  978.0  t  191 

2.92      2.95         2.99      3.03      3.06      3.10      3.14        3.17      3.35      3.53      3.70  3.87      4.20  4.53  v 

1271.3  1276.4  1281.4  1286.5  1291.5  1296.5  1301.5  1306.4  1331.1  1355.6  1380.0  1404.5  1453.2  1502.2  h 

1.6318  1.6370  1.6421  1.6472  1.6522  1.6571  1.6619  1.6668  1.6900  1.7120  1.7330  1.7531  1.7911  1.8265  n 

508.5  518.5  528.5    538.5    548.5    558.5    568.5  578.5    628.5    678.5    728.5  778.5    878.5  978.5  t  192 
2.90      2.94         2.98      3.01      3.05      3.09      3.12         3.16      3.34      3.51      3.68  3.85      4.18  4.51  V 

1271.5  1276.6  1281.6  1286.7  1291.7  1296.7  1301.6  1306.6  1331.2  1355.8  1380.2  1404.6  1453.4  1502.4  h 
1.6314  1.6366  1.6417  1.6468  1.6518  1.6567  1.6616  1.6665  1.6896  1.7116  1.7326  1.7527  1.7907  1.8260  n 

508.9    518.9  528.9    538.9    548.9    558.9    568.9  578.9    628.9    678.9    728.9  778.9    878.9  978.9  t  193 

2.89      2.92         2.96      3.00      3.04      3.07      3.11         3.14      3.32      3.49      3.66  3.83      4.16  4.49  V 

1271.6  1276.7  1281.7  1286.8  1291.8  1296.8  1301.8  1306.7  1331.4  1355.9  1380.3  1404.8  1453.6  1502.6  h 
1.6309  1.6361  1.6412  1.6463  1.6513  1.6562  1.6611  1.6660  1.6891  1.7111  1.7321  1.7522  1.7902  1.8255  n 

509.3  519.3  529.3    539.3    549.3    559.3    569.3  579.3    629.3    679.3    729.3  779.3    879.3  979.3  t  194 
2.88      2.91         2.95      2.98      3.02      3.06      3.09         3.13      3.31      3.48      3.64  3.81      4.14  4.47  V 

1271.7  1276.8  1281.8  1286.9  1291.9  1296.9  1301.9  1306.8  1331.5  1356.1  1380.5  1404.9  1453.7  1502.7  h 
1.6306  1.6358  1.6409  1.6459  1.6509  1.6558  1.6607  1.6656  1.6887  1.7107  1.7317  1.7518  1.7897  1.8251  n 

509.8    519.8  529.8    539.8    549.8    559.8    569.8  579.8    629.8    679.8    729.8  779.8    879.8  979.8  t  195 

2.86      2.90         2.93      2.97      3.01      3.04      3.08         3.11      3.29      3.46      3.63  3.80      4.12  4.44  v 

1271.9  1277.0  1282.0  1287.1  1292.1  1297.1  1302.0  1307.0  1331.6  1356.2  1380.6  1415.1  1453.9  1502.9  h 

1.6301  1.6353  1.6404  1.6454  1.6504  1.6553  1.6602  1.6652  1.6882  1.7102  1.7312  1.7513  1.7892  1.8246  n 

510.2    520.2  530.2    540.2    550.2    560.2    570.2  580.2    630.2    680.2    730.2  780.2    880.2  980.2  t  196 

2.85      2.88         2.92      2.95      2.99      3.03      3.06         3.10      3.28      3.45      3.61  3.78      4.11  4.42  V 

1272.0  1277.1  1282.1  1287.2  1292.2  1297.2  1302.2  1307.1  1331.8  1356.4  1380.8  1405.2  1454.0  1503.0  h 
1.6297  1.6349  1.6400  1.6450  1.6500  1.6549  1.6598  1.6647  1.6878  1.7098  1.7308  1.7509  1.7888  1.8242  n 

510.6  520.6  530.6    540.6    550.6    560.6    570.6  580.6    630.6    680.6    730.6  780.6    880.6  980.6  t  197 
2.83      2.87         2.90      2.94      2.98      3.01      3.05         3.08      3.26      3.43      3.59  3.76      4.09  4.40  V 

1272.1  1277.2  1282.2  1287.3  1292.4  1297.4  1302.3  1307.2  1331.9  1356.5  1381.0  1405.4  1454.2  1503.2  h 
1.6293  1.6345  1.6396  1.6446  1.6496  1.6545  1.6594  1.6643  1.6874  1.7094  1.7304  1.7505  1.7884  1.8237  n 

511.0    521.0       531.0    541.0    551.0    561.0    571.0  581.0    631.0    681.0    731.0  781.0    881.0  981.0  t  198 

2.82      2.85         2.89      2.93      2.%      3.00      3.03         3.07      3.24      3.41      3.58  3.74      4.07  4.38  V 

1272.3  1277.4  1282.4  1287.5  1292.5  1297.5  1302.4  1307.3  1332.1  1356.7  1381.1  1405.6  1454.4  1503.4  h 
1.6290  1.6342  1.6393  1.6443  1.6493  1.6542  1.6591  1.6640  1.6870  1.7090  1.7300  1.7501  1.7880  1.8233  n 

511.4  521.4  531.4    541.4    551.4    561.4    571.4  581.4    631.4    681.4    731.4  781.4    881.4  981.4  t  199 
2.81      2.84         2.88      2.91      2.95      2.98      3.02         3.06      3.23      3.40      3.56  3.72      4.05  4.36  V 

1272.4  1277.5  1282.5  1287.6  1292.6  1297.6  1302.6  1307.5  1332.2  1356.8  1381.3  1405.7  1454.5  1503.5  h 
1.6286  1.6338  1.6389  1.6439  1.6489  1.6538  1.6587  1,6636  1.6866  1.7086  1.7296  1.7497  1.7876  1.8229  n 

Conversion  from  Metric  Units 

1kg.  per  sq,  cm, -14.22  lbs.  per  sq,  in.  [log- 1.15  300].    1  en.  meter=  35.31  cu.  ft,  [log=  1.54  795], 

To  change  degs.  C.  to  degs.  F.,  mnltiply  hy  t,  and  add  32.    To  chanpe  mean  kg. 

calories  per  kg.  to  mean  B.t.u.  per  lb.,  mnltiply  by  h    Entropy  same  in  both  systems. 

^53) 


Table  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

t  Water  sfeam  10°   20°   30°   40°    50°   60°   70°   80°   90°   100°  110°  120° 

200  t  381.9  391.9    401.9    411.9    421.9       431.9    441.9    451.9    461.9    471.9  481 9    491 9    SOI  9 

V  0.02      2.29  2.33      2.37      2.41      2.45         2.49      2.53      2.57      2.61      2.64         2.68      2  72      2  76 
h  354.9    1198.1  1205.0  1211.6  1217.8  1223.9  1229.8  1235.5  1241.1  1246.5  1251.8  1257.1  1262  3  1267  4 
n  0.5437  1.5456  1.5538  1.5614  1.5687  1.5757     1.5823  1.5886  1.5947  1.6007  1.6064  1.6120  1.6175  1.6229 

201  t  382.3  392.3    402.3    412.3    422.3       432.3    442.3    452.3    462.3    472.3  482.3    492.3    502  3 

V  0.02      2.28  2.32      2.36      2.40      2.44         2.48      2.52      2.56      2.59      2.63         2  67      2  71      2  74 
h  355.3    1198.2  1205.11211.7  1218.0  1224.0  1229.9  1235.6  1241.2  1246.6  12519  12572  1262  4  1267  5 
n  0.5442  1.5452  1.5534  1.5610  1.5683  1.5753  1.5820  1.5883  1.5944  1.6003  1.6061  1.6117  1.6172  1.6225 

202  t  382.7  392.7    402.7    412.7    422.7       432.7    442.7    452.7    462.7    472.7  482  7    492  7    502  7 

V  0.02      2.27  2.31      2.35      2.39      2.43         2.47      2.51      2.55      2.58      2.62         2.66      2  70      2  73 
h  355.8    1198.2  1205.2  1211.8  1218.1  1224.1  1230.0  1235.7  1241.3  1246.7  1252.0  1257.3  1262  5  1267  6 
n  0.5447  1.5448  1.5530  1.5607  1.5680  1.5750  1.5816  1.5879  1.5940  1.6000  1.6057  1.6113  1.6168  1.6221 

203  t  383.1  393.1    403.1    413.1    423.1       433.1    443.1    453.1    463.1    473.1  483.1    493 1    503 1 

V  0.02      2.26  2.30      2.34      2.38      2.42         2.46      2.50      2.53      2.57      2.61         2.64      2  68      2  72 
h  356.2    1198.3  1205.3  1211.9  1218.2  1224.2  1230.1  1235.8  1241.4  1246.8  1252.2  1257.5  1262  7  1267  8 
n  0.5452  1.5444  1.5526  1.5603  1.5676  1.5746  1.5812  1.5875  1.5936  1.5996  1.6053  1.6109  1.6164  1.6218 

204  t  383.5  393.5    403.5    413.5    423.5  433.5    443.5    453.5    463.5    473.5  483.5    493.5    503.5 

V  0.02      2.25  2.29      2.33      2.37      2.41         2.45      2.48      2.52      2.56      2.60         2.63      2.67      2.70 
h  356.7    1198.4  1205.4  1212.0  1218.3  1224.4  1230.3  1236.0  1241.6  1247.0  1252.3  1257.6  1262  8  1267  9 
n  0.5458  1.5440  1.5522  1.5599  1.5672  1.5742  1.5809  1.5872  1.5933  1.5992  1.6050  1.6106  1.6161  1.6214 

205  t  384.0  394.0    404.0    414.0    424.0  434.0    444.0    454.0    464.0    474.0  484.0    494.0    504  0 

V  0.02      2.24  2.28      2.32      2.36      2.40         2.44      2.47      2.51      2.55      2.58         2.62      2.66      2  69 
h  357.1    1198.5  1205.4  1212.1  1218.4  1224.5  1230.4  1236.1  1241.7  1247.1  1252.4  1257.7  1262.9  1268  0 
n  0.5463  1.5436  1.5518  1.5595  1.5669  1.5739  1.5805  1.5868  1.5929  1.5988  1.6046  1.6102  1.6157  1.6210 

206  t  384.4  394.4    404.4    414.4    424.4  434.4    444.4    454.4    464.4    474.4  484.4    494.4    504  4 

V  0.02      2.23  2.27      2.31      2.35      2.38         2.42      2.46      2.50      2.54      2.57         2.61      2.64      2.68 
h  357.5    1198.5  1205.5  1212.2  1218.5  1224.6  1230.5  1236.2  1241.8  1247.2  1252.5  1257.8  1263.0  1268.2 
n  0.5468  1.5432  1.5514  1.5591  1.5665  1.5735  1.5801  1.5864  1.5925  1.5984  1.6042  1.6098  1.6153  1.6206 

207  t  384.8  394.8    404.8    414.8    424.8  434.8    444.8    454.8    464.8    474.8  484.8    494.8    504.8 

V  0.02      2.22  2.26      2.29      2.33      2.37         2.41      2.45      2.49      2.52      2.56         2.60      2.63      2.67 
h  358.0   1198.6  1205.6  1212.3  1218.6  1224.7  1230.6  1236.3  1241.9  1247.3  1252.7  1258.0  1263.2  1268.3 
n  0.5473  1.5428  1.5511  1.5588  1.5662  1.5731  1.5798  1.5861  1.5922  1.5981  1.6038  1.6094  1.6150  1.6203 

208  t  385.2  395.2    405.2    415.2    425.2  435.2    445.2    455.2    465.2    475.2  485.2    495.2    505.2 

V  0.02      2.21  2.25      2.28      2.32      2.36         2.40      2.44      2.48      2.51      2.55  2.58      2.62      2.66 
h  358.4    1198.7  1205.7  1212.4  1218.7  1224.8  1230.7  1236.4  1242.0  1247.4  1252.8  1258.1  1263.3  1268.4 
n  0.5478  1.5424  1.5507  1.5584  1.5658  1.5728  1.5794  1.5857  1.5918  1.5977  1.6035  1.6091  1.6146  1.6199 

209  t  385.6  395.6    405.6    415.6    425.6  435.6    445.6    455.6    465.6    475.6  485.6    495.6    505.6 

V  0.02      2.20  2.24      2.27      2.31      2.35         2.39      2.43      2.46      2.50      2.54  2.57      2.61      2.64 
h  358.8    1198.8  1205.8  1212.5  1218.8  1224.9  1230.9  1236.6  1242.2  1247.6  1252.9  1258.2  1263.4  1268.6 
n  0.5483  1.5420  1.5503  1.5580  1.5654  1.5724  1.5790  1.5853  1.5914  1.5974  1.6031  1.6087  1.6142  1.6195 

210  t  386.0  396.0    406.0    416.0    426.0  436.0    446.0    456.0    466.0    476.0  486.0    496.0    506.0 

V  0.02      2.19  2.23      2.26      2.30      2.34         2.38      2.42      2.45      2.49      2.53  2.56      2.60      2.63 
h  359.2    1198.8  1205.9  1212.6  1219.0  1225.1  1231.0  1236.7  1242.3  1247.7  1253.1  1258.4  1263.6  1268.7 
n  0.5488  1.5416  1.5499  1.5576  1.5650  1.5720  1.5787  1.5850  1.5911  1.5970  1.6028  1.6084  1.6138  1.6191 

211  t  386.4  396.4    406.4    416.4    426.4  436.4    446.4    456.4    466.4    476.4  486.4    496.4    506.4 

V  0.02      2.18  2.22      2.25      2.29      2.33         2.37      2.41      2.44      2.48      2.52  2.55      2.59      2.62 
h  359.6    1198.9  1206.0  1212.7  1219.1  1225.2  1231.1  1236.8  1242.4  1247.8  1253.2  1258.5  1263.7  1268.8 
n  0.5493  1.5413  1.5496  1.5573  1.5647  1.5718  1.5784  1.5847  1.5908  1.5%7  1.6025  1.6081  1.6136  1.6189 

212  t  386.8  396.8    406.8    416.8    426.8  436.8    446.8    456.8    466.8    476.8  486.8    496.8    506.8 

V  0.02      2.17  2.21      2.24      2.28      2.32  2.36      2.40      2.43      2.47      2.50  2.54      2.58      2.61 
h  360.1    1199.0  1206.1  1212.8  1219.2  1225.3  1231.2  1237.0  1242.6  1248.0  1253.3  1258.6  1263.8  1268.9 
n  0.5498  1.5409  1.5492  1.5570  1.5644  1.5714  1.5780  1.5843  1.5904  1.5964  1.6021  1.6077  1.6132  1.6185 

(54) 


Degrees  of  Superheat 

130°  140°   150°  160°  170°  180°  190°   200°  250°  300°  350°  400°  500°  600°   t 

511.9  521.9  531.9  541.9    551.9    561.9    571.9       581.9  631.9    681.9    731.9  781.9    881.9    981.9  t  200 

2.79  2.83         2.86      2.90      2.94      2.97      3.00         3.04  3.21      3.38      3.54  3.71      4.03      4.34  V 

1272.5  1277.6  1282.6  1287.7  1292.8  1297.8  1302.7  1307.7  1332.4  1357.0  1381.4  1405.9  1454.7  1503.7  h 
1.6282  1.6334  1.6385  1.6435  1.6485  1.6534  1.6583  1.6632  1.6862  1.7082  1.7291  1.7493  1.7872  1.8225  n 

512.3  522.3  532.3  542.3    552.3    562.3    572.3       582.3  632.3    682.3    732.3  782.3    882.3    982.3  t  201 
2.78  2.81         2.85      2.88      2.92      2.96      2.99         3.03  3.20      3.37      3.53  3.69      4.01      4.32  V 

1272.6  1277.7  1282.8  1287.8  1292.9  1297.9  1302.8  1307.8  1332.5  1357.1  1381.6  1406.0  1454.8  1503.9  h 
1.6278  1.6330  1.6381  1.6431  1.6481  1.6530  1.6579  1.6628  1.6858  1.7078  1.7287  1.7488  1.7867  1.8221  n 

512.7  522.7  532.7  5^2.7    552.7    562.7    572.7  582.7  632.7    682.7    732.7  782.7    882.7    982.7  t  202 
2.77  2.80  2.84      2.87      2.91      2.94      2.98         3.01  3.18      3.35      3.51  3.67      3.99      4.30  v 

1272.8  1277.9  1282.9  1288.0  1293.0  1298.0  1303.0  1307.9  1332.6  1357.2  1381.7  1406.2  1455.0  1504  0  h 
1.6274  1.6326  1.6377  1.6427  1.6477  1.6526  1.6575  1.6624  1.6854  1.7074  1.7283  1.7484  1.7863  1.8216  n 

513.1  523.1  533.1  543.1    553.1    563.1    573.1       583.1  633.1    683.1    733.1  783 1    883.1    983.1  t  203 
2.76  2.79         2.82      2.86      2.90      2.93      2.96         3.00  3.17      3.34      3.50  3.66      3.97      4.28  v 

1272.9  1278.0  1283.1  1288.2  1293.2  1298.2  1303.1  1308.1  1332.8  1357.4  1381.9  1406.3  1455.2  1504.2  h 
1.6271  1.6323  1.6374  1.6424  1.6474  1.6523  1.6571  1.6620  1.6850  1.7070  1.7279  1.7480  1.7859  1.8212  n 

513.5  523.5  533.5  543.5    553.5    563.5    573.5  583.5  633.5    683.5    733.5  783.5    883.5    983.5  t  204 
2.74  2.78  2.81  2.85      2.88      2.92      2.95         2.98  3.15      3.32      3.48  3.64      3.95      4.26  v 

1273.0  1278.1  1283.2  1288.3  1293.3  1298.3  1303.2  1308.2  1332.9  1357.5  1382.0  1406.5  1455.3  1504  4  h 

1.6267  1.6319  1.6370  1.6420  1.6470  1.6519  1.6567  1.6616  1.6846  1.7066  1.7275  1.7476  1.7855  1.8208  n 

514.0  524.0  534.0  544.0    554.0    564.0    574.0  584.0  634.0    684.0    734.0  784.0    884.0    984.0  t  205 

2.73  2.76  2.80      2.83      2.87      2.90      2.94         2.97  3.14      3.30      3.46  3.62      3.93      4.24  v 

1273.2  1278.3  1283.3  1288.4  1293.4  1298.4  1303.3  1308.3  1333.0  1357.7  1382.1  1406.6  1455.5  1504.6  h 
1.6263  1.6315  1.6366  1.6416  1.6466  1.6515  1.6564  1.6613  1.6842  1.7062  1.7271  1.7472  1.7851  1.8204  n 

514.4  524.4  534.4  544.4    554.4    564.4    574.4  584.4  634.4    684.4    734.4  784.4    884.4    984.4  t  206 
2.72  2.75  2.79      2.82      2.86      2.89      2.92         2.96  3.13      3.29      3.45  3.61      3.92      4.22  v 

1273.3  1278.4  1283.5  1288.6  1293.6  1298.6  1303.5  1308.5  1333.2  1357.8  1382.3  1406.8  1455.6  1504.7  h 
1.6259  1.6311  1.6362  1.6412  1.6462  1.6511  1.6560  1.6609  1.6838  1.7058  1.7267  1.7468  1.7847  1.8200  n 

514.8  524.8  534.8  544.8    554.8    564.8    574.8  584.8  634.8    684.8    734.8  784.8    884.8    984.8  t  207 
2.70  2.74  2.77  2.81      2.84      2.88      2.91         2.94  3.11      3.27      3.43  3.59      3.90      4  21  v 

1273.4  1278.5  1283.6  1288.7  1293.7  1298.7  1303.6  1308.6  1333.3  1358.0  1382.4  1406.9  1455.8  1504  9  h 
1.6255  1.6307  1.6358  1.6408  1.6458  1.6507  1.6556  1.6605  1.6835  1.7054  1.7263  1.7464  1.7843  1.8196  n 

515.2  525.2  535.2  545.2    555.2    565.2    575.2  585.2  635.2    685.2    735.2  785.2    885.2    985.2  t  208 
2.69  2.73  2.76  2.80      2.83      2.86      2.90         2.93  3.10      3.26      3.42  3.58      3.89      419  v 

1273.6  1278.7  1283.7  1288.8  1293.8  1298.8  1303.8  1308.8  1333.5  1358.1  1382.6  1407.0  1455.9  1505.0  h 
1.6252  1.6304  1.6355  1.6405  1.6455  1.6504  1.6552  1.6601  1.6831  1.7050  1.7259  1.7460  1.7839  1.8191  n 

515.6  525.6  535.6  545.6    555.6    565.6    575.6  585.6  635.6    685.6    735.6  785.6    885.6    985.6  t  209 
2.68  2.71  2.75  2.78      2.81      2.85      2.88         2.92  3.09      3.25      3.40  3.56      3.87      4  17  v 

1273.7  1278.8  1283.8  1288.9  1293.9  1298.9  1303.9  1308.9  1333.6  1358.2  1382.7  1407.2  1456  1  1505  2  h 
1.6248  1.6300  1.6351  1.6401  1.6451  1.6500  1.6548  1.6597  1.6827  1.7046  1.7255  1.7456  1.7834  1.8187  n 

516.0  526.0  536.0  546.0    556.0    566.0    576.0  586.0  636.0    686.0    736.0  786.0    886.0    986  0  t  210 

2.67  2.70  2.74  2.77      2.80      2.84      2.87         2.91  3.07      3.23      3.39  3.54      3.85      4  15  v 

1273.8  1278.9  1284.0  1289.0  1294.0  1299.0  1304.0  1309.0  1333.7  1358.4  1382.8  1407  3  1456  2  1505  3  h 
1.6244  1.6296  1.6347  1.6397  1.6447  1.6496  1.6544  1.6593  1.6823  1.7042  1.7251  1.7452  1.7830  1.8183  n 

516.4  526.4  536.4  546.4    556.4    566.4    576.4  586.4  636.4    686.4    736.4  786.4    886  4    986  4  t  211 

2.66  2.69  2.72  2.76      2.79      2.83      2.86         2.89  3.06      3.22      3.37  3.53      3.84      413  V 

1274.0  1278.1  1284.11289.2  1294.2  1299.2  1304.2  1309.2  1333.9  1358.5  1383.0  1407.5  1456  4  1505  5  h 
1.6241  1.6293  1.6344  1.6394  1.644^  1.6493  1.6541  1.6590  1.6820  1.7039  1.7248  1.7449  1.7827  1.8180  n 

516.8  526.8  536.8  546.8    556.8    566.8    576.8  586.8  636.8    686.8    736.8  786.8    886.8    986  8  t  212 

2.64  2.68  2.71  2.75      2.78      2.82      2.85         2.88  3.04      3.20      3.36  3.51      3  82      4.12  v 

1274.1  1278.2  1284.3  1289.3  1294.3  1299.3  1304.3  1309.3  1334.0  1358.7  1383.1  1407  6  1456  5  1505  6  h 
1.6237  1.6289  1.6340  1.6390  1.6440  1.6489  1.6538  1.6587  1.6816  1.7035  1.7244  1.7445  1.7823  1.8176  n 

(55) 


Table  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

10°   20°   30°   40°    50°   60°  70°   80°   90°  100°  110°  120° 

397.2    407.2    417.2    427.2  437.2    447.2    457.2    467.2    477.2  487.2    497.2    507.2 

2.20      2.23      2.27      2.31         2.35      2.38      2.42      2.46      2.49  2.53      2.56      2.60 

1206.2  1212.9  1219.3  1225.4  1231.3  1237.1  1242.7  1248.1  1253.4  1258.7  1263.9  1269.1 

1.5488  1.5566  1.5640  1.5710  1.5777  1.5840  1.5901  1.5960  1.6017  1.6073  1.6128  1.6181 

397.6    407.6    417.6    427.6  437.6    447.6    457.6    467.6    477.6  487.6    497.6    507.6 

2.19      2.22      2.26      2.30         2.34      2.37      2.41      2.45      2.48  2.52      2.55      2.59 

1206.2  1213.0  1219.4  1225.6  1231.5  1237.2  1242.8  1248.3  1253.6  1258.8  1264.0  1269.2 
1.5484  1.5562  1.5636  1.5706  1.5773  1.5836  1.5897  1.5956  1.6014  1.6070  1.6124  1.6177 

398.0  408.0    418.0    428.0  438.0    448.0    458.0    468.0    478.0  488.0    498.0    508.0 
2.18      2.21      2.25      2.29         2.33      2.36      2.40      2.43      2.47  2.51      2.54      2.57 

1206.3  1213.1  1219.5  1225.7  1231.6  1237.3  1242.9  1248.3  1253.7  1259.0  1264.2  1269.3 
1.5481  1.5559  1.5633  1.5703  1.5770  1.5833  1.5894  1.5953  1.6011  1.6067  1.6121  1.6174 

398.4  408.4    418.4    428.4  438.4    448.4    458.4    468.4    478.4  488.4    498.4    508.4 
2.17      2.20      2.24      2.28         2.32      2.35      2.39      2.42      2.46  2.49      2.53      2.56 

1206.4  1213.2  1219.6  1225.8  1231.7  1237.4  1243.0  1248.4  1253.8  1259.1  1264.3  1269.4 
1.5478  1.5556  1.5630  1.5700  1.5767  1.5830  1.5891  1.5950  1.6007  1.6063  1.6118  1.6172 

398.8  408.8    418.8    428.8  438.8    448.8    458.8    468.8    478.8  488.8    498.8    508.8 
2.16      2.19      2.23      2.27         2.31      2.34      2.38      2.41      2.45  2.48      2.52      2.55 

1206.5  1213.3  1219.7  1225.9  1231.8  1237.6  1243.2  1248.6  1253.9  1259.2  1264.4  1269.6 
1.5474  1.5552  1.5626  1.5696  1.5763  1.5826  1.5887  1.5946  1.6004  1.6059  1.6113  1.6167 

399.1  409.1    419.1    429.1       439.1    449.1    459.1    469.1    479.1  489.1    499.1    509.1 
2.15      2.18      2.22      2.26         2.30      2.33      2.37      2.40      2.44  2.47      2.51      2.54 

1206.6  1213.4  1219.8  1226.0  1231.9  1237.7  1243.3  1248.7  1254.0  1259.3  1264.5  1269.7 
1.5470  1.5548  1.5622  1.5693  1.5759  1.5822  1.5883  1.5943  1.6000  1.6055  1.6110  1.6164 

399.5  409.5    419.5    429.5       439.5    449.5    459.5    469.5    479.5  489.5    499.5    509.5 
2.14      2.17      2.21      2.25         2.29      2.32      2.36      2.39      2.43  2.46      2.50      2.53 

1206.7  1213.5  1219.9  1226.1  1232.0  1237.8  1243.4  1248.9  1254.2  1259.4  1264.6  1269.8 
1.5467  1.5545  1.5619  1.5690  1.5756  1.5819  1.5880  1.5940  1.5997  .  1.6052  1.6107  1.6161 

399.9  409.9    419.9    429.9       439.9    449.9    459.9    469.9    479.9  489.9    499.9    509.9 
2.13      2.16      2.20      2.24         2.28      2.31      2.35      2.38      2.42  2.45      2.49      2.52 

1206.8  1213.6  1220.0  1226.2  1232.2  1237.9  1243.5  1248.9  1254.3  1259.6  1264.8  1269.9 
1.5463  1.5541  1.5616  1.5686  1.5753  1.5816  1.5877  1.5936  1.5993  1.6049  1.6104  1.6157 

400.3    410.3    420.3    430.3       440.3    450.3    460.3    470.3    480.3  490.3    500.3    510.3 

2.12      2.15      2.19      2.23         2.27      2.30      2.34      2.37      2.41  2.44      2.48      2.51 

1206.8  1213.7  1220.1  1226.3  1232.3  1238.0  1243.6  1249.0  1254.4  1259.7  1264.9  1270.0 
1.5460  1.5538  1.5613  1.5683  1.5750  1.5813  1.5874  1.5933  1.5990  1.6046  1.6101  1.6154 

400.7    410.7    420.7    430.7       440.7    450.7    460.7    470.7    480.7  490.7    500.7    510.7 

2.11      2.14      2.18      2.22         2.26      2.29      2.33      2.36      2.40  2.43      2.47      2.50 

1206.9  1213.8  1220.2  1226.4     1232.4  1238.2  1243.8  1249.2  1254.5  1259.8  1265.0  1270.2 
1.5456  1.5535  1.5609  1.5680     1.5747  1.5810  1.5871  1.5930  1.5987  1.6043  1.6098  1.6151 

401.1    411.1    421.1    431.1       441.1    451.1    461.1    471.1    481.1  491.1    501.1    511.1 

2.10      2.13      2.17      2.21         2.25      2.28      2.32      2.35      2.39  2.42      2.46      2.49 

1207.0  1213.9  1220.3  1226.5      1232.5  1238.3  1243.9  1249.3  1254.6  1259.9  1265.1  1270.3 
1.5453  1.5532  1.5606  1.5677     1.5744  1.5807  1.5868  1.5927  1.5984  1.6040  1.6095  1.6148 

401.5    411.5    421.5    431.5       441.5    451.5    461.5    471.5    481.5  491.5    501.5    511.5 

2.10      2.13      2.16      2.20         2.24      2.27      2.31      2.34      2.38  2.41      2.44      2.48 

1207.1  1214.0  1220.4  1226.6      1232.6  1238.4  1244.0  1249.5  1254.8  1260.0  1265.2  1270.4 
1.5450  1.5528  1.5603  1.5674     1.5740  1.5803  1.5864  1.5923  1.5980  1.6036  1.6091  1.6145 

t  =  temperature  in  F.  degs.    T°  Fahr,  absolute  =  ^^4-  459.6",  Internal  energy 

V=8p.  vol.  in  cu.  ft,  per  lb.    Z~lll,b  ft.  lbs.  per  B.t.n.  [log  =  2.89  071].  =total  heat- 144  Apv, 

h=  total  heat  in  B.t.u.          A  =  Vj  =  1,286  XIQ-^  B.t.u.  per  ft.  lb,  [3.10  929].    Values  for  saturated  steam 
n=entroBy.                            144  A  =  0.1852  [log=  1.26  764].                                are  given  in  Tables  1  and  2. 

(56) 


Press, 
lbs. 

Sat. 
Water  Steam 

213  t 

V 

h 
n 

387.2 
0.02   2.16 
360.5  1199.1 
0.5503  1.5405 

214  t 

V 

h 
n 

387.6 

0.02   2.15 

360.1  1199.1 

0.5508  1.5401 

215  t 

V 

h 
n 

388.0 
0.02   2.14 
361.4  1199.2 
0.5513  1.5398 

216  t 

V 

h 
n 

388.4 

0.02   2.13 

361.8  1199.3 

0.5518  1.5394 

217  t 

V 

h 
n 

388.8 
0.02   2.12 
362.2  1199.4 
0.5523  1.5390 

218  t 

V 

h 
n 

389.1 
0.02   2.11 
362.6  1199.4 
0.5528  1.5386 

219  t 

V 

h 
n 

389.5 

0.02   2.10 

363.0  1199.5 

0.5533  1.5383 

220  t 

V 

h 

n 

389.9 

0.02   2.09 

363.4  1199.6 

0.5538  1.5379 

221  t 

V 

h 
n 

390.3 

0.02   2.08 

363.8  1199.6 

0.5543  1.5376 

222  t 

V 

h 
n 

390.7 

0.02   2.07 

364.2  1199.7 

0.5548  1.5372 

223  t 

V 

h 
n 

391.1 

0.02   2.06 

364.6  1199.8 

0.5553  1.5369 

224  t 

V 

h 
n 

391.5 

0.02   2.06 

365.0  1199.8 

0.5557  1.5365 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

13(r  140°  150°  160°  170°  180°  190°  200°  250°  300°  350°  400°  500°  600°   ''ibT 

517  2    527  2  537.2  547.2    557.2    567.2  577.2  587.2  637.2    687.2  737.2  787.2  887.2  987.2  t  213 

2  63      2  67  2.70  2.74      2.77      2.80  2.83  2.87  3.03      3.19  3.34  3.50  3.80  4.10  v 

1274  2  1279  3  1284.4  1289.4  1294.4  1299.4  1304.4  1309.4  1334.1  1358.7  1383.3  1407.8  1456.7  1505.8  h 

1.6234  1.6286  1.6337  1.6387  1.6437  1.6486  1.6534  1.6583  1.6812  1.7031  1.7240  1.7441  1.7819  1.8172  n 

517  6    527  6  537.6  547.6    557.6    567.6  577.6  587.6  637.6    687.6  737.6  787.6  887.6  987.6  t  214 

2  62      2  66  2.69  2.72      2.76      2.79  2.82  2.86  3.02      3.18  3.33  3.48  3.79  4.08  V 

1274  3  1279.4  1284.5  1289.6  1294.6  1299.6  1304.6  1309.6  1334.3  1358.9  1383.4  1407.9  1456.8  1506.0  h 

1.6230  1.6282  1.6333  1.6383  1.6433  1.6482  1.6530  1  6579  1.6808  1.7027  1.7236  1.7437  1.7815  1.8167  n 

518.0  528.0  538.0  548.0    558.0    568.0  578.0  588.0  638.0    688.0  738.0  788.0  888.0  988.0  t  215 
2  61      2.64  2.68  2.71      2.74      2.78  2.81  2.84  3.00      3.16  3.31  3.47  3.78  4.06  V 

1274.5  1279.6  1284.6  1289.7  1294.7  1299.7  1304.7  1309.7  1334.4  1359.1  1383.6  1408.0  1457.0  1506.1  h 
1.6227  1.6279  1.6330  1.6380  1.6430  1.6479  1.6527  1.6576  1.6805  1.7024  1.7233  1.7434  1.7812  1.8164  n 

518.4  528.4  538.4  548.4    558.4    568.4  578.4  588.4  638.4    688.4  738.4  788.4  888.4  988.4  t  216 
2.60      2.63  2.66  2.70      2.73      2.77  2.80  2.83  2.99      3.15  3.30  3.45  3.76  4.04  v 

1274.6  1279.7  1284.8  1289.8  1294.8  1299.8  1304.8  1309.8  1334.6  1359.2  1383.7  1408.2  1457.1  1506.2  h 
1.6224  1.6275  1.6326  1.6376  1.6426  1.6475  1.6523  1.6572  1.6802  1.7020  1.7229  1.7430  1.7808  1.8160  n 

518.8  528.8  538.8  548.8    558.8    568.8  578.8  588.8  638.8    688.8  738.8  788.8  888.8  988.8  t  217 
2.59      2.62  2.65  2.69      2.72      2.75  2.78  2.82  2.98      3.14  3.29  3.44  3.74  4.03  V 

1274.7  1279.8  1284.9  1289.9  1295.0  1300.0  1304.9  1309.9  1334.7  1359.4  1383.8  1408.4  1457.3  1506.4  h 
1.6220  1.6272  1.6322  1.6372  1.6422  1.6471  1.6519  1.6568  1.6798  1.7016  1.7225  1.7426  1.7804  1.8156  n 

519.1  529.1  539.1  549.1    559.1    569.1  579.1  589.1  639.1    689.1  739.1  789.1  889.1  989.1  t  218 
2.58      2.61  2.64  2.68      2.71      2.74  2.77  2.80  2.96      3.12  3.27  3.42  3.72  4.01  v 

1274.8  1279.9  1285.0  1290.0  1295.1  1300.1  1305.1  1310.1  1334.8  1359.4  1384.0  1408.5  1457.4  1506.6  h 
1.6216  1.6268  1.6318  1.6368  1.6419  1.6468  1.6516  1.6565  1.6794  1.7012  1.7221  1.7422  1.7800  1.8152  n 

519.5  529.5  539.5  549.5     559.5    569.5  579.5  589.5  639.5    689.5  739.5  789.5  889.5  989.5  t  219 
2.56      2.60  2.63  2.66      2.70      2.73  2.76  2.79  2.95      3.11  3.26  3.41  3.71  3.99  v 

1274.9  1280.0  1285.1  1290.2  1295.2  1300.2  1305.2  1310.2  1335.0  1359.6  1384.1  1408.6  1457.6  1506.7  h 
1.6213  1.6265  1.6315  1.6365  1.6416  1.6465  1.6513  1.6562  1.6791  1.7009  1.7218  1.7419  1.7796  1.8149  n 

519.9  529.9  539.9  549.9    559.9    569.9  579.9  589.9  639.9    689.9  739.9  789.9  889.9  989.9  t  220 
2.55      2.59  2.62  2.65      2.68      2.72  2.75  2.78  2.94      3.10  3.25  3.40  3.69  3.98  V 

1275.1  1280.2  1285.2  1290.3  1295.4  1300.4  1305.3  1310.3  1335.1  1359.8  1384.3  1408.8  1457.7  1506.8  h 
1.6209  1.6261  1.6312  1.6362  1.6412  1.6461  1.6509  1.6558  1.6787  1.7005  1.7214  1.7415  1.7792  1.8145  n 

520.3    530.3  540.3  550.3    560.3    570.3  580.3  590.3  640.3    690.3  740.3  790.3  890.3  990.3  t  221 

2.54      2.58  2.61  2.64      2.67      2.71  2.74  2.77  2.93      3  08  3.23  3.38  3.68  3.96  V 

1275.2  1280.3  1285.4  1290.4  1295.5  1300.5  1305.4  1310.4  1335.2  1359.9  1384.4  1408.9  1457.8  1507.0  h 
1.6206  1.6258  1.6309  1.6359  1.6409  1.6458  1.6506  1.6555  1.6784  1.7002  1.7211  1.7412  1.7789  1.8141  n 

520.7    530.7  540.7  550.7    560.7    570.7  580.7  590.7  640.7    690.7  740.7  790.7  890.7  990.7  t  222 

2.53      2.56  2.60  2.63      2.66      2.70  2.73  2.76  2.92      3.07  3.22  3.37  3.66  3.94  v 

1275.3  1280.4  1285.5  1290.5  1295.6  1300.6  1305.6  1310.6  1335.3  1360.0  1384.5  1409.0  1458.0  1507.2  h 
1.6203  1.6255  1.6306  1.6356  1.6405  1.6454  1.6502  1.6551  1.6780  1.6998  1.7207  1.7408  1.7785  1.8137  n 

521.1    531.1  541.1  551.1    561.1    571.1  581.1  591.1  641.1    691.1  741.1  791.1  891.1  991.1  t  223 

2.52      2.55  2.59  2.62      2.65      2.68  2.71  2.75  2.91      3.06  3.21  3.35  3.64  3.92  V 

1275.4  1280.5  1285.6  1290.6  1295.7  1300.7  1305.7  1310.7  1335.5  1360.2  1384.7  1409.2  1458.1  1507.3  h 
1.6200  1.6252  1.6303  1.6353  1.6402  1.6451  1.6499  1.6548  1.6777  1.6995  1.7204  1.7405  1.7782  1.8134  n 

521.5    531.5  541.5  551.5    561.5    571.5  581.5  591.5  641.5    691.5  741.5  791.5  891.5  991.5  t  224 

2.51      2.54  2.58  2.61      2.64      2.67  2.70  2.74  2.89      3.04  3.19  3.34  3  6.^  3.91  V 

1275.6  1280.7  1285.7  1290.8  1295.8  1300.8  1305.8  1310.8  1335.6  1360.3  1384.8  1409.3  14.=^ 8  3  1507.4  h 

1.6197  1.6248  1.6299  1.6349  1.6399  1.6448  1.6496  1.6545  1.6774  1.6991  1.7200  1.7401  1.7778  1.8130  n 

Conversion  from  Metric  Units 

1kg.  per  sq.  cm,  =  14,22  lbs,  per  sq,  in,  [log=l,15  300],    1  cu,  meter  =35.31  en.  ft.  [log=  1.54  795]. 

To  change  degs.  C.  to  degs.  F.,  multiply  by  ?,  and  add  32.    To  change  mean  kg. 

calories  per  kg.  to  mean  B.t.n.  per  lb.,  multiply  by  ?.    Entropy  same  in  both  systems- 

(57> 


Table  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

t       Water    sfeam        10°      20°      30°      40°  50°      B0°      70°      80°      90°  100°  110°     120" 

225  t  391.9  401.9  411.9    421.9    431.9  441.9    451.9  461.9  471.9    481.9  491.9  501.9    511.9 

V  0.02      2.05         2.09  2.12      2.15      2.19  2.23      2.26  2.30      2.33      2.37  2.40  2.43      2.47 
h  365.5    1199.9  1207.2  1214.1  1220.5  1226.8  1232.7  1238.5  1244.1  1249.5  1254.9  1260.2  1265.4  1270.5 
n  0.5562  1.5361  1.5447  1.5525  1.5600  1.5671  1.5738  1.5800  1.5861  1.5920  1.5977  1.6033  1.6088  1.6141 

226  t  392.2  402.2  412.2    422.2    432.2  442.2    452.2  462.2  472.2    482.2  492.2  502.2    512.2 

V  0.02      2.04  2.08  2.11      2.14      2.18  2.22      2.25  2.29      2.32      2.36  2.39  2.42      2.46 
h  365.9   1200.0  1207.3  1214.2  1220.6  1226.9  1232.8  1238.6  1244.2  1249.7  1255.0  1260.3  1265.6  127C  7 
n  0.5567  1.5358  1.5443  1.5522  1.5596  1.5667  1.5734  1.5797  1.5858  1.5917  1.5974  1.6030  1.6085  1.613b 

227  t  392.6  402.6  412.6    422.6    432.6  442.6    452.6  462.6  472.6    482.6  492.6  502.6    512.6 

V  0.02      2.03  2.07  2.10      2.14      2.17  2.21      2.24  2.28      2.31      2.35  2.38  2.41      2.45 
h  366.3    1200.0  1207.3  1214.2  1220.7  1227.0  1232.9  1238.7  1244.3  1249.8  1255.1  1260.4  1265.7  1270.8 
n  0.5572  1.5355  1.5440  1.5519  1.5593  1.5664  1.5731  1.5794  1.5855  1.5914  1.5971  1.6027  1.6082  1.6135 

228  t  393.0  403.0  413.0    423.0    433.0  443.0    453.0  463.0  473.0    483.0  493.0  503.0    513.0 

V  0.02      2.02  2.06  2.09      2.13      2.16  2.20      2.23  2.27      2.30      2.34  2.37  2.40      2.44 
h  366.7    1200.1  1207.4  1214.3  1220.8  1227.1  1233.0  1238.8  1244.4  1249.9  1255.2  1260.5  1265.8  1270.9 
n  0.5577  1.5351  1.5436  1.5515  1.5590  1.5661  1.5728  1.5791  1.5852  1.5910  1.5967  1.6023  1.6078  1.6131 

229  t  393.4  403.4  413.4    423.4    433.4  443.4    453.4  463.4  473.4    483.4  493.4  503.4    513.4 

V  0.02      2.01  2.05  2.08      2.12      2.16  2.19      2.23  2.26      2.29      2.33  2.36  2.39      2.43 
h  367.1    1200.2  1207.5  1214.4  1220.9  1227.2  1233.1  1238.9  1244.6  1250.0  1255.3  1260.6  1265.9  1271.1 
n  0.5582  1.5348  1.5433  1.5512  1.5587  1.5658  1.5725  1.5788  1.5849  1.5908  1.5965  1.6020  1.6075  1.6128 

230  t  393.8  403.8  413.8    423.8    433.8  443.8    453.8  463.8  473.8    483.8  493.8  503.8    513.8 

V  0.02      2.00  2.04  2.07      2.11      2.15  2.18      2.22  2.25      2.28      2.32  2.35  2.38      2.42 
h  367.5    1200.2  1207.6  1214.5  1221.0  1227.3  1233.2  1239.0  1244.7  1250.1  1255.4  1260.7  1266.0  1271.1 
n  0.5586  1.5344  1.5430  1.5509  1.5584  1.5655  1.5721  1.5784  1.5845  1.5904  1.5961  1.6017  1.6072  1.6125 

231  t  394.1  404.1  414.1    424.1    434.1  444.1    454.1  464.1  474.1    484.1  494.1  504.1    514.1 

V  0.02       1.99  2.03  2.06      2.10      2.14  2.17      2.21  2.24      2.28      2.31  2.34  2.38      2.41 
h  367.9    1200.3  1207.7  1214.6  1221.1  1227.4  1233.4  1239.2  1244.8  1250.3  1255.6  1260.9  1266.1  1271.2 
n  0.5591  1.5341  1.5427  1.5506  1.5581  1.5652  1.5718  1.5781  1.5842  1.5901  1.5958  1.6014  1.6069  1.6122 

232  t  394.5  404.5  414.5    424.5    434.5  444.5    454.5  464.5  474.5    484.5  494.5  504.5    514.5 

V  0.02      1.99  2.03  2.06      2.09      2.13  2.16      2.20      2.23      2.27      2.30  2.33  2.37      2.40 
h  368.3    1200.4  1207.8  1214.7  1221.2  1227.5  1233.5  1239.3  1244.9  1250.4  1255.7  1261.0  1286.3  1271.4 
n  0.5596  1.5337  1.5423  1.5502  1.5577  1.5648  1.5715  1.5778  1.5839  1.5898  1.5955  1.6011  1.6065  1.6118 

233  t  394.9  404.9  414.9    424.9    434.9  444.9    454.9  464.9  474.9    484.9  494.9  504.9    514.9 

V  0.02       1.98  2.02  2.05      2.08      2.12  2.16      2.19      2.22      2.26      2.29  2.32  2.36      2.39 
h  368.7    1200.4  1207.8  1214.8  1221.3  1227.6  1233.6  1239.4  1245.0  1250.5  1255.8  1261.1  1266.4  1271.5 
n  0.5601  1.5334  1.5420  1.5499  1.5574  1.5645  1.5712  1.5775  1.5836  1.5895  1.5952  1.6008  1.6062  1.6115 

234  t  395.2  405.2  415.2    425.2    435.2  445.2    455.2  465.2  475.2    485.2  495.2  505.2    515.2 

V  0.02      1.97  2.01  2.04      2.07      2.11  2.15      2.18      2.22      2.25      2.28  2.31  2.35      2.38 
h  369.0    1200.5  1207.9  1214.9  1221.4  1227.7  1233.7  1239.5  1245.1  1250.6  1255.9  1261.2  1266.5  1271.6 
n  0.5605  1.5330  1.5416  1.5496  1.5571  1.5642  1.5709  1.5772  1.5833  1.5891  1.5948  1.6004  1.6059  1.6112 

235  t  395.6  405.6  415.6    425.6    435.6  445.6    455.6  465.6  475.6    485.6  495.6  505.6    515.6 

V  0.02      1.96         2.00  2.03      2.07      2.10  2.14      2.17      2.21      2.24      2.27  2.30  2.34      2.37 
h  369.4-  1200.6  1208.0  1215.0  1221.5  1227.8  1233.8  1239.6  1245.2  1250.7  1256.1  1261.4  1266.6  1271.7 
n  0.5610  1.5327  1.5413  1.5493  1.5568  1.5639  1.5706  1.5769  1.5830  1.5888  1.5945  1.6001  1.6056  1.6109 

236  t  396.0  406.0  416.0    426.0    436.0  446.0    456.0  466.0  476.0    486.0  496.0  506.0    516.0 

V  0.02       1.96         1.99  2.02      2.06      2.09  2.13      2.16      2.20      2.23      2.26  2.30  2.33      2.36 
h  369.8    1200.6  1208.0  1215.0  1221.6  1227.9  1233.9  1239.7  1245.3  1250.8  1256.2  1261.5  1266.7  1271.8 
n  0.5615  1.5323  1.5409  1.5489  1.5564  1.5635  1.5702  1.5765  1.5826  1.5885  1.5942  1.5998  1.6052  1.6105 

237  t  396.4  406.4  416.4    426.4    436.4  446.4    456.4  466.4    476.4    486.4  496.4  506.4    516.4 

V  0.02       1.95          1.98  2.01      2.05      2.09  2.12      2.16      2.19      2.22      2.25  2.29  2.32      2.35 
h  370.2    1200.7  1208.1  1215.1  1221.7  1228.0  1234.0  12.-?9.8  1245.4  1250.9  1256.3  1261.6  1266.8  1271.9 
n  0.5619  1.5319  1.5405  1.5^85  1.5561  1.5632  1.5699  1.5762  1.5823  1.5882  1.5939  1.5994  1.6049  1.6102 

(58) 


130°  140°   150°  160°  170°  180°  190°   200°  250°  300°  350^ 


Degrees  of  Superheat 

400°    500°    600° 


Press, 
lbs. 


521.9    531.9  541.9    551.9    561.9  571.9    581.9 
2.50      2.53         2.57      2.60      2.63      2.66      2.69 

1275.7  1280.8  1285.9  1290.9  1296.0  1301.0  1305.9 
1.6194  1.6245  1.6296  1.6346  1.6396  1.6445  1.6493 

522.2    532.2  542.2    552.2    562.2  572.2    582.2 
2.49      2.52         2.56      2.59      2.62      2.65      2.68 

1275.8  1280.9  1286.0  1291.0  1296.1  1301.1  1306.1 
1.6190  1.6242  1.6293  1.6343  1.6392  1.6441  1.6489 

522.6    532.6  542.6    552.6    562.6  572.6    582.6 
2.48      2.51         2.55      2.58      2.61      2.64      2.67 

1275.9  1281.0  1286.1  1291.1  1296.2  1301.2  1306.2 
1.6187  1.6239  1.6290  1.6340  1.6389  1.6438  1.6486 

523.0  533.0  543.0    553.0    563.0  573.0    583.0 
2.47      2.50         2.54      2.57      2.60      2.63      2.66 

1276.0  1281.1  1286.2  1291.2  1296.3  1301.3  1306.3 

1.6184  1.6235  1.6286  1.6336  1.6386  1.6435  1.6483 

523.4  533.4  543.4    553.4    563.4  573.4    583.4 
2.46      2.49         2.52      2.56      2.59      2.62      2.65 

1276.2  1281.3  1286.3  1291.3  1296.4  1301.4  1306.4 
1.6181  1.6233  1.6283  1.6333  1.6383  1.6432  1.6480 

523.8  533.8  543.8    553.8    563.8  573.8    583.8 
2.45      2.48         2.51      2.55      2.58      2.61      2.64 

1276.3  1281.4  1286.5  1291.5  1296.5  1301.5  1306.5 
1.6177  1.6229  1.6280  1.6330  1.6379  1.6428  1.6476 

524.1  534.1  544.1    554.1    564.1  574.1    584.1 
2.44      2.47         2.50      2.54      2.57      2.60      2.63 

1276.4  1281.5  1286.6  1291.6  1296.7  1301.7  1306.6 
1.6174  1.6226  1.6277  1.6327  1.6376  1.6425  1.6473 

524.5  534.5  544.5    554.5    564.5  574.5    584.5 
2.43      2.46  2.49      2.52      2.56      2.59      2.62 

1276.5  1281.6  1286.7  1291.7  1296.8  1301.8  1306.8 
1.6170  1.6222  1.6273  1.6323  1.6372  1.6421  1.6469 

524.9  534.9  544.9    554.9    564.9  574.9    584.9 
2.42      2.45         2.48      2.51      2.55      2.58      2.61 

1276.6  1281.7  1286.8  1291.9  1296.9  1301.9  1306.9 
1.6167  1.6219  1.6270  1.6320  1.6369  1.6418  1.6466 

525.2  535.2  545.2    555.2    565.2  575.2    585.2 
2.41      2.44  2.47      2.50      2.54  2.57      2.60 

1276.8  1281.9  1287.0  1292.0  1297.0  1302.0  1307.0 
1.6164  1.6216  1.6267  1.6317  1.6366  1.6415  1.6463 

525.6  535.6  545.6    555.6    565.6  575.6    585.6 
2.40      2.43  2.46      2.50      2.53      2.56      2.59 

1276.9  1282.0  1287.1  1292.1  1297.1  1302.1  1307.1 
1.6161  1.6213  1.6264  1.6314  1.6363  1.6412  1.6460 

526.0    536.0  546.0    556.0    566.0  576.0    586.0 

2.39      2.42  2.45      2.49      2.52  2.55      2.58 

1277.0  1282.1  1287.2  1292.2  1297.2  1302.2  1307.2 
1.6157  1.6209  1.6260  1.6310  1.6359  1.6408  1.6456 

526.4    536.4  546.4    556.4    566.4  576.4    586.4 

2.38      2.41  2.44      2.48      2.51  2.54      2.57 

1277.1  1282.2  1287.3  1292.3  1297.3  1302.4  1307.4 
1.6154  1.6206  1.6256  1.6306  1.6355  1.6404  1.6452 


591.9  641.9    691.9  741.9 

2.72  2.88      3.03  3.18 

1310.9  1335.7  1360.3  1384.9 

1.6542  1.6771  1.6988  1.7197 

592.2  642.2    692.2  742.2 

2.71  2.87      3.02  3.17 

1311.1  1335.8  1360.5  1385.0 
1.6538  1.6767  1.6985  1.7193 

592.6  642.6    692.6  742.6 

2.70  2.86      3.01  3.15 

1311.2  1336.0  1360.6  1385.2 
1.6535  1.6764  1.6982  1.7190 

593.0  643.0    693.0  743.0 
2.69  2.84      2.99  3.14 

1311.3  1336.1  1360.8  1385.3 
1.6531  1.6760  1.6978  1.7186 

593.4  643.4    693.4  743.4 
2.68  2.83      2.98  3.13 

1311.4  1336.2  1360.9  1385.4 
1.6528  1.6757  1.6975  1.7183 

593.8  643.8    693.8  743.8 
2.67  2.82      2.97  3.12 

1311.6  1336.3  1361.0  1385.6 
1.6525  1.6753  1.6971  1.7179 

594.1  644.1    694.1  744.1 
2.66  2.81      2.96  3.10 

1311.7  1336.4  1361.2  1385.7 
1.6522  1.6750  1.6968  1.7176 

594.5  644.5    694.5  744.5 
2.65  2.80      2.95  3.09 

1311.8  1336.6  1361.3  1385.8 
1.6518  1.6747  1.6964  1.7172 

594.9  644.9    694.9  744.9 
2.64  2.79      2.93  3.08 

1311.9  1336.7  1361.4  1386.0 
1.6515  1.6744  1.6961  1.7169 

595.2  645.2    695.2  745.2 
2.63  2.78      2.92  3.07 

1312.0  1336.8  1361.6  1386.1 

1.6512  1.6740  1.6957  1.7165 

595.6  645.6    695.6  745.6 
2.62  2.77      2.91  3.06 

1312.2  1337.0  1361.7  1386.2 
1.6509  1.6737  1.6954  1.7162 

596.0  646.0    696.0  746.0 

2.61  2.76      2.90  3.04 

1312.3  1337.1  1361.8  1386.4 
1.6505  1.6733  1.6951  1.7158 

596.4  646.4    696.4  746.4 

2.60  2.75      2.89  3.03 

1312.4  1337.2  1361.9  1386.5 
1.6501  1.6729  1.6947  1.7154 

'50) 


791.9  891.9    991.9  t  225 

3.33  3.62      3.89  v 

1409.4  1458.4  1507.6  h 

1.7398  1.7775  1.8127  n 

792.2  892.2    992.2  t  226 

3.31  3.60      3.88  v 

1409.6  1458.6  1507.7  h 
1.7394  1.7771  1.8123  n 

792.6  892.6    992.6  t  227 

3.30  3.59      3.86  V 

1409.7  1458.7  1507.9  h 
1.7391  1.7768  1  8119  n 

793.0  893.0    993.0  t  228 
3.29  3.57      3.84  v 

1409.8  1458.8  1508.0  h 
1.7387  1.7764  1.8115  n 

793.4  893.4    993.4  t  229 
3.28  3.56      3.83  v 

1410.0  1459.0  1508.2  h 
1.7383  1.7761  1.8112  n 

793.8  893.8    993.8  t  230 
3.26  3.54      3.82  v 

1410.1  1459.1  1508.3  h 
1.7379  1.7757  1.8108  n 

794.1  894.1    994.1  t  231 
3.25  3.53      3.80  V 

1410.3  1459.3  1508.5  h 
1.7376  1.7754  1.8105  n 

794.5  894.5    994.5  t  232 
3.23  3.51      3.78  v 

1410.4  1459.4  1508.6  h 
1.7372  1.7749  1.8101  n 

794.9  894.9    994.9  t  233 
3.22  3.50      3.77  v 

1410.6  1459.6  1508.8  h 

1.7369  1.7746  1.8098  n 


795.2    895.2  995.2  t  234 

3.21      3.49  3.76  v 

1410.7  1459.7  1508.9  h 
1.7365  1.7742  1.8094  n 

795.6    895.6  995.6  t  235 

3.20      3.47      3.74  v 

1410.8  1459.8  1509.0  h 
1.7362  1.7739  1.8091  n 

796.0    896.0  996.0  t  236 

3.18      3.46      3.73  v 

1411.0  1460.G  1509.2  h 
1.7358  1.7735  1.8087  n 

796.4    896.4  996.4  t  237 

3.17      3.44  3.71  v 

1411.1  1460.1  1509.3  h 
1.7354  1.7731  1.8082  n 


fable  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

10°   20°   30°   40°  50°   60°   70°   80°   90°  100°  110°  120° 

406.7  416.7    426.7    436.7  446.7    456.7    466.7    476.7    486.7  496.7    506.7    516.7 
1.98      2.01      2.04      2.08  2.11      2.15      2.18      2.21      2.24  2.28      2.31      2.34 

1208.2  1215.2  1221.8  1228.1  1234.1  1239.9  1245.5  1251.0  1256.4  1261.7  1266.9  1272.1 

1.5402  1.5482  1.5558  1.5629  1.5696  1.5759  1.5820  1.5879  1.5936  1.5991  1.6046  1.6099 

407.1    417.1    427.1    437.1  447.1    457.1    467.1    477.1    487.1  497.1    507.1    517.1 

197      2.00      2.03      2.07  2.10      2.14      2.17      2.20      2.24  2.27      2.30      2.33 

1208  3  1215.3  1221.9  1228.2  1234.2  1240.0  1245.7  1251.2  1256.5  1261.8  1267.1  1272.3 

1.5399  1.5479  1.5555  1.5626  1.5693  1.5756  1.5817  1.5876  1.5933  1.5988  1.6043  1.6096 

407.4  417.4    427.4    437.4  447.4    457.4    467.4    477.4    487.4  497.4    507.4    517.4 
196      1.99      2.02      2.06  2.09      2.13      2.16      2.20      2.23  2.26      2.29      2.32 

1208.4  1215.4  1222.0  1228.3  1234.3  1240.1  1245.8  1251.3  1256.6  1261.9  1267.1  1272.3 

1.5396  1.5476  1.5552  1.5623  1.5690  1.5753  1.5814  1.5873  1.5930  1.5985  1.6040  1.6093 

407.8  417.8    427.8    437.8  447.8    457.8    467.8    477.8    487.8  497.8    507.8    517.8 
195      1.98      2.02      2.05  2.09      2.12      2.16      2.19      2.22  2.25      2.28      2.31 

1208  5  1215  5  1222.1  1228.4  1234.4  1240.2  1245.9  1251.4  1256.7  1262.0  1267.2  1272.4 

1.5393  1.5473  1.5549  1.5620  1.5687  1.5750  1.5811  1.5870  1.5927  1.5982  1.6037  1.6090 

408  2    418.2    428.2    438.2  448.2    458.2    468.2    478.2    488.2  498.2    508.2    518.2 
194      1.97      2.01      2.04  2.08      2.11      2.15      2.18      2.21  2.24      2.27      2.30 

1208  5  1215  6  1222.2  1228.5  1234.5  1240.4  1246.0  1251.5  1256.9  1262.2  1267.4  1272.5 

1.5390  1.5470  1.5546  1.5617  1.5684  1.5747  1.5808  1.5867  1.5924  1.5979  1.6034  1.6087 

408.5  418.5    428.5    438.5  448.5    458.5    468.5    478.5    488.5  498.5    508.5    518.5 
193      196      2.00      2.04  2.07      2.10      2.14      2.17      2.20  2.23      2.26      2.30 

1208  6  1215  7  1222.3  1228.6  1234.6  1240.5  1246.1  1251.6  1257.0  1262.3  1267.5  1272.6 

1.5387  1.5467  1.5543  1.5614  1.5681  1.5744  1.5805  1.5864  1.5921  1.5976  1.6031  1.6084 

408.9  418.9    428.9    438.9  448.9    458.9    468.9    478.9    488.9  498.9    508.9    518.9 
193      196      1.99      2.03  2.06      2.10      2.13      2.16      2.19  2.22      2.26      2.29 

1208  7  1215.8  1222.4  1228.7  1234.7  1240.6  1246.2  1251.7  1257.1  1262.4  1267.6  1272.7 

1.5384  1.5464  1.5540  1.5611  1.5678  1.5741  1.5802  1.5861  1.5918  1.5973  1.6028  1.6081 

409  3    419  3    429.3    439.3  449.3    459.3    469.3    479.3    489.3  499.3    509.3    519.3 
192      195      1.99      2.02  2.05      2.09      2.12      2.15      2.18  2.22      2.25      2.28 

1208  8  1215  9  1222.5  1228.8  1234.8  1240.7  1246.3  1251.8  1257.2  1262.5  1267.7  1272.8 

1.5381  1.5461  1.5537  1.5608  1.5675  1.5738  1.5799  1.5858  1.5915  1.5970  1.6025  1.6078 

409  6    419  6    429.6    439.6  449.6    459.6    469.6    479.6    489.6  499.6    509.6    519.6 
191      1.94      1.98      2.01         2.05      2.08      2.11      2.14      2.18  2.21      2.24      2.27 

1208  8  1215  9  1222  6  1228.9  1234.9  1240.8  1246.4  1251.9  1257.3  1262.6  1267.8  1272.9 
1.5377  1.5458  1.5533  1.5605  1.5672  1.5735  1.5796  1.5855  1.5912  1.5967  1.6022  1.6075 

410  0    420  0    430  0    440.0  450.0    460.0    470.0    480.0    490.0  500.0    510.0    520.0 
190      193      197      2.00         2.04      2.07      2.10      2.14      2.17  2.20      2.23      2.26 

1208.9  1216  0  1222.7  1229.0  1235.0  1240.9  1246.6  1252.0  1257.4  1262.7  1267.9  1273.0 

1.5374  1.5455  1.5530  1.5602  1.5669  1.5732  1.5793  1.5852  1.5909  1.5964  1.6019  1.6072 

410.3    420.3    430.3    440.3  450.3    460.3    470.3    480.3    490.3  500.3    510.3    520.3 

190      193       1.96      2.00         2.03      2.06      2.10      2.13      2.16  2.19      2.22      2.25 

1209  0  1216  1  1222.8  1229.1  1235.2  1241.0  1246.7  1252.1  1257.5  1262.8  1268.0  1273.2 
1.5371  1.5452  1.5527  1.5599  1.5666  1.5729  1.5790  1.5849  1.5906  1.5961  1.6016  1.6069 

410  7    420  7    430.7    440.7  450.7    460.7    470.7    480.7    490.7  500.7    510.7    520.7 

189      192      196      1.99         2.03      2.06      2.09      2.12      2.15  2.18      2.21      2.24 

1209  1  1216  2  1222  9  1229.2  1235.3  1241.1  1246.8  1252.2  1257.6  1262.9  1268.1  1273.3 

1.5367  1.5448  1.5524  1.5596  1.5663  1.5726  1.5787  1.5846  1.5903  1.5958  1.6012  1.6065 

t  =  temperature  in  P,  degs.    T   Fahr.  absolute  =  t°  +  45  9, 6 '.  Internal  energy 

V=sp.  vol.  in  cu.  ft,  per  lb.    J  =777.5  ft.  lbs,  per  B.t.u,  [log  =  2.89  071].  =  total  heat- 144  Apv, 

h  =  total  heat  in  B.t.u.          A  =  i/j  =  l,286X10-^  B,t.u,  per  ft,  lb.  [3.10  9291.    Values  for  saturated  steam 
n=entropy,                           144  A=  0.1852  [log  =  1,26  764],                                are  given  in  Tables  1  and  2. 

(60) 


Press, 
lbs. 

Sat. 
Water  Steam 

238  t 

V 

h 

n 

396.7 
0.02   1.94 
370.6  1200.7 
0.5624  1.5316 

239  t 

V 

h 
n 

397.1 

0.02   1.93 

371.0  1200.8 

0.5629  1.5313 

240  t 

V 

h 
n 

397.4 

0.02   1.92 

371.4  1200.9 

0.5633  1.5309 

241  t 

V 

h 
n 

397.8 
0.02   1.92 
371.8  1200.9 
0.5638  1.5306 

242  t 

V 

h 
n 

398.2 

0.02   1.91 

372.2  1201.0 

0.5642  1.5303 

243  t 

V 

h 
n 

398.5 

0.02   1.90 

372.6  1201.1 

0.5647  1.5300 

244  t 

V 

h 
n 

398.9 

0.02   1.89 

372.9  1201.1 

0.5651  1.5297 

245  t 

V 

h 
n 

399.3 

0.02   1.89 

373.3  1201.2 

0.5655  1.5293 

246  t 

V 

h 
n 

399.6 

0.02   1.88 

373.7  1201.2 

0.5659  1.5289 

247  t 

V 

h 
n 

400.0 

0.02   1.87 

374.1  1201.3 

0.5663  1.5286 

248  t 

V 

h 
n 

400.3 

0.02   1.86 

374.5  1201.4 

0.5668  1.5283 

249  t 

V 

h 
n 

400.7 

0.02   1.86 

374.8  1201.4 

0.5672  1.5279 

uegrees  qt  iiuperheat 

130°    140"       150°  IBO^    170°    180°  190°  200°  250°    300°    350°  400°    500°  600°       *'!bT" 

526.7  536.7  546.7  556.7    566.7    576.7  586  7  596.7  646.7    696.7    746.7  796.7    896.7  996  7  t  238 
2.37      2.40         2.44  2.47      2.50      2.53      2  56  2.59      2.74      2.88      3.02  3.16      3.44  3  70  v 

1277.2  1282.3  1287.4  1292.4  1297.5  1302.5  1307.5  1312.5  1337.3  1362.0  1386.6  1411.2  1460.2  1509  5  h 

1.6151  1.6203  1.6253  1.6302  1.6352  1.6401  1.6449  1.6498  1.6726  1.6944  1.7151  1.7351  1.7728  1.8079  n 

527.1  537.1       547.1  557.1    567.1    577.1  587.1  597.1  647.1    697.1    747.1  797.1    897.1  997 1  t  239 
2.36      2.40         2.43  2.46      2.49      2.52      2.55  2.58      2.73      2.87      3.01  3.15      3.42  3  68  v 

1277.4  1282.5  1287.5  1292.6  1297.6  1302.6  1307.6  1312.6  1337.5  1362.2  1386.8  1411.4  1460  4  1509  6  h 
1.6148  1.6200  1.6250  1.6299  1.6349  1.6398  1.6446  1.6495  1.6723  1.6941  1.7148  1.7348  1.7725  1.8076  n 

527.4  537.4       547.4  557.4    567.4    577.4  587.4  597.4  647.4    697.4    747.4  797.4    897.4  997.4  t  240 
2.35      2.39         2.42  2.45      2.48      2.51  2.54  2.57  2.71      2.85      2.99  3.13      3.40  3.67  v 

1277.5  1282.6  1287.6  1292.7  1297.7  1302.7  1307.7  1312.8  1337.6  1362.3  1386.9  1411.5  1460  5  1509.8  h 
1.6145  1.6196  1.6246  1.6296  1.6346  1.6395  1.6443  1.6492  1.6720  1.6937  1.7144  1.7344  1.7721  1.8072  n 

527.8  537.8       547.8  557.8    567.8    577.8  587.8  597.8  647.8    697.8    747.8  797.8    897.8  997.8  t  241 
2.35      2.38         2.41  2.44      2.47      2.50      2.53  2.56      2.70      2.84      2.98  3.12      3.39  3.65  V 

1277.6  1282.7  1287.8  1292.8  1297.8  1302.9  1307.9  1312.9  1337.7  1362.4  1387.0  1411.6  1460.7  1509.9  h 
1.6142  1.6193  1.6243  1.6293  1.6343  1.6392  1.6440  1.6489  1.6717  1.6934  1.7141  1.7341  1.7718  1.8069  n 

528.2  538.2  548.2  558.2    568.2    578.2  588.2  598.2  648.2    698.2    748.2  798.2    898.2  998.2  t  242 
2.34      2.37         2.40  2.43      2.46      2.49      2.52  2.55      2.69      2.83      2.97  3.11      3.38  3.64  v 

1277.7  1282.8  1287.9  1292.9  1297.9  1303.0  1308.0  1313.0  1337.8  1362.5  1387.1  1411.7  1460.8  1510.0  h 
1.6139  1.6190  1.6240  1.6290  1.6340  1.6389  1.6437  1.6486  1.6714  1.6931  1.7138  1.7338  1.7715  1.8066  n 

528.5  538.5  548.5  558.5    568.5    578.5  588.5  598.5  648.5    698.5    748.5  798.5    898.5  998.5  t  243 
2.33      2.36         2.39  2.42      2.45      2.48      2.51  2.54      2.68      2.82      2.96  3.10      3.36  3.63  v 

1277.8  1282.9  1288.0  1293.0  1298.1  1303.1  1308.1  1313.1  1337.9  1362.7  1387.3  1411.8  1460.9  1510.2  h 
1.6136  1.6187  1.6237  1.6287  1.6337  1.6386  1.6434  1.6483  1.6711  1.6928  1.7135  1.7335  1.7712  1.8063  n 

528.9  538.9  548.9  558.9    568.9    578.9  588.9  598.9  648.9    698.9    748.9  798.9    898.9  998.9  t  244 
2.32      2.35         2.38  2.41      2.44      2.47      2.50  2.53      2.67      2.81      2.95  3.09      3.35  3.61  v 

1277.9  1283.0  1288.1  1293.1  1298.2  1303.2  1308.2  1313.2  1338.1  1362.8  1387.4  1412.0  1461.0  1510.3  h 
1.6133  1.6184  1.6234  1.6284  1.6334  1.6383  1.6431  1.6479  1.6707  1.6924  1.7132  1.7331  1.7708  1.8059  n 

529.3  539.3  549.3  559.3     569.3     579.3  589.3  599.3  649.3     699.3     749.3  799.3     899.3  999.3  t  245 
2.31      2.34         2.37  2.40      2.43      2.46      2.49  2.52      2.66      2.80      2.94  3.08      3.34  3.60  V 

1278.0  1283.1  1288.2  1293.2  1298.3  1303.3  1308.3  1313.3  1338.2  1362.9  1387.5  1412.1  1461.2  1510.5  h 
1.6130  1.6181  1.6231  1.6281  1.6331  1.6380  1.6428  1.6476  1.6704  1.6921  1.7129  1.7328  1.7705  1.8055  n 

529.6  539.6  549.6  559.6    569.6    579.6  589.6  599.6  649.6    699.6    749.6  799.6    899.6  999.6  t  246 
2.30      2.33         2.36  2.39      2.42      2.45      2.48  2.51      2.65      2.79      2.93  3.06      3.32  3.58  V 

1278.1  1283.2  1288.3  1293.3  1298.4  1303.4  1308.4  1313.4  1338.3  1363.0  1387.6  1412.2  1461.3  1510.6  h 
1.6127  1.6178  1.6228  1.6278  1.6327  1.6376  1.6424  1.6473  1.6701  1.6917  1.7125  1.7324  1.7701  1.8051  n 

530.0    540.0  550.0  560.0    570.0    580.0  590.0  600.0  650.0    700.0    750.0  800.0    900.0  1000.0  t  247 

2.29      2.32         2.35  2.38      2.41      2.44      2.47  2.50      2.64      2.78      2.92  3.05      3.31  3.57  V 

1278.2  1283.3  1288.4  1293.4  1298.5  1303.6  1308.6  1313.6  1338.4  1363.2  1387.8  1412.3  1461.4  1510.7  h 
1.6124  1.6175  1.6225  1.6275  1.6324  1.6373  1.6421  1.6470  1.6698  1.6914  1.7122  1.7321  1.7698  1.8048  n 

530.3     540.3  550.3  560.3     570.3     580.3  590.3  600.3  650.3     700.3     750.3  800.3    900.3  1000.3  t  248 

2.28      2.31         2.34  2.37      2.40      2.43      2.46  2.49      2.63      2.77      2.91  3.04      3.30  3.56  v 

1278.4  1283.5  1288.6  1293.6  1298.6  1303.7  1308.7  1313.7  1338.6  1363.3  1387.9  1412.4  1461.6  1510.9  h 
1.6121  1.6172  1.6222  1.6272  1.6321  i.6370  1.6418  1.6467  1.6695  1.6911  1.7119  1.7318  1.7695  1.8045  n 

530.7  540.7  550.7  560.7    570.7    580.7  590.7  600.7  650.7    700.7    750.7  800.7    900.7  1000.7  t  249 
2.27      2.30         2.33  2.36      2.39      2.42      2.45  2.48      2.62      2.76      2.90  3.03      3.29  3.54  v 

1278.5  1283.6  1288.7  1293.7  1298.7  1303.8  1308.8  1313.8  1338.7  1363.4  1388.0  1412.6  1461.7  1511.0  h 
1.6117  1.6168  1.6219  1.6269  1.6318  1.6367  1.6415  1.6463  1.6691  1.6908  1.7115  1.7314  1.7691  1.8041  n 

Conversion  from  Metric  Units 

1kg.  per  sq.  cm,  =  14.22  lbs.  per  sq.  in,  [log=1.15  300].    1  cu.  meter- 35.31  en.  ft.  riop;=  1.54  795]. 

To  change  degs.  0.  to  degs.  F.,  multiply  by  ?,  and  add  32,    To  change  mean  kg. 

calories  per  kg.  to  mean  B.t.u.  per  lb.,  multiply  by  s.    Entropy  same  in  both  systems. 

^61) 


Table  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

t        Water    S?ea*m        10°      20°      30°      40°        50°      60°      70°      80°  90°  100°     110°     120" 

250  t             401.0             411.0    421.0    431.0  441.0  451.0  461.0    471.0    481.0  491.0  501.0    511.0    521.0 

V  0.02       1.85          1.88       1.91       1.95       1.98  2.02      2.05      2.08      2.11  2.14  2.17      2.21      2.24 
h     375.2    1201.5      1209.2  1216.3  1223.0  1229.3  1235.4  1241.3  1246.9  1252.3  1257.7  1263.0  1268.2  1273.4 
n    0.5676  1.5276     1.5364  1.5445  1.5521  1.5593  1.5660  1.5723  1.5784  1.5843  1.5900  1.5956  1.6010  1.6062 

255  t             402.8             412.8    422.8    432.8  442.8  452.8  462.8    472.8    482.8  492.8  502.8    512.8    522.8 

V  0.02       1.81         1.85       1.88      1.91       1.94         1.98      2.01      2.04      2.07  2.11  2.14      2.17      2.20 
h     377.1    1201.8      1209.5  1216.7  1223.5  1229.8  1235.9  1241.8  1247.4  1252.9  1258.3  1263.6  1268.8  1273.9 
n    0.5698  1.5260      1.5349  1.5431  1.5507  1.5579  1.5646  1.5709  1.5770  1.5829  1.5886  1.5942  1.5996  1.6048 

260  t            404.5             414.5    424.5    434.5  444.5  454.5  464.5    474.5    484.5  494.5  504.5    514.5    524.5 

V  0.02       1.78         1.81       1.84      1.87      1.91  1.94      1.97      2.00      2.04  2.07  2.10      2.13      2.16 
h     378.9    1202.1      1209.9  1217.1  1223.9  1230.3  1236.4  1242.3  1247.9  1253.4  1258.8  1264.1  1269.3  1274.5 
n    0.5719  1.5244     1.5334  1.5416  1.5492  1.5564  1.5631  1.5695  1.5756  1.5815  1.5871  1.5926  1.5980  1.6033 

265  t            406.2            416.2    426.2    436.2  446.2  456.2  466.2    475.2    486.2  496.2  506.2    516.2    526.2 

V  0.02       1.75         1.78      1.81       1.84      1.88  1.91      1.94      1.97      2.00  2.03  2.06      2.09      2.12 
h     380.7    1202.3      1210.2  1217.5  1224.4  1230.8  1236.9  1242.8  1248.4  1253.9  1259.3  1264.6  1269.8  1275.0 
n    0.5739  1.5229     1.5320  1.5402  1.5479  1.5551  1.5618  1.5682  1.5742  1.5801  1.5858  1.5914  1.5968  1.6020 

270  t            407.9            417.9    427.9    437.9  447.9  457.9  467.9    477.9    487.9  497.9  507.9    517.9    527.9 

V  0.02       1.72         1.75       1.78      1.81       1.84  1.87      1.90      1.93       1.96  1.99  2.02      2.05      2.08 
h     382.5    1202.6     1210.6  1217.9  1224.8  1231.3  1237.4  1243.3  1248.9  1254.4  1259.8  1265,2  1270.4  1275.6 
n    0.5760  1.5214     1.5305  1.5388  1.5466  1.5538  1.5605  1.5669  1.5729  1.5788  1.5844  1.5900  1.5954  1.6006 

275  t            409.6            419.6    429.6    439.6  449.6  459.6  469.6    479.6    489.6  499.6  509.6    519.6    529.6 

V  0.02       1.69         1.72      1.75       1.78       1.81         1.84      1.87      1.90      1.93  1.96  1.99      2.02      2.04 
h     384.3    1202.9     1210.9  1218.3  1225.3  1231.8  1237.9  1243.8  1249.4  1254.9  1260.3  1265.7  1271.0  1276.1 
n    0.5780  1.5199     1.5291  1.5375  1.5452  1.5524  1.5592  1.5656  1.5716  1.5775  1.5831  1.5886  1.5940  1.5993 

280  t            411.2             421.2    431.2    441.2  451.2  461.2  471.2    481.2    491.2  501.2  511.2    521.2    531.2 

V  0.02      1.66         1.69      1.72      1.75      1.78         1.81      1.84      1.87      1.90  1.93  1.95      1.98      2.01 
h     386.0    1203.1     1211.3  1218.7  1225.7  1232.2  1238.4  1244.3  1250.0  1255.5  1260.9  1266.2  1271.4  1276.6 
n    0.5800  1.5185     1.5278  1.5362  1.5440  1.5512  1.5580  1.5643  1.5704  1.5762  1.5819  1.5873  1.5927  1.5980 

285  t            412.8             422.8    432.8    442.8  452.8  462.8  472.8    482.8    492.8  502.8  512.8    522.8    532.8 

V  0.02      1.63         1.66      1.69      1.72      1.75  1.78      1.81      1.84      1.87  1.90  1.92      1.95      1.98 
h     387.7    1203.4     1211.6  1219.1  1226.2  1232.7  1238.9  1244.8  1250.5  1256.0  1261.4  1266.7  1271.9  1277.1 
n    0.5820  1.5171     1.5265  1.5349  1.5427  1.5500  1.5567  1.5631  1.5692  1.5750  1.5806  1.5861  1.5915  1.5968 

290  t            414.4            424.4    434.4    444.4  454.4  464.4  474.4    484.4    494.4  504.4  514.4    524.4    534.4 

V  0.02  1.60  1.63  1.66  1.69  1.72  1.75  1.78  1.81  1.83  1.86  1.89  1.92  1.94' 
h  389.4  1203.6  1211.9  1219.4  1226.6  1233.2  1239.3  1245.2  1250.9  1256.4  1261.8  1267.1  1272.4  1277.6 
n    0.5840  1.5156     1.5251  1.5336  1.5414  1.5487  1.5554  1.5618  1.5679  1.5737  1.5793  1.5848  1.5902  1.5954 

295  t            415.9            425.9    435.9    445.9  455.9  465.9  475.9    485.9    495.9  505.9  515.9    525.9    535.9 

V  0.02  1.57  1.60  1.63  1.66  1.69  1.72  1.75  1.78  1.80  1.83  1.86  1.89  1.91 
h  391.1  1203.8  1212.3  1219.8  1227.0  1233.6  1239.8  1245.7  1251.4  1256.9  1262.3  1267.7  1272.9  1278.^ 
n    0.5859  1.5142     1.5237  1.5323  1.5402  1.5475  1.5542  1.5606  1.5667  1.5725  1.5781  1.5835  1.5889  1.5942 

300  t            417.5             427.5    437.5    447.5  457.5  467.5  477.5    487.5    497.5  507.5  517.5    527.5    537.5 

"-""v      0.02      1.55         1.58      1.60      1.63      1.66         1.69      1.72      1.75      1.78  1.80  1.83      1.86      1.88 

h      392.7    1204.1      1212.6  1220.2  1227.4  1234.1  1240.3  1246.2  1251.9  1257.4  1262.8  1268.2  1273.4  1278.6 

n    0.5878  1.5129     1.5224  1.5310  1.5389  1.5462  1.5530  1.5594  1.5655  1.5713  1.5769  1,5824  1.5878  1.5930 

429.0    439.0    449.0  459.0  469.0  479.0    489.0    499.0  509.0  519.0    529.0    539.0 

1.56      1.58      1.61      1.64  1.67      1.69      1.72      1.75  1,78  1.80      1.83      1.85 

1212.9  1220.6  1227.8  1234.5  1240.7  1246.6  1252.3  1257.9  1263.3  1268.6  1273.8  1279.0 

1.5212  1.5299  1.5378  1.5451  1.5519  1.5583  1.5644  1.5702  1.5757  1.5812  1.5866  1.5918 

430.5    440.5    450.5  460.5  470.5  480.5    490.5    500.5  510.5  520.5    530.5    540.S 

1.53       1.55       1.58      1.61          1.64      1.67      1.69      1.72  1.75  1.78      1.81      1.83 

1213.2  1221.0  1228.2  1234.9  1241.1  1247.0  1252.7  1258.3  1263.8  1269.1  1274.3  1279.5 

1.5200  1.5987  1.5366  1.5440  1.5508  1.5572  1.5632  1.5690  1.5746  1.5801  1.5855  1.5907 

(62) 


305  t 

419.0 

V 

0.02      1.53 

n 

394.4    1204.3 

n 

0.5897  1.5115 

310  t 

420.5 

V 

0.02       1.50 

h 

395.9    1204.5 

D 

0.5915  1.5102 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

130°  140°  150°  160°  170°  180°  190°  200°  250°  300°  350°  400°  500^  600°   ''ibT 

531.0  541.0  551.0  561.0    571.0    581.0  591.0  601.0  651.0    701.0    751.0  801.0    901.0    1001.0  t  250 

2.27      2.30  2.33  2.36      2.38      2.41  2.44  2.47  2.61      2.75      2.88  3.02      3.28      3.53  V 

1278.6  1283.7  1288.8  1293.8  1298.9  1303.9  1308.9  1313.9  1338.8  1363.5  1388.1  1412.7  1461.8  1511.2  h 

1.6114  1.6165  1.6216  1.6266  1.6315  1.6364  1.6412  1.6460  1.6688  1.6905  1.7112  1.7311  1.7688  1.8038  n 

532.8  542.8  552.8  562.8    572.8    582.8  592.8  602.8  652.8    702.8    752.8  802.8    902.8    1002.8  t  255 
2.23      2.26  2.28  2.31      2.34      2.37  2.40  2.43  2.56      2.70      2.83  2.96      3.22      3.47  V 

1279.1  1284.2  1289.3  1294.4  1299.4  1304.5  1309.5  1314.5  1339.3  1364.1  1388.8  1413.4  1462.5  1511.8  h 
1.6100  1.6151  1.6201  1.6251  1.6300  1.6349  1.6397  1.6445  1.6673  1.6890  1.7096  1.7296  1.7671  1.8021  n 

534.5  544.5  554.5  564.5    574.5    584.5  594.5  604.5  654.5    704.5     754.5  804.5    904.5    1004.5  t  260 
2.19  2.22  2.24  2.27      2.30      2.33  2.36  2.39      2.52      2.65      2.78  2.91      3.16      3.41  V 

1279.6  1284.8  1289.9  1294.9  1300.0  1305.1  1310.1  1315.1  1340.0  1364.7  1389.4  1414.0  1463.2  1512.5  h 
1.6085  1.6136  1.6186  1.6236  1.6285  1.6334  1.6382  1.6430  1.6658  1.6874  1.7081  1.7280  1.7655  1.8005  n 

536.2  546.2  556.2  566.2    576.2    586.2  596.2  606.2  656.2    706.2    756.2  806.2    906.2    1006.2  t  265 

2.15  2.18  2.20  2.23      2.26      2.29  2.32  2.35  2.48      2.61      2.74  2.86      3.11      3.35  V 

1280.2  1285.3  1290.4  1295.5  1300.5  1305.6  1310.6  1315.6  1340.5  1365.3  1390.0  1414.6  1463.8  1513.2  h 
1.6072  1.6123  1.6173  1.6222  1.6271  1.6320  1.6368  1.6416  1.6644  1.6860  1.7066  1.7265  1.7640  1.7990  n 

537.9  547.9  557.9  567.9    577.9    587.9  597.9  607.9  657.9    707.9    757.9  807.9    907.9    1007.9  t  270 
2.11  2.14  2.16  2.19      2.22      2.25  2.27  2.30      2.43      2.56      2.69  2.81      3.05      3.29  v 

1280.7  1285.8  1290.9  1296.0  1301.0  1306.1  1311.1  1316.2  1341.1  1365.9  1390.6  1415.2  1464.5  1513.8  h 
1.6058  1.6109  1.6159  1.6209  1.6258  1.6306  1.6354  1,6402  1.6630  1.6846  1.7052  1.7251  1.7625  1.7975  n 

539.6  549.6  559.6  569.6    579.6    589.6  599.6  609.6  659.6     709.6    759.6  809.6    909.6    1009.6  t  275 
2.07  2.10  2.13  2.16      2.18      2.21      2.24  2.26      2.39      2.52      2.64  2.77      3.00      3.24  v 

1281.2  1286.3  1291.4  1296.5  1301.6  1306.7  1311.7  1316.7  1341.6  1366.5  1391.2  1415.8  1465.1  1514.5  h 

1.6044  1.6095  1.6145  1.6195  1.6244  1.6292  1.6340  1.6388  1.6616  1.6831  1.7037  1.7236  1.7611  1.7959  n 

541.2  551.2  561.2  571.2    581.2    591.2  601.2  611.2  661.2    711.2    761.2  811.2    911.2    1011.2  t  280 

2.04      2.07  2.09  2.12      2.15      2.17      2.20  2.22      2.35      2.48      2.60  2.72      2.95      3.19  v 

1281.7  1286.8  1291.9  1297.0  1302.1  1307.2  1312.2  1317.2  1342.2  1367.0  1391.7  1416.4  1465.7  1515.1  h 

1.6032  1.6083  1.6133  1.6182  1.6231  1.6279  1.6327  1  6375  1.6603  1.6818  1.7024  1.7223  1.7597  1.7945  n 

542.8  552.8  562.8  572.8    582.8    592.8  602.8  612.8  662.8    712.8    762.8  812.8    912.8    1012.8  t  285 
2.00  2.03  2.06  2.09      2.11      2.14      2.16  2.19      2.31      2.44      2.56  2.68      2.90      3.13  V 

1282.2  1287.4  1292.5  1297.6  1302.6  1307.7  1312.7  1317.8  1342.7  1367.5  1392.3  1417.0  1466.3  1515.8  h 

1.6020  1.6071  1.6121  1.6170  1.6219  1.6267  1.6315  1.6363  1.6590  1.6805  1.7011  1.7209  1.7583  1.7931  n 

544.4  554.4  564.4  574.4    584.4    594.4  604.4  614.4  664.4    714.4    764.4  814.4    914.4    1014.4  t  290 
1.97      2.00  2.02  2.05      2.08      2.10      2.13  2.15      2.28      2.40      2.52  2.63      2.86      3.08  v 

1282.7  1287.9  1293.0  1298.1  1303.1  1308.2  1313.2  1318.3  1343.2  1368.0  1392.8  1417.5  1466.9  1516.4  h 

1.6006  1.6057  1.6107  1.6156  1.6205  1.6253  1.6301  1.6349  1.6576  1.6791  1.6996  1.7195  1.7568  1.7916  n 

545.9  555.9  565.9  575.9    585.9    595.9  605.9  615.9  665.9    715.9    765.9  815.9    915.9    1015.9  t  295 
'  1.94      1.97  1.99  2.02      2.04      2.07      2.09  2.12      2.24      2.36      2.48         2.59      2.82      3.04  v 
1283.2  1288.4  1293.5  1298.6  1303.6  1308.7  1313.7  1318.8  1343.8  1368.7  1393.4  1418.1  1467.5  1517.0  h 
1.5994  1.6045  1.6095  1.6144  1.6192  1.6240  1.6288  1.6336  1.6563  1.6778  1.6983  1.7182  1.7554  1.7902  n 

547.5  557.5  567.5  577.5    587.5    597.5  607.5  617.5  667.5    717.5    767.5  817.5    917.5    1017.5  t  300 
1.91       1.94  1.96  1.99      2.01      2.04  .2.06  2.09      2.21      2.33      2.44  2.55      2.77      2.99  v 

1283.7  1288.9  1294.0  1299.1  1304.1  1309.2  1314.2  1319.3  1344.3  1369.2  1393.9  1418.6  1468.0  1517.6  h 

1.5981  1.6032  1.6082  1.6131  1.6180  1.6228  1.6275  1.6323  1.6550  1.6765  1.6970  1.7168  1.7541  1.7889  n 

549.0  559.0  569.0  579.0    589.0    599.0  609.0  619.0  669.0    719.0    769.0  819.0    919.0    1019.0  t  305 

1.88      1.91  1.93  1.96       1.98      2.01      2.03  2.05      2.17      2.29      2.41         2.52      2.73      2.95  v 

1284.2  1289.3  1294.4  1299.5  1304.6  1309.7  1314.7  1319.8  1344.8  1369.7  1394.5  1419.2  1468.6  1518.2  h 

1.5970  1.6021  1.6070  1.6119  1.6168  1.6216  1.6263  1.6311  1.6538  1.6753  1.6958  1.7156  1.7528  1.7876  n 

550.5  560.5  570.5  580.5    590.5    600.5  610.5  620.5  670.5    720.5     770.5  820.5    920.5    1020.5  t  310 

1.85       1.88  1,90  1.93       1.95       1.98      2.00  2,02      2.14      2.26      2.37         2.48      2.69      2.90  V 

1284.7  1289,8  1294.9  1300.0  1305.1  1310.2  1315,2  1320.3  1345.3  1370.2  1395.0  1419.7  1469.2  1518.8  h 

1.5958  1.6009  1.6059  1  6108  1  6156  1.6204  1.6252  1.6299  1.6526  1.6741  1.6946  1.7144  1.7516  1.7863  u 

'.S3) 


Table  3 :  Superheated  Steam 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

t  Water     sfeam        10°      20°  30°      40°  50°  60°      70°      80°      90°  100°  110°     120^ 

320  t            423.4  433.4    443.4  453.4  463.4  473.4  483.4  493.4    503.4    513.4  523.4  533.4    543.4 

V  0.02       1.46  1.49      1.51  1.53      1.56  1.59  1.62      1.64      1.67      1.70         1.72      1.75      1.77 
h  399.1    1204.9  1213.8  1221.7  1229.0  1235.7  1242.0  1248.0  1253.7  1259.3  1264.7  1270.0  1275.2  1280.4 
n  0.5951  1.5076  1.5176  1.5264  1.5344  1.5418  1.5486  1.5550  1.5610  1.5668  1.5723  1.5778  1.5832  1.5884 

330  t            426.3  436.3    446.3  456.3  466.3  476.3  486.3  496.3    506.3    516.3  526.3  536.3    546.3 

V  0.02      1.41  1.44      1.46  1.49      1.52  1.54  1.57      1.60      1.62      1.65         1.67      1.70      1.72 
h  402.2    1205.3  1214.4  1222.5  1229.8  1236.6  1242.9  1248.9  1254.6  1260.2  1265.6  1270.9  1276.2  1281.4 
n  0.5986  1.5051  1.5153  1.5242  1.5322  1.5396  1  5464  1.5528  1.5588  1.5647  1.5702  1.5756  1.5809  1.5861 

340  t            429.1  439.1    449.1  459.1  469.1  479.1  489.1  499.1    509.1    519.1  529.1  539.1    549.1 

V  0.02      1.37  1.40      1.42  1.44      1.47  1.50  1.53      1.55      1.57      1.60         1.63      1.65      1.67 
h  405.3    1205.7  1215.0  1223.2  1230.6  1237.4  1243.8  1249.8  1255.5  1261.1  1266.5  1271.8  1277.1  1282.3 
n  0.6020  1.5026  1.5130  1.5220  1.5301  1.5375  1.5443  1.5507  1.5568  1.5625  1.5681  1.5735  1.5789  1.5841 

350  t            431.9  441.9    451.9  461.9  471.9  481.9  491.9  501.9    511.9    521.9  531.9    541,9    551.9 

V  0.02       1.33  1.36      1.38  1.40      1.43  1.46  1.48      1.51       1.54      1.56         1.58      1.61      1.63 
h  408.3    1206.1  1215.6  1223.9  1231.4  1238.2  1244.6  1250.6  1256.3  1261.9  1267.3  1272  7  1278.0  1283.2 
n  0.6053  1.5002  1.5108  1.5199  1.5280  1.5355  1.5423  1.5487  1.5547  1.5605  1.5660  1.5715  1.5768  1.5820 

360  t            434.6  444.6    454.6  464.6  474.6  484.6  494.6  504.6    514.6    524.6  534.6  544.6    554.6 

V  0.02       1.30  1.32      1.34  1.37      1.40  1.42  1.44      1.46      1.48      1.52         1.54      1.56      1.59 
h  411.2    1206.4  1216.1  1224.5  1232.2  1239.0  1245.4  1251.4  1257.2  1262.8  1268.2  1273.6  1278.9  1284.1 
n  0.6085  1.4979  1.5087  1.5179  1.5261  1.5336  1.5404  1.5468  1.5528  1.5586  1.5641  1.5695  1.5749  1.5801 

370  t            437.2  447.2    457.2  467.2  477.2  487.2  497.2  507.2    517.2    527.2  537.2  547.2    557.2 

V  0.02       1.26  1.29      1.31  1.33      1.36  1.38  1.41       1.43      1.46      1.48         1.50      1.52      1.55 
h  414.0    1206.8  1216.7  1225.2  1232.9  1239.8  1246.2  1252.3  1258.0  1263.6  1269.1  1274.4  1279.7  1284.9 
n  0.6116  1.4956  1.5067  1.5160  1.5243  1.5318  1.5386  1.5450  1.5510  1.5568  1.5623  1.5677  1.5730  1.5782 

380  t            439.8  449.8    459.8  469.8  479.8  489.8  499.8  509.8    519.8    529.8  539.8  549.8    559.8 

V  0.02      1.23  1.25      1.27  1.30      1.32  1.35  1.37      1.40      1.42      1.44         1.47      1.49      1.51 
h  416.8    1207.1  1217.2  1225.9  1233.6  1240.6  1247.0  1253.1  1258.9  1264.5  1269.9  1275.3  1280.6  1285.8 
n  0.6147  1.4935  1.5048  1.5142  1.5226  1.5301  1.5370  1.5433  1.5493  1.5550  1.5605  1.5659  1.5713  1.5765 

390  t            442.3  452.3    462.3  472.3  482.3  492.3  502.3  512.3    522.3    532.3  542.3  552.3    562.3 

V  0.02       1.20  1.22      1.24  1.26      1.29  1.32  1.34      1.36      1.38      1.41         1.43      1.45       1.47 
h  419.5    1207.4  1217.8  1226.6  1234.4  1241.4  1247.8  1253.9  1259.7  1265.3  1270.7  1276.1  1281.4  1286.6 
n  0.6178  1.4915  1.5029  1.5124  1.5209  1.5282  1.5353  1.5417  1.5476  1.5533  1.5588  1.5642  1.5695  1.5747 

400  t            444.7  454.7   464.7  474.7  484.7  494.7  504.7  514.7    524.7    534.7  544.7  554.7    564.7 


V 


0.02      1.17         1.19      1.21      1.23       1.26        1.28      1.31      1.33      1.35      1.37         1.40      1.42      1.44 
h     422.2   1207.7      1218.3  1227.2  1235.1  1242.1      1248.6  1254.7  1260.5  1266.1  1271.5      1276.9  1282.2  1287.5 
n    0.6208  1.4894      1.5010  1.5107  1.5192  1.5267     1.5336  1.5399  1.5459  1.5516  1.5571      1.5625  1.5678  1.5730 


450  t 

456.5 

466.5 

476.5 

486.5 

496.5 

506.5 

516.5 

526.5 

536.5 

546.5 

556.5 

566.5 

576.5 

V 

0.02      1.04 

1.06 

1.08 

1.10 

1.12 

1.14 

1.16 

1.19 

1.21 

1.23 

1.25 

1.27 

1.29 

h 

435.     1209. 

1221. 

1231. 

1239. 

1246. 

1252. 

1258. 

1264. 

1270. 

1276. 

1281. 

1286. 

1291. 

n 

0.635     1.479 

1.492 

1.502 

1.511 

1.519 

1.526 

1.532 

1.538 

1.544 

1.549 

1.554 

1.560 

1.565 

500  t 

467.2 

477.2 

487.2 

497.2 

507.2 

517.2 

527.2 

537.2 

547.2 

557.2 

567.2 

577.2 

587.2 

V 

0.02       0.93 

0.95 

0.97 

0.99 

1.01 

1.03 

1.05 

1.07 

1.09 

1.11 

1.13 

1.15 

1.17 

h 

448.      1210. 

1223. 

1233. 

1242. 

1249. 

1256. 

1262. 

1268. 

1274. 

1279. 

1285. 

1290. 

1295. 

n 

0.648     1.471 

1.486 

1.497 

1.506 

1.513 

1.520 

1.526 

1.532 

1.538 

1.543 

1.549 

1.554 

1.559 

550  t 

477.2 

487.2 

497.2 

507.2 

517.2 

527.2 

537.2 

547.2 

557.2 

567.2 

577.2 

587.2 

J97.2 

V 

0.02     0.85 

0.87 

0.89 

0.91 

0.93 

0.94 

0.96 

0.98 

1.00 

1.01 

1.03 

1.05 

1.07 

h 

458.      1210. 

1225. 

1236. 

1245. 

1253. 

1260. 

1266. 

1272. 

1277. 

1283. 

1288. 

1293. 

1299. 

n 

0.659     1.462 

1.479 

1.491 

1.501 

1.509 

1.516 

1.522 

1.528 

1.533 

1.539 

1.544 

1.549 

1.554 

600  t 

486.4 

496.4 

506.4 

516.4 

526.4 

536.4 

546.4 

556.4 

566.4 

576.4 

586.4 

596.4 

606.4 

V 

0.02      0.78 

0.79 

0.81 

0.83 

0.85 

0.86 

0.88 

0.90 

0.92 

0.93 

0.95 

0.97 

0.98 

h 

469.       1211. 

1228. 

1240. 

1250. 

1257. 

1264. 

1270. 

1276. 

1282. 

1288. 

1293. 

1298. 

1304. 

n 

0.670     1.454 

1.473 

1.486 

1.496 

1.504 

1.510 

1.516 

1.522 

1.528 

1.533 

1.538 

1.543 

1.548 

Degrees  of  Superheat 

130°  140'  150°  160°  170°  180°  190°  200°  250°  300°  350°  400°  500°  600°   ''ibT 

553.4    563.4  573.4    583.4  593.4  603.4    613.4  623.4  673.4    723.4    773.4  823.4  923  4    1023  4  t  320 

1.80      1.82  1.85       1.87  1.90      1.92      1.94  1.96  2.08      2.19      2.30  2  41      2  61      2  81  v 

1285.6  1290.7  1295.9  1301.0  1306.1  1311.1  1316.2  1321.3  1346.3  1371.3  1396.1  1420  8  1470  3  1520  0  h 

1.5935  1.5986  1.6036  1.6085  1.6133  1.6181  1.6228  1.6276  1.d503  1.6717  1.6922  1.7120  1.7491  1.7898  n 

556.3    566.3  576.3    586.3  596.3  606.3    616.3  626.3  676.3    726.3    776.3  826.3  926  3    1026  3  t  330 

1.75      1.77  1.80      1.82  1.84      1.86      1.89  1,91  2.02      2.13      2.24  2.34      2  54      2  74  v 

1286.5  1291.7  1296.8  1301.9  1307.0  1312.1  1317.2  1322.2  1347.3  1372.3  1397.1  14219  14715  15212  h 

1.5913  1.5964  1.6014  1.6063  1.6111  1.6159  1.6206  1.6253  1.6480  1.6694  1.6899  1.7097  1.7467  1.7814  n 

559.1  569.1  579.1    589.1  599.1  609.1    619.1  629.1  679.1     729.1     779.1  829  1  929  1    1029  1  t  340 
1.70      1.72  1.75       1.77  1.79      1.81      1.84  1.86  1.97      2.08      2.18  2  28      2^7      2  67  v 

1287.4  1292.6  1297.8  1302.9  1308.0  1313.0  1318.1  1323  2  1348.3  1373.3  1398.2  1423  0  K 72  6  1522  3  h 

1.5892  1.5942  1.5992  1.6041  1.6089  1.6137  1.6184  1.6231  1.6458  1.6671  1.6876  1.7074  1.7444  1.7790  n 

561.9    571.9  581.9    591.9  601.9  611.9    621.9  631.9  681.9    731.9    781.9  831 9  931 9    1031 9  t  350 

1.65       1.68  1.70      1.72  1.74      1.77      1.79  1.81  1.92      2.02      2.12  2  22      2  41      2  60  V 

1288.3  1293.5  1298.7  1303.8  1308.9  1313.9  1319.0  1324.1  1349.3  1374.3  1399.2  1424  0  1473  7  1523  5  h 

1.5871  1.5921  1.5971  1.6020  1.6068  1.6116  1.6163  1.6210  1.6436  1.6650  1.6854  1.7052  1.7422  1.7767  n 

564.6    574.6  584.6    594.6  604.6  614.6    624.6  634.6  684.6    734.6    784.6  834  6  934  6    1034  6  t  360 

1.61       1.63  1.65       1.68  1.70      1.72      1.74  1.76  1.87      1.97      2.07  2.16      2  35      2  53  V 

1289.2  1294.4  1299.6  1304.7  1309.8  1314.9  1319.9  1325.0  1350.2  1375.3  1400.2  1425  0  1474  8  1^24  6  h 

1.5852  1.5902  1.5951  1.6000  1.6048  1.6096  1.6143  1.6190  1.6415  1.6629  1.6833  1.7031  1.7400  1.7745  n 

567.2  577.2  587.2    597.2  607.2  617.2    627.2  637.2  687.2     737.2     787.2  837  2  937  2    1037  2  t  370 
1.57      1.59  1.61       1.64  1.66      1.68      1.70  1.72  1.82       1.92      2.02  2.11      2  30      2  47  v 

1290.1  1295.3  1300.4  1305.6  1310.7  1315.8  1320.8  1325.9  1351.1  1376.2  1401.2  1426.1  1475  8  1525  7  h 

1.5833  1.5883  1.5933  1.5982  1.6030  1.6077  1.6124  1.6171  1.6396  1.6610  1.6814  1.7011  1.7380  1.7725  n 

569.8    579.8  589.8    599.8  609.8  619.8    629.8  639.8  689.8    739.8    789.8  839.8  939.8    1039.8  t  380 

1.53      1.55  1.58      1.60  1.62       1.64      1.66  1.68  1.78      1.88      1.97  2.06      2  24      2  41  v 

1290.9  1296.1  1301.3  1306.5  1311.6  1316.7  1321.7  1326.8  1352.0  1377.1  1402.1  1427.0  1476.9  1526  8  h 

1.5816  1.5866  1.5915  1.5964  1.6012  1.6059  1.6106  1.6153  1.6378  1.6591  1.6795  1.6992  1.7361  1.7705  n 

572.3  582.3  592.3    602.3  612.3  622.3    632.3  642.3  692.3     742.3     792.3  842.3  942  3    1042  3  t  390 
1.50      1.52  1.54      1.56  1.58      1.60      1.62  1.64  1.74      1.83       1.92  2.01      2.19      2  35  v 

1291.8  1297.0  1302.2  1307.3  1312.4  1317.5  1322.6  1327.7  1353.0  1378.1  1403.1  1428.0  1477.9  1527.9  h 

1.5798  1.5848  1.5897  1.5946  1.5994  1.6041  1.6088  1.6135  1.6360  1.6573  1.6777  1.6973  1.7342  1.7685  n 


574.7    584.7       594.7    604.7    614.7    624.7    634.7       644.7    694.7    744.7    794.7       844.7    944.7   1044.7 
1.46      1.48  1.50      1.52      1.54      1.56      1.58  1.60      1.70      1.79      1.88  1.97      2.14       2.30 


t400 


1292.7  1297.9  1303.0  1308.2  1313.3  1318.4  1323.5  1328.6  1353.9  1379.1  1404.1  1429.0  1478.9  1528.9  h 

1.5781  1.5821  1.5880  1.5929  1.5977  1.6024  1.6070  1.6117  1.6342  1.6554  1.6758  1.6955  1.7323  1.7666  „ 

536.5  596.5  606.5  616.5  626.5  636.5  646.5  656.5  706.5  756.5  806.5  856.5  956.5  1056.5  t  450 

1.31   1.33  1.35  1.36   1.38  1.40  1.42    1.44   1.53   1.61   1.69  1.77  1.93  2.07  v 

1297.  1302.  1307.  1312.  1317.  1323.  1328.  1333.  1358.  1383.  1409.  1434.  1484.  1534.  h 

1.570  1.575  1.580  1.585  1.589  1.594  1.599  1.603  1.626  1.647  1.667  1.687  1.723  1.758  n 

597.2  607.2  617.2  627.2  637.2  6-V7.2  657.2   667.2  717.2  767.2  817.2  867.2  %7.2  1067.2  t  500 

1.19   1.20  1.22  1.24   1.26  1.27  1.29    1.31   1.39   1.47   1.54  1.62  1.76   1.89  V 

1300.  1306.  1311.  1316.  1321.  1327.  1332.  1337.  1362.  1388.  1413.  1438.  1489.  1539.  h 

1.564  1.569  1.574  1.579  1.584  1.589  1.594   1.598  1.620  1.641  1.661  1.680  1.716  1.751  n 

607.2  617.2  627.2  637.2  647.2  657.2  667.2  677.2  727.2  777.2  827.2  877.2  977.2  1077.2  t  550 

1.08   1.10  1.11  1.13   1.15  1.16  1.18    1.20   1.27   1.34  1.42  1.49  1.62   1.74  V 

1304.  1309.  1315.  1320.  1325.  1330.  1336.  1341.  1366.  1392.  1417.  1442.  1493.  1543.  h 

1.559  1.564  1.569  1.574  1.579  1.583  1.588   1.592  1.615  1.636  1.656  1.675  1.711  1.746  n 

616.4  626.4  636.4  (A6A    656.4  666.4  676.4  686.4  736.4  786.4  836.4  886.4  986.4  1086.4  t  600 

1.00   1.02  1.03  1.05   1.06  1.08  1.09    1.11  1.18  1.25  1.31  1.38  1.50  1.62  V 

1309.  1314.  1319.  1325.  1330.  1335.  1340.  1346.  1371.  1397.  1422.  1448.  1499.  1550.  h 

1.SS3  1.SS8  1.563  1.568  1.573  1.577  1.582  1.586  1.608  1.629  1.649  1.668  1.704  1.739  n 

(65) 


Table  4.     Increase  in  Total  Heat  and  in  Entropy  for 
Steam  Superheated  above  600° 

„                 From  600"  Fahr.  superheat  to  . 

Prflss  Press 

lbs."    700°  800°  900°  1000°  1100°  1200°  1300°  1400°  1500°  1600°  1700°  1800°  1900°  2000°  ibs.' 

1  Ah      47.      95.      143.        192.    242.    292.    343.    394.  446.    500.    554.    610.    667.  726.  Ah      1 

An    0.039  0.075  0.110     0.142  0.172  0.202  0.230  0.257  0.283  0.308  0.333  0357  0.381  0.404  An 

15  Ah      48.      96.      145.        194.     244.    295.     347.     400.  453.    508.     564.    621.    680.  741.  Ah    15 

An    0.036  0.070  0.102     0.133  0.162  0.190  0.216  0.242  0.268  0.292  0.316  0.340  0364  0.387  An 

25  Ah      48.      96.     145.       195.    246.    297.    349.    402.  455.    510.    566.    624.    684.  745.  Ah    26 

An    0.036  0.069  0.101     0.131  0.160  0.188  0.214  0.240  0.266  0.290  0.313  0337  0.361  0384  An 

50  Ah      48.      97.      146.       196.    247.    299.    351.    404.  459.    514,    571.    630.    690.  752.  Ah    50 

An    0.035  0.068  0.099     0.128  0.156  0.184  0.210  0.236  0.260  0.285  0308  0332  0.355  0378  An 

75  Ah      48.      97.     147.       197.    248.    300.    353.    406.  461.    517.    574.    633.    694.  756.  Ah    75 

An    0.035  0.067  0.098     0.127  0.154  0.182  0.208  0.234  0.258  0.283  0306  0330  0353  0376  An 

100  Ah      48.      98.     148.       198.    249.    301.    354.    408.  463.    519.    577.    636.    697.  759.  Ah  100 

An    0.034  0.066  0.097     0.126  0.153  0.181  0.207  0.232  0.256  0.281  0304  0328  0351  0374  An 

150  Ah      49.      99.     149.       200.    251.    303.    356.    411.  467.    524.    582.    642.    703.  765.  Ah  150 

An    0.034  0.065  0.095     0.124  0.151  0.178  0.204  0.229  0.253  0.277  0301  0324  0.347  0370  An 

200  Ah      49.      99.     150.       201.    253.    305.    358.    413.  470.    527.    586.    646.    708.  771.  Ah  200 

An    0.033  0.065  0.094     0.123  0.150  0.177  0.203  0.228  0.252  0.276  0.300  0323  0346  0.369  An 

250  Ah      50.     100.     151.       202.    254.    306.    360.    415.  472.    530.    589.    649.    712.  776.  Ah  250 

An    0.033  0.064  0.094     0.122  0.150  0.176  0.202  0.226  0.251  0.275  0.298  0.322  0.345  0.368  An 

300  Ah      50.     100.    151.       203.    255.    308.    362.    417.  474.    532.    591.    652.    715.  780.  Ah  300 

An    0.033  0.064  0.093     0.122  0.149  0.175  0.201  0.225  0.250  0.274  0.297  0.320  0344  0367  An 

400  Ah      50.     101.     152.       204.    257.    311.    365.    421.  478.    537.    597.    659.    722.  787.  Ah  400 

An    0.032  0.063  0.092     0.120  0.147  0.173  0.199  0.223  0.248  0.271  0.295  0318  0.341  0.364  An 

500  Ah      51.     102.    154.       206.    259.    313.    368.    424.  482.    541.    602.    664.    728.  794.  Ah  500 

An    0.032  0.063  0.092     0.120  0.147  0.173  0.198  0.222  0.247  0.270  0.294  0317  0.340  0.363  An 

600  Ah      51.     103.     155.       208.    261.    315.    371.    427.  485.    545.    606.    669.    734.  800.  Ah  600 

An    0.032  0.062  0.091     0.119  0.146  0.172  0.197  0.222  0.246  0.270  0.293  0317  0.340  0363  An 

This  talile  gives,  either  directly  or  by  interpolation,  the  excess  of  the  total  heat  or  entropy  at  any  given  pressnre  and  super- 
heat above  that  at  the  same  pressure  and  600°  superheat.  The  actual  total  heat  or  entropy  is  obtained  by  adding  this 
'ncrement  to  the  corresponding  value  in  the  GOC  column  of  Table  3. 


(66) 


Table  5.  Boiling  Points 
For  Thermometer  Calibrations 
English  Units 


F.ess. 
n.ofHg. 

Temp. 
,     Fahr. 

Press, 
in.  of  Hg 

Temp. 
.     Fahr. 

Press, 
in.  of  Hg 

Temp, 
,     Fahr. 

Press, 
in.  of  Hg 

Temp. 
;,     Fahr. 

Press, 
in.  of  Hg 

Temp, 
;.     Fahr. 

22.0 
.2 
.4 
.6 
.8 

190.95 
197.37 
197.79 
198.21 
198.63 

25.0 
.2 
.4 
.6 
.8 

203.10 
203.48 
203.86 
204.24 
204.62 

28.0 
.1 
.2 
.3 
.4 

208.67 
208.85 
209.03 
209.20 
209.37 

29.5 
.6 
.7 
.8 
.9 

211.27 
211.44 
211.62 
211.79 
211.96 

31.0 
.1 
.2 
.3 
.4 

213.80 
213.96 
214.13 
214.29 

214.46 

23.0 
.2 
.4 
.6 
.8 

199.05 
199.47 
199.89 
200.31 
200.72 

26.0 
.2 
.4 
.6 
.8 

205.00 
205.38 
205.75 
206.12 
206.49 

28.5 
.6 
.7 
.8 
.9 

209.55 
209.73 
209.91 
210.08 
210.25 

30.0 
.1 
.2 
.3 
.4 

212.13 
212.30 
212.47 
212.64 
212.81 

31.5 
.6 
.7 
.8 
.9 

214.62 
214.79 
214.95 
215.11 
215.27 

24.0 
.2 
.4 
.6 
.8 

201.13 
201.54 
201.94 
202.33 
202.72 

27.0 
.2 
.4 
.6 
.8 

206.86 
207.23 
207.59 
207.95 
208.31 

29.0 
.1 
.2 
.3 
.4 

210.42 
210.59 
210.76 
210.93 
211.10 

30.5 
.6 
.7 
.8 
.9 

212.97 
213.13 
213.30 
213.46 
213.63 

32.0 
.2 
.4 
.6 
.8 

215.43 
215.75 
216.08 
216.40 
216.72 

Metric  Units 


Press. 

Temp. 

Press. 

Temp. 

Press. 

Temp. 

Press, 

Temp, 

Press, 

Temp. 

Tim,  of  Hg.  Cent. 

mm.  of  Hg.  Cent. 

mm.  ofHg.  Cent, 

mm,  of  1 

Hg.  Cent. 

mm.  ofHg.  Cent, 

550 

91,19 

700 

97.71 

726 

98.68 

750 

99.63 

775 

100.55 

60 

91.67 

1 

97.75 

6 

98.72 

1 

99.66 

6 

100.59 

70 

92.14 

2 

97.79 

7 

98.76 

2 

99.70 

7 

100.62 

80 

92.60 

3 

97.83 

8 

98.80 

3 

99.74 

8 

100.66 

90 

93.06 

4 

97.87 

9 

98.84 

4 

99.78 

9 

100.69 

600 

93.51 

705 

97.91 

730 

98.87 

755 

99.81 

780 

100.73 

05 

93.73 

6 

97.95 

1 

98.91 

6 

99.85 

1 

100.77 

10 

93.96 

7 

97.99 

2 

98.95 

7 

99.89 

2 

100.80 

15 

94.18 

8 

98.03 

3 

98.99 

8 

99.92 

3 

100.84 

20 

94.40 

9 

98.07 

4 

99.03 

9 

99.96 

4 

100.87 

625 

94.61 

710 

98.10 

735 

99.06 

760 

100.00 

785 

100.91 

30 

94.83 

1 

98.14 

6 

99.10 

1 

100.04 

6 

100.95 

35 

95.04 

2 

98.18 

7 

99.14 

2 

100.07 

7 

100.98 

40 

95.25 

3 

98.22 

8 

99.18 

3 

100.11 

8 

101.02 

45 

95.47 

4 

98.26 

9 

99.21 

4 

100.15 

9 

101.05 

650 

95.68 

715 

98.30 

740 

99.25 

765 

100.18 

790 

101.09 

65 

95.89 

6 

98.34 

1 

99.29 

6 

100.22 

1 

101.12 

60 

96.10 

7 

98.38 

2 

99.33 

7 

100.26 

2 

101.16 

65 

96.30 

8 

98.41 

3 

99.36 

8 

100.29 

3 

101.20 

70 

96.51 

9 

98.45 

4 

99.40 

9 

100.33 

4 

101.23 

675 

96.71 

720 

98.49 

745 

99.44 

770 

100.37 

795 

101.27 

80 

96.91 

1 

98.53 

6 

99.48 

1 

100.40 

6 

101.30 

85 

97.12 

2 

98.57 

7 

99.51 

2 

100.44 

7 

101.34 

90 

97.32 

3 

98.61 

8 

99.55 

3 

100.48 

8 

101.37 

96 

97.52 

4 

98.65 

9 

99.59 

4 

100.51 

9 

101.41 

(67) 


%^^ 


fil^^%^ 


Table  6.    Thermal  Properties  of  Water 
At  Saturation  Pressure 


Temp. 
Fahr, 

20° 

30 

40 


Press, 
lbs. 

0.06 
0.08 


Specific  Volume 
ft.=/lb.       cm.^gr. 


0.01603 
0.01602 


1.00101 
1.00022 


Density 
Ibs./fU  grs./cm.' 


0.99899 
0.99978 


62.37 
62.42 


144  Apv' 
B.  t.  u. 

0.000 
0.000 


Specific 
Heat 

1.0168 
1.0098 


0.12   0.01602  1.00000   62.43  1.00000   0.000   1.0045 


Temp. 
Fahr. 

20° 

30 

40 


50° 

60 

70 

80 

90 


0.18 
0.26 
0.36 
0.51 
0.70 


0.01602 
0.01603 
0.01605 
0.01607 
0.01610 


1.00027 
1.00096 
1.00201 
1.00338 
1.00504 


62.42 
62.37 
62.30 
62.22 
62.11 


0.99973 
0.99904 
0.99799 
0.99663 
0.99498 


0.001 
0.001 
0.001 
0.002 
0.002 


1.0012 
0.9990 
0.9977 
0.9970 
0.9967 


60° 

60 

70 

80 

90 


100°  0.95  0.01613  1.00698  62.00  0.99307  0.003  0.9967  100° 

110  1.27  0.01616  1.00915  61.86  0.99093  0.004  0.9970  110 

120  1.69  0.01620  1.01157  61.71  0.98857  0.005  0.9974  120 

130  2.22  0.01625  1.01420  61.55  0.98600  0.007  0.9979  130 

140  2.89  0.01629  1.01705  61.38  0.98324  0.009  0.9986  140 


150° 

160 

170 

180 

190 

200° 

210 

220 

230 

240 


300° 
310 
320 
330 
340 


3.71 
4.74 
5.99 
7.51 
9.34 

11.52 
14.13 
17.19 
20.77 
24.97 


250°  29.82 

260  35.42 

270  41.85 

280  49.18 

290  57.55 


67.00 
77.67 
89.63 
103.0 
118.0 


0.01634  1.02011 

0.01639  1.02337 

0.01645  1.02682 

0.01651  1.03047 

0.01657  1.03431 


0.01663 
0.01670 
0.01677 
0.01684 
0.01692 

0.01700 
0.01708 
0.01716 
0.01725 
0.01735 

0.01744 
0.01754 
0.01765 
0.01776 
0.01788 


1.03835 

1.04256 

1.0469 

1.0515 

1.0562 

1.0611 
1.0662 
1.0715 
1.0771 
1.0830 

1.0890 
1.0953 
1.1019 
1.1088 
1.1160 


61.20  0.98029 

61.00  0.97717 

60.80  0.97388 

60.58  0.97043 

60.36  0.96683 


60.12 
59.88 
59.63 
59.37 
59.11 

58.83 
58.55 
58.26 
57.96 
57.65 

57.33 
57.00 
56.66 
56.30 
55.94 


0.96307 

0.95917 

0.9552 

0.9510 

0.9468 

0.9425 
0.9379 
0.9332 
0.9284 
0.9234 

0.9183 
0.9130 
0.9075 
0.9019 
0.8961 


0.011 
0.014 
0.018 
0.023 
0.029 

0.036 
0.044 
0.054 
0.065 
0.078 

0.094 
0.112 
0.133 
0.157 
0.185 

0.217 
0.254 
0.295 
0.340 
0.391 


0.9994 
1.0002 
1.0010 
1.0019 
1.0029 

1.0039 
1.0050 
1.007* 
1.009* 
1.012* 


1.029 
1.032 
1.035 
1.038 
1.041 


150° 

160 

170 

180 

190 

200° 

210 

220 

230 

240 


1.015*  250° 

1.018  260 

1.021  270 

1.023  280 

1.026  290 


300' 

310 

320 

330 

340 


*  Values  below  220^  from  mean  curve  described  on  page  89.    Values  above  250'  from 
Bieterici's  formula.    The  four  values  indicated  are  selected  so  as  to  give  a  smooth  transition. 


(68) 


Table  6 :  Water 

Temp.  Press.  Specific  Volume                  Density               144  Apv'  Specific  Temp. 

Fahr.          lbs.  ft.Vlb.  cm.s/gr.  Ibs./ft.^  grs./cm.'         B.t.  u.  Heat  Fahr. 

350°   135.  0.01800  1.1235  55.57  0.8902   0.448  1.045  350° 

360    153.  0.01812  1.1313  55.18  0.8840   0.513  1.048  360 

370    173.  0.01825  1.1396  54.78  0.8776   0.586  1.052  370 

380    196.  0.01839  1.1483  54.36  0.8709   0.666  1.056  380 

390  220.  0.01854  1.1573  53.94  0.8642   0.756  1.060  390 

400°   247.  0.0187  1.167  53.5  0.857    0.86  1.064  400° 

410    276.  0.0189  1.177  53.0  0.850    0.96  1.068  410 

420    308.  0.0190  1.187  52.6  0.843    1.09  1.072  420 

430    343.  0.0192  1.197  52.2  0.835    1.22  1.077  430 

440    381.  0.0194  1.208  51.7  0.828    1.36  1.082  440 

450°  422.  0.0195  1.220  51.2  0.820    1.52  1.086  450° 

460  466.  0.0197  1.232  50.7  0.812    1.70  1.091  460 

470    514.  0.0199  1.244  50.2  0.804    1.89  1.096  470 

480    565.  0.0201  1.256  49.7  0.796    2.10  1.101  480 

490  620.  0.0203  1.269  49.2  0.787    2.33  1.106  490 

500°  679.  0.0206  1.283  48.7  0.779    2.58  1.112  500° 

510  743.  0.0208  1.297  48.1  0.771    2.86  1.117  510 

520  810.  0.0210  1.312  47.6  0.763    3.15  1.123  520 

530  883.  0.0213  1.329  47.0  0.755    3.48  1.128  530 

540  960.  0.0216  1.35  46.3  0.74    3.8  1.134  540 

550°  1043.  0.0219  1.37  45.6  0.73  4.2  1.140  550° 

560  1130.  0.0223  1.39  44.9  0.71    4.7  1.146  560 

570  1224.  0.0227  1.42  44.1  0.70    5.2  1.152  570 

580  1323.  0.0231  1.44  43.3  0.69    5.7  1.158  580 

590  1428.  0.0235  1.46  42.6  0.68    6.2  1.165  590 

600°  1540.  0.024  1.49  41.8  0.67    6.8  1.172  600° 

610  1658.  0.024*  1.52*  41.0*  0.66*    7.5*  610 

620  1783.  0.025  1.55  40.2  0.65     8.2  620 

630  1916.  0.025  1.59  39.4  0.64  9.0  630 

640  2056.  0.026  1.63  38.5  0.62  9.9  640 

650°  2204.  0.027  1.67  37.5  0.60  10.9  650° 

660  2361.  0.027  1.72  36.4  0.58  12.0  660 

670  2526.  0.028  1.78  35.2  0.56  13.3  670 

690  2883.  0.031  1.95  32.1  0.51  16.6  690 

706.1  3200.  0.050  3.11  20.1  0.32  29.5  706.  J 

*  The  specific  volumes  and  densities  below  600^  were  tnken  from  the  3rd  (1905)  edition 

of  Landolt  and  Bornstein's  "  Physikalische  Tabellen,"     These  and  the  following  values 

were  obtained  by  the  method  described  on  page  103. 


(69) 


Temperature 


Conversion  Tables 


TABLE  OF  EQUIVALENT  TEMPERATURES 


Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahi. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

-25° 

-13° 

50° 

122° 

125° 

257° 

200° 

392° 

275° 

527° 

350° 

662° 

425° 

797° 

-20 

-   4 

55 

131 

130 

266 

205 

401 

280 

536 

355 

671 

430 

806 

-15 

+    5 

60 

140 

135 

275 

210 

410 

285 

545 

360 

680 

435 

815 

-10 

14 

65 

149 

140 

284 

215 

419 

290 

554 

365 

689 

440 

824 

-   5 

23 

70 

158 

145 

293 

220 

428 

295 

563 

370 

698 

445 

833 

0° 

32° 

75° 

167° 

150° 

302° 

225° 

437° 

300° 

572° 

375° 

707° 

450° 

842° 

5 

41 

80 

176 

155 

311 

230 

446 

305 

581 

380 

716 

455 

851 

10 

50 

85 

185 

160 

320 

235 

455 

310 

590 

385 

725 

460 

860 

15 

59 

90 

194 

165 

329 

240 

464 

315 

599 

390 

734 

465 

869 

20 

68 

95 

203 

170 

338 

245 

473 

320 

608 

395 

743 

470 

878 

25° 

77° 

100° 

212° 

175° 

347° 

250° 

482° 

325° 

617° 

400° 

752° 

475° 

887° 

30 

86 

105 

221 

180 

356 

255 

491 

330 

626 

405 

761 

480 

896 

35 

95 

110 

230 

185 

365 

260 

500 

335 

635 

410 

770 

485 

905 

40 

104 

115 

239 

190 

374 

265 

509 

340 

644 

415 

779 

490 

914 

45 

113 

120 

248 

195 

383 

270 

518 

345 

653 

420 

788 

495 

923 

TABLE  OF  VALUES  FOR  INTERPOLATION  IN  ABOVE 

1°C=1.8°K    4°(;=    7.2°F     7°('=12.6°F  1°K  =  0.55°(!     4°F  =  2.22°C     7°F=3.88°C 

2  =3.6         5      =    9.0         8      =14.4  2      =1.11         5      =2.77         8      =4.44 

3  =5.4         6      =10.8         9      =16.2  3      =1.66         6      =3.33         9      =5.00 

All  decimals  are  exact.  All  decimals  are  repeating  decimals. 


Length  area  and  volume 


1  cm. 

-= 

03937* 

inchos, 

IoK  = 

-1-59  517 

1  inch 

= 

2  54001    cm., 

loK==0-40  483 

1  metpr 

= 

3. 28083 

ft-, 

051  598 

1  ft. 

= 

0-30480    m., 

1-48  402 

1  sq.  cm. 

= 

015500 

wi.  in., 

1-19  033 

1  Bq.  in. 

= 

6-4516      .■<q-  cm., 

0-80  967 

1  sq.  metor 

= 

10-7639 

sq.  ft., 

1-03  197 

1  sq.  ft. 

= 

0-092903  sq-  m., 

5-96  803 

1  cu.  cm. 

--= 

0061023 

cu.  in., 

5-78  550 

1  cu.  in. 

= 

16-387        cu.  cm., 

1-21450 

1  cu.  meter 

= 

35-3145 

cu.  ft., 

1-54  795 

1  cu.  ft. 

= 

0-028317  cu.  m., 

5-45  205 

1  liter 

= 

0-26417 

gal... 

1-42  188 

1  gal. 

= 

3.7854      liters, 

0-57  812 

Mass  and  density 


1  kR.                    =  2-204622  His-,                     log- 0-34  333 

1  KT./rm.\           =  62-4283  Ibs./ft-,',                         I.79  538 

Density  .>f  Hr.  -  0-491170  Ibs./in.MiU,  32°),        1-89  123 

K  (standiini)        =  32-1740  {*■■  »oc.-',                       1-50  750 


lib.  =      0453592  l<K-,  loK=  1.65  667 

1  Ib./ft.'         =      0-016018  Kr-/cm.\  5-20  462 

Den.ofHg.   =    13-59545    gr./cm.'' (at  0°  C.).     1.33  339 
g  (.standard)  =  980-665*      cm.  aec.-^,  2-99  152 


Pressure 

1  i<E./cm.^           ^- 

14-223 

Ibs./in.'.              log=  1.15  300 

("  metric 

28 

958 

ill-  "f  Hk  ,                   1.46  177 

fttmo.spiicre")^ 

735 

54 

mm.  of  Ilg.,               2-86  661 

= 

32 

84 

ft.ofHjOCateQo),     1-51640 

= 

0 

9678 

atmos,                           1.98  579 

■= 

0 

98066r) 

»  iii<-Kiibfiis,t                  1.99  152 

lOOOmm.of  Hg.-^ 

1 

3158 

iitiiK.M,                 Int?- 0-11  919 

- 

39 

37* 

iri.uflln.,                   1-59  517 

- 

44 

65 

ft.  of  ll.,()(at(i()"j,     1.64  979 

- 

19 

337 

lbM./in.2,                        1-28  640 

— 

1 

3595 

kK-/cm.2                      0-13  339 

- 

1 

3333 

rncciibnrH.t                  0-12  491 

Exact  value,  by  definition. 


1  lb./in.2 


1  atmo 


0-070307  kg-/cm.2,  1ok=  2-84  700 

2-0360      in.  of  Hg.,  0-30  877 

51-713        mm.  of  Hg.,  1-71360 

27.71  i'la.  of  H2O  (at  60°),    1.44  258 

0-068044  atmos,  2-83  279 

0-068947  m.'»^!ib!irs,t  5-83  852 


60.* 

mm.  of  II(.r,,         1 

<>«-=  2-88  081 

29-921 

in.  of  11^.. 

1-47  598 

33.93 

ft.  of  11,/)  (al&r 

1.53  061 

14-696 

lbH/ill.2, 

1-16  721 

1-0333 

kK./cm.2, 

0-01421 

1.0133 

megiibars.t 

0.00  573 

(70) 


I  1  mcgaV)ar=  10"  dynes  per  sq.  cm. 


Conversion  Table 


Energy 


1  ft.  lb.  = 

32 

174 

ft.  poundals,log  = 

=  1 

50 

750 

ft.  poundal 

= 

3 

= 

0 

13826 

kg.  meters, 

I 

14 

068 

kg.  meter 

= 

7 

= 

1 

3558 

Joules, t 

0 

13 

220 

L  Joule  t 

= 

0. 

= 

1 

2861X10' 

mean  B.  t.  u.. 

3 

10 

929 

mean  H.  t.  u 

= 

777 

= 

0 

3241 

gr.  calories, 

I 

51 

068 

gr.  calorie 

= 

3- 

= 

7 

145    XIO^ 

lb.  °C.  cals.. 

4 

85 

402 

L  lb.  °C.  cal. 

= 

1- 

= 

1 

3381X10^ 

liter  atmos, 

2 

12 

647 

liter  atmo 

= 

74. 

= 

4 

7253X10' 

cii.  ft.  atmos. 

4 

67 

443 

cu.  ft.  atmo 

= 

2. 

= 

5 

0505X10  ' 

H.  P.  hours. 

7 

70 

333 

H.  P.  hour 

= 

1- 

= 

5 

1206X10" 

chev.  vap.  hrs.. 

7 

70 

932           ] 

chev.  vap.  hr 

= 

1 

■= 

3 

7662X10' 

watt  hours 

4 

57 

590           ] 

watt  hour 

= 

2 

]  Joulet  = 

0 

10197 

kg.  meters,    log  = 

=  1 

00 

848 

kg.  meter 

= 

9- 

= 

0 

73756 

ft.  lbs., 

I 

86 

780 

L  ft.  lb. 

= 

1- 

- 

23 

730 

ft.  pounfials. 

1 

37 

530 

ft.  poundal 

= 

4- 

= 

9 

486    XIO' 

mean  B.  t.  u., 

4 

97 

709 

mean  B.t.u. 

= 

1. 

= 

0 

2390 

gr.  calories, 

I 

37 

848 

L  gr.  calorie 

= 

4- 

= 

5 

270    XIO" 

lb.  °C.  cal.. 

4 

72 

181 

I  lb.  °C.  cal. 

= 

1 

= 

9 

8690X10' 

liter  atmos. 

3 

99 

427 

liter  atmo 

= 

1 

= 

3 

4852X10  ' 

cu.  ft.  atmos. 

4 

54 

223 

cu.  ft.  atmo 

= 

2 

= 

3 

7251X10-' 

H.  P.  hours, 

7 

57 

113 

H.  P.  hour 

= 

2 

= 

3 

7767X10-'' 

chev.  vap.  hrs.. 

7 

57 

711 

chev.  vap.  hr 

= 

2 

= 

2 

7778X10-' 

watt  hours. 

4 

44 

370 

watt  hour 

= 

3 

1  B.  t.  u.  = 

2 

5200  XIO^ 

gr.  calories,    log  = 

=  2 

40 

139 

gr.  calorie 

= 

3 

= 

0 

5556 

lb.  °C.  cal.. 

I 

74 

473 

L  lb.  °C.  cal. 

= 

1- 

= 

777 

5+ 

ft.  lbs.. 

2 

89 

071            ] 

ft.  lb. 

= 

1 

= 

2 

5016  X?0' 

ft.  poundals. 

4 

39 

822           ] 

ft.  poundal 

= 

3- 

= 

1 

0750X10= 

kg.  meters. 

2 

03 

139           ] 

kg.  meter 

= 

9. 

= 

1 

0542X10' 

Joules, t 

3 

02 

291           ] 

Joulet 

= 

9- 

= 

10 

404 

liter  atmos. 

1 

01 

719           ] 

liter  atmo 

= 

9. 

= 

0 

3674 

cu.  ft.  atmos. 

I 

56 

514           ] 

cu.  ft.  atmo 

= 

2 

= 

3 

927    X10-' 

H.  P.  hours. 

4 

59 

405 

H.  P.  hour 

= 

2. 

= 

3 

981    X10-' 

chev.  vap.  hrs.. 

4 

60 

003           ] 

chev.  vap.  hr 

= 

2 

= 

0 

2928 

watt  hours. 

I 

46 

661 

watt  hour 

= 

3- 

1  gr.  cal.  = 

3 

9683  X10-' 

mean  B.t.u.,  log  = 

=  3 

59 

861           ] 

mean  B.t.u 

= 

2- 

= 

2 

2046X10  ' 

lb.  ''C.  cal.. 

3 

34 

333 

lb.  °C.  cal. 

= 

4. 

= 

3 

086 

ft.  lbs.. 

0 

48 

932 

L  ft.  lb. 

= 

0. 

= 

99 

27 

ft.  poundals. 

1 

99 

682 

ft.  poundal 

= 

1. 

= 

0 

4266 

kg.  meters. 

1 

63 

000 

kg.  meter 

= 

2- 

= 

1834 

Joules, t 

0 

62 

153 

Joulet 

= 

0- 

=- 

1286X10-' 

liter  atmos, 

2 

61 

579 

liter  atmo 

= 

24. 

= 

4580X10-' 

cu.  ft.  atmos. 

3 

16 

374 

cu.  ft.  atmo 

= 

6. 

= 

5583X10-' 

H.  P.  hours, 

6 

19 

265           ] 

H.  P.  hour 

= 

6. 

■= 

5800X10-' 

chev.  vap.  hrs.. 

6 

19 

864            ] 

chev.  vap.  hr 

= 

6. 

= 

1821X10-' 

watt  hours. 

'3 

06 

522            1 

watt  hour 

= 

8. 

1081X10-'  ft.  Ib.v 

2330 

73756 

5+ 

086 

3996X10' 

735 

1163X10' 

98*    X10« 

9529X10' 

6552X10' 

80665*  Joules 

3558 

2140X10' 

0542X10' 

1834 

8976X10' 

0133X10' 

8693X10' 

6845X10" 

6478X10' 

6*      X 10' 

9683X10'  B.t.u. 

8* 

2861X10' 

997    XIO' 

302    XIO' 

486    X10-'       " 

612    XIO' 

722 

547    XIO' 

512    XIO' 

415 

5200X10'  gr.  cal. 

5359X10' 

3241 

0073X10' 

3442 

2390 

22 

859    XIO' 

417    X10» 

329    X10« 

605    XIO' 


log  =5 
0 
I 
2 
0 
3 
1 
3 
6 
6 


t   log  = 


log  =  3 
0 
5 

5 
3 
i 
2 
0 
3 
3 
0 

log  =2 
2 
I 
5 
0 
I 
1 
2 
5 
5 
2 


49 

250 

85 

932 

86 

780 

89 

071 

48 

932 

14 

598 

87 

353 

32 

557 

29 

667 

29 

068 

42 

410 

99 

152 

13 

220 

62 

470 

02 

291 

62 

153 

27 

818 

00 

573 

45 

777 

42 

887 

42 

288 

55 

630 

59 

861 

25 

527 

10 

929 

60 

178 

96 

861 

97 

709 

98 

281 

43 

486 

40 

595 

39 

996 

53 

339 

40 

139 

65 

667 

51 

068 

00 

318 

37 

000 

37 

848 

38 

421 

83 

626 

80 

735 

80 

135 

93 

478 

Power 

1  horse  power  (H.  P.)  is  550  ft.  lbs.  per  second.  1  watt  is  1  Joule  per  .second  or  10'  ergs  per  second.  1  kilowatt 
(K.  VV.)  is  1000  watts.  1  cheval-vapeur,  or  pferdekraft,  or  "continental  horse  power,"  is  75  kg.  meters  per  second. 
1  poacelet  is  100  kg.  meters  per  second. 


1  K.  W. 


=      1.3410 

TI.  P.. 

log  =  0.12  743 

-      1.3597 

rlli'V.  vap., 

0.13   343 

■=      10197 

poncelets, 

000  849 

=  737.56 

It.  Ibs./sec, 

2-86  780 

=  101. 97 

kg.  m./sec, 

2. 00  848 

•  9486 

B.  t.  u./sec, 

1.97  709 

=  23904 

gr.  cals. /sec. 

2.37  848 

1  H.  P. 


=      0 

7457 

K.  W.. 

log  = 

=  I87   257 

=    1 

0139 

chev.  vap., 

000   599 

=      0 

7604 

poncelets. 

1. 88    105 

-550 

• 

ft.  lbs. /.sec. 

2.74   036 

=    76 

040 

kg.  in. /sec. 

188    104 

=      0 

7074 

B.  t.  u./sec. 

, 

1.84   965 

-=178 

25 

gr.  cal. /sec 

, 

2.25    104 

•  Exact  valnoi  by  definition. 


t  1  Jonle=  10'  erg8. 


(71) 


Logarithms  to  the  Base  10 

0         1334        5         6789       iO 


1.00 

0.0000 

0004 

0009 

0013 

0017 

0022 

0026 

0030 

0035 

0039 

0043 

1.01 

0043 

0048 

0052 

0056 

0060 

0065 

0069 

0073 

0077 

0082 

0086 

1.02 

0086 

0090 

0095 

0099 

0103 

0107 

0111 

0116 

0120 

0124 

0128 

1.03 

0128 

0133 

0137 

0141 

0145 

0149 

0154 

0158 

0162 

0166 

0170 

1.04 

0170 

0175 

0179 

0183 

0187 

0191 

0195 

0199 

0204 

0208 

0212 

1.05 

0212 

0216 

0220 

0224 

0228 

0233 

0237 

0241 

0245 

0249 

0253 

1.06 

0253 

0257 

0261 

0265 

0269 

0273 

0278 

0282 

0286 

0290 

0294 

1.07 

0294 

0298 

0302 

0306 

0310 

0314 

0318 

0322 

0326 

0330 

0334 

1.08 

0334 

0338 

0342 

0346 

0350 

0354 

0358 

0362 

0366 

0370 

0374 

1.09 

0374 

0378 

0382 

0386 

0390 

0394 

0398 

0402 

0406 

0410 

0414 

1.10 

0.0414 

0418 

0422 

0426 

0430 

0434 

0438 

0441 

0445 

0449 

0453 

1.11 

0453 

0457 

0461 

0465 

0469 

0473 

0477 

0481 

0484 

0488 

0492 

1.12 

0492 

0496 

0500 

0504 

0508 

0512 

0515 

0519 

0523 

0527 

0531 

1.13 

0531 

0535 

0538 

0542 

0546 

0550 

0554 

0558 

0561 

0565 

0569 

1.14 

0569 

0573 

0577 

0580 

0584 

0588 

0592 

0596 

0599 

0603 

0607 

1.15 

0607 

0611 

0615 

0618 

0622 

0626 

0630 

0633 

0637 

0641 

0645 

1.16 

0645 

0648 

0652 

0656 

0660 

0663 

0667 

0671 

0674 

0678 

0682 

1.17 

0682 

0686 

0689 

0693 

0697 

0700 

0704 

0708 

0711 

0715 

0719 

1.18 

0719 

0722 

0726 

0730 

0734 

0737 

0741 

0745 

0748 

0752 

0755 

1.19 

0755 

0759 

0763 

0766 

0770 

0774 

0777 

0781 

0785 

0788 

0792 

1.20 

0.0792 

0795 

0799 

0803 

0806 

0810 

0813 

0817 

0821 

0824 

0828 

1.21 

0828 

0831 

0835 

0839 

0842 

0846 

0849 

0853 

0856 

0860 

0864 

1.22 

0864 

0867 

0871 

0874 

0878 

0881 

0885 

0888 

0892 

0896 

0899 

1.23 

0899 

0903 

0906 

0910 

0913 

0917 

0920 

0924 

0927 

0931 

0934 

1.24 

0934 

0938 

0941 

0945 

0948 

0952 

0955 

0959 

0962 

0966 

0969 

1.25 

0969 

0973 

0976 

0980 

0983 

0986 

0990 

0993 

0997 

1000 

1004 

1.26 

1004 

1007 

1011 

1014 

1017 

1021 

1024 

1028 

1031 

1035 

1038 

1.27 

1038 

1041 

1045 

1048 

1052 

1055 

1059 

1062 

1065 

1069 

1072 

1.28 

1072 

1075 

1079 

1082 

1086 

1089 

1092 

1096 

1099 

1103 

1106 

1.29 

1106 

1109 

1113 

1116 

1119 

1123 

1126 

1129 

1133 

1136 

1139 

1.30 

0.1139 

1143 

1146 

1149 

1153 

1156 

1159 

1163 

1166 

1169 

1173 

1.31 

1173 

1176 

1179 

1183 

1186 

1189 

1193 

1196 

1199 

1202 

1206 

1.32 

1206 

1209 

1212 

1216 

1219 

1222 

1225 

1229 

1232 

1235 

1239 

1.33 

1239 

1242 

1245 

1248 

1252 

1255 

1258 

1261 

1265 

1268 

1271 

1.34 

1271 

1274 

1278 

1281 

1284 

1287 

1290 

1294 

1297 

1300 

1303 

1.35 

1303 

1307 

1310 

1313 

1316 

1319 

1323 

1326 

1329 

1332 

1335 

1.36 

1335 

1339 

1342 

1345 

1348 

1351 

1355 

1358 

1361 

1364 

1367 

1.37 

1367 

1370 

1374 

1377 

1380 

1383 

1386 

1389 

1392 

1396 

1399 

1.38 

1399 

1402 

1405 

1408 

1411 

1414 

1418 

1421 

1424 

1427 

1430 

1.39 

1430 

1433 

1436 

1440 

1443 

1446 

1449 

1452 

1455 

1458 

1461 

1.40 

0.1461 

1464 

1467 

1471 

1474 

1477 

1480 

1483 

1486 

1489 

1492 

1.41 

1492 

1495 

1498 

1501 

1504 

1508 

1511 

1514 

1517 

1520 

1523 

1.42 

1523 

1526 

1529 

1532 

1535 

1538 

1541 

1544 

1547 

1550 

1553 

1.43 

1553 

1556 

1559 

1562 

1565 

1569 

1572 

1575 

1578 

1581 

1584 

1.44 

1584 

1587 

1590 

1593 

1596 

1599 

1602 

1605 

1608 

1611 

1614 

1.45 

1614 

1617 

1620 

1623 

1626 

1629 

1632 

1635 

1638 

1641 

1644 

1.46 

1644 

1647 

1649 

1652 

1655 

1658 

1661 

1664 

1667 

1670 

1673 

1.47 

1673 

1676 

1679 

1682 

1685 

1688 

1691 

1694 

1697 

1700 

1703 

1.48 

1703 

1706 

1708 

1711 

1714 

1717 

1720 

1723 

1726 

1729 

1732 

1.49 

1732 

1735 

1738 

1741 

1744 

1746 

1749 

1752 

1755 

1758 

1761 

(72) 


Logarithms  to  the  Base  10 


0 


8 


10 


1.50 

0.1761 

1764 

1767 

1770 

1772 

1775 

1778 

1781 

1784 

1787 

1790 

1.51 

1790 

1793 

1796 

1798 

1801 

1804 

1807 

1810 

1813 

1816 

1818 

1.52 

1818 

1821 

1824 

1827 

1830 

1833 

1836 

1838 

1841 

1844 

1847 

1.S3 

1847 

1850 

1853 

1855 

1858 

1861 

1864 

1867 

1870 

1872 

1875 

1.54 

1875 

1878 

1881 

1884 

1886 

1889 

1892 

1895 

1898 

1901 

1903 

1.55 

1903 

1906 

1909 

1912 

1915 

1917 

1920 

1923 

1926 

1928 

1931 

1.56 

1931 

1934 

1937 

1940 

1942 

1945 

1948 

1951 

1953 

1956 

1959 

1.57 

1959 

1952 

1965 

1967 

1970 

1973 

1976 

1978 

1981 

1984 

1987 

1.58 

1987 

1989 

1992 

1995 

1998 

2000 

2003 

2006 

2009 

2011 

2014 

1.59 

2014 

2017 

2019 

2022 

2025 

2028 

2030 

2033 

2036 

2038 

2041 

1.60 

0.2041 

2044 

2047 

2049 

2052 

2055 

2057 

2060 

2063 

2066 

2068 

1.61 

2068 

2071 

2074 

2076 

2079 

2082 

2084 

2087 

2090 

2092 

2095 

1.62 

2095 

2093 

2101 

2103 

2106 

2109 

2111 

2114 

2117 

2119 

2122 

1.63 

2122 

2125 

2127 

2130 

2133 

2135 

2138 

2140 

2143 

2146 

2148 

1.64 

2148 

2151 

2154 

2156 

2159 

2162 

2164 

2167 

2170 

2172 

2175 

1.65 

2175 

2177 

2180 

2183 

2185 

2188 

2191 

2193 

2196 

2198 

2201 

1.66 

2201 

2204 

2206 

2209 

2212 

2214 

2217 

2219 

2222 

2225 

2227 

1.67 

2227 

2230 

2232 

2235 

2238 

2240 

2243 

2245 

2248 

2251 

2253 

1.68 

2253 

2256 

2258 

2261 

2263 

2266 

2269 

2271 

2274 

2276 

2279 

1.69 

2279 

2281 

2284 

2287 

2289 

2292 

2294 

2297 

2299 

2302 

2304 

1.70 

0.2304 

2307 

2310 

2312 

2315 

2317 

2320 

2322 

2325 

2327 

2330 

1.71 

2330 

2333 

2335 

2338 

2340 

2343 

2345 

2348 

2350 

2353 

2355 

1.72 

2355 

2358 

2360 

2363 

2365 

2368 

2370 

2373 

2375 

2378 

2380 

1.73 

2380 

2383 

2385 

2388 

2390 

2393 

2395 

2398 

2400 

2403 

2405 

1.74 

2405 

2408 

2410 

2413 

2415 

2418 

2420 

2423 

2425 

2428 

2430 

1.75 

2430 

2433 

2435 

2438 

2440 

2443 

2445 

2448 

2450 

2453 

2455 

1.76 

2455 

2458 

2460 

2463 

2465 

2467 

2470 

2472 

2475 

2477 

2480 

1.77 

2480 

2482 

2485 

2487 

2490 

2492 

2494 

2497 

2499 

2502 

2504 

1.78 

2504 

2507 

2509 

2512 

2514 

2516 

2519 

2521 

2524 

2526 

2529 

1.79 

2529 

2531 

2533 

2536 

2538 

2541 

2543 

2545 

2548 

2550 

2553 

1.80 

0.2553 

2555 

2558 

2560 

2562 

2565 

2567 

2570 

2572 

2574 

2577 

1.81 

2577 

2579 

2582 

2584 

2586 

2589 

2591 

2594 

2596 

2598 

2601 

1.82 

2601 

2603 

2605 

2608 

2610 

2613 

2615 

2617 

2620 

2622 

2625 

1.83 

2625 

2627 

2629 

2632 

2634 

2636 

2639 

2641 

2643 

2646 

2648 

1.84 

2648 

2651 

2653 

2655 

2658 

2660 

2662 

2665 

2667 

2669 

2672 

1.85 

2672 

2674 

2676 

2679 

2681 

2683 

2686 

2688 

2690 

2693 

2695 

1.86 

2695 

2697 

2700 

2702 

2704 

2707 

2709 

2711 

2714 

2716 

2718 

1.87 

2718 

2721 

2723 

2725 

2728 

2730 

2732 

2735 

2737 

2739 

2742 

1.88 

2742 

2744 

2746 

2749 

2751 

2753 

2755 

2758 

2760 

2762 

2765 

1.89 

2765 

2767 

2769 

2772 

2774 

2776 

2778 

2781 

2783 

2785 

2788 

190 

0  2788 

2790 

2792 

2794 

2797 

2799 

2801 

2804 

2806 

2803 

2810 

1.91 

2810 

2813 

2815 

2817 

2819 

2822 

2824 

2826 

2828 

2831 

2833 

1.92 

2833 

2835 

2838 

2840 

2842 

2844 

2847 

2849 

2851 

2853 

2856 

1.93 

2856 

2858 

2860 

2862 

2865 

2867 

2869 

2871 

2874 

2876 

2878 

1.94 

2878 

2880 

2882 

2885 

2887 

2889 

2891 

2894 

2896 

2898 

2900 

1.95 

2900 

2903 

2905 

2907 

2909 

2911 

2914 

2916 

2918 

2920 

2923 

1.96 

2923 

2925 

2927 

2929 

2931 

2934 

2936 

2938 

2940 

2942 

2945 

1.97 

2945 

2947 

2949 

2951 

2953 

2956 

2958 

2960 

2962 

2964 

2967 

1.98 

2967 

2969 

2971 

2973 

2975 

2978 

2980 

2982 

2984 

2986 

2989 

1.99 

2989 

2991 

2993 

2995 

2997 

2999 

3002 

3004 

3006 

3008 

3010 

(73) 


Logarithms  to  the  Base  10 


These  two  pajres  give  the  common  logarithms  of  numbers  between  1  and  10,  correct  to  four 
places.  Moving  tlie  decimal  point  n  places  to  the  right  (or  left)  in  the  number  is  equivalent  to 
adding  «,  (or  — /i)  to  the  logarithm.    Thus,  log  0.017453=0  2419  —  2  [=2.2419]. 

To  facilitate  interpolation,  the  tenths  of  the  tabular  differences  are  given  at  the  end  of  each 
line,  so  that  the  differences  themselves  need  not  be  considered.  In  using  these  aids,  first  find  the 
nearest  tabular  entry,  and  then  add  (to  move  to  the  right)  or  subtract  (to  move  to  the  left),  as  the 
case  may  require. 

Pages  72-77  are  reprinted  by  permission,  with  unimportant  changes,  from  Huntington's  "  Four 
Place  Tables." 


Tenths  of  the 

Tabular  Difference 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

1 

2 

3 

4  5 

1.0 

0.0000 

0043 

0086 

0128 

0170 

0212 

0253 

0294 

0334 

0374 

0414 

1.1 

0414 

0453 

0492 

0531 

0569 

0607 

0645 

0682 

0719 

0755 

0792 

1.2 

0792 

0828 

0864 

0899 

0934 

0969 

1004 

1038 

1072 

1106 

1139 

1.3 

1139 

1173 

1206 

1239 

1271 

1303 

1335 

1367 

1399 

1430 

1461 

To  avoid  interpo- 

1.4 

1461 

1492 

1523 

1553 

1584 

1614 

1644 

1673 

1703 

1732 

1761 

lation  In  the  first 

1.5 

1761 

1790 

1818 

1847 

1875 

1903 

1931 

1959 

1987 

2014 

2041 

ten  lines,  i 

use  the 

1.6 

2041 

2068 

2095 

2122 

2148 

2175 

2201 

2227 

2253 

2279 

2304 

special  tablu  un  um 
preceding  page. 

1.7 

2304 

2330 

2355 

2380 

2405 

2430 

2455 

2480 

2504 

2529 

2553 

1.8 

2553 

2577 

2601 

2625 

2648 

2672 

2695 

2718 

2742 

2765 

2788 

1.9 

2788 

2810 

2833 

2856 

2878 

2900 

2923 

2945 

2967 

2989 

3010 

3.0 

0.3010 

3032 

3054 

3075 

3096 

3118 

3139 

3160 

3181 

3201 

3222 

2 

4 

6 

8  11 

2.1 

3222 

3243 

3263 

3284 

3304 

3324 

3345 

3365 

3385 

3404 

3424 

2 

4 

6 

8  10 

2.2 

3424 

3444 

3464 

3483 

3502 

3522 

3541 

3560 

3579 

3598 

3617 

2 

4 

6 

8  10 

2.3 

3617 

3636 

3655 

3674 

3692 

3711 

3729 

3747 

3766 

3784 

3802 

2 

4 

5 

7  9 

2.4 

3802 

3820 

3838 

3856 

3874 

3892 

3909 

3927 

3945 

3962 

3979 

2 

4 

5 

7  9 

2.5 

3979 

3997 

4014 

4031 

4048 

4065 

4082 

4099 

4116 

4133 

4150 

2 

3 

5 

7  9 

2.6 

4150 

4166 

4183 

4200 

4216 

4232 

4249 

4265 

4281 

4298 

4314 

2 

3 

5 

7  8 

2.7 

4314 

4330 

4346 

4362 

4378 

4393 

4409 

4425 

4440 

4456 

4472 

2 

3 

5 

6  8 

2.8 

4472 

4487 

4502 

4518 

4533 

4548 

4564 

4579 

4594 

4609 

4624 

2 

3 

5 

6  8 

2.9 

4624 

4639 

4654 

4669 

4683 

4698 

4713 

4728 

4742 

4757 

4771 

1 

3 

4 

6  7 

3.0 

0.4771 

4786 

4800 

4814 

4829 

4843 

4857 

4871 

4886 

4900 

4914 

3 

4 

6  7 

3.1 

4914 

4928 

4942 

4955 

4969 

4983 

4997 

5011 

5024 

5038 

5051 

3 

4 

6  7 

3.2 

5051 

5065 

5079 

5092 

5105 

5119 

5132 

5145 

5159 

5172 

5185 

3 

4 

5  7 

3.3 

5185 

5198 

5211 

5224 

5237 

5250 

5263 

5276 

5289 

5302 

5315 

3 

4 

5  6 

3.4 

5315 

5328 

5340 

5353 

5366 

5378 

5391 

5403 

5416 

5428 

5441 

3 

4 

5  6 

3.5 

5441 

5453 

5465 

5478 

5490 

5502 

5514 

5527 

5539 

5551 

5563 

2 

4 

5  6 

3.6 

5563 

5575 

5587 

5599 

5611 

5623 

5635 

5647 

5658 

5670 

5682 

2 

4 

5  6 

3.7 

5682 

5694 

5705 

5717 

5729 

5740 

5752 

5763 

5775 

5786 

5798 

2 

3 

5  6 

3.8 

5798 

5809 

5821 

5832 

5843 

5855 

5866 

5877 

5888 

5899 

5911 

2 

3 

5  6 

3.9 

5911 

5922 

5933 

5944 

5955 

5966 

5977 

5988 

5999 

6010 

6021 

2 

3 

4  6 

4.0 

0.6021 

6031 

6042 

6053 

6064 

6075 

6085 

6096 

6107 

6117 

6128 

2 

3 

4  5 

4.1 

6128 

6138 

6149 

6160 

6170 

6180 

6191 

6201 

6212 

6222 

6232 

2 

3 

4  5 

4.2 

6232 

6243 

6253 

6263 

6274 

6284 

6294 

6304 

6314 

6325 

6335 

2 

3 

4  5 

4.3 

6335 

6345 

6355 

6365 

6375 

6385 

6395 

6405 

6415 

6425 

6435 

2 

3 

4  5 

4.4 

6435 

6444 

6454 

6464 

6474 

6484 

6493 

6503 

6513 

6522 

6532 

2 

3 

4  5 

4.5 

6532 

6542 

6551 

6561 

6571 

6580 

6590 

6599 

6609 

6618 

6628 

2 

3 

4  5 

4.6 

6628 

6637 

6646 

6656 

6665 

6675 

6684 

6693 

6702 

6712 

6721 

2 

3 

4  5 

4.7 

6721 

6730 

6739 

6749 

6758 

6767 

6776 

6785 

6794 

6803 

6812 

2 

3 

4  5 

4.8 

6812 

6821 

6830 

6839 

6848 

6857 

6866 

6875 

6884 

6893 

6902 

2 

3 

4  4 

4.9 

6902 

6911 

6920 

6928 

6937 

6946 

6955 

6964 

6972 

6981 

6990 

2 

3 

4  4 

(74) 


Logarithms  to  the  Base  10 

Tenths  of  the 
Tabular  DitterencE 

0  1234        5         6789  10  12346 

5.0  0G990  6998  7007  7016  7024  7033  7042  7050  7059  7067  7076  12  3  3  4 

5  1  7076  7084  7093  7101  7110  7118  7126  7135  7143  7152  7160  12  3  3  4 

S2  7160  7168  7177  7185  7193  7202  7210  7218  7226  7235  7243  12  2  3  4 

5  3  7243  7251  7259  7267  7275  7284  7292  7300  7308  7316  7324  12  2  3  4 

5^4  7324  7332  7340  7348  7356  7364  7372  7380  7388  7396  7404  12  2  3  4 

5  5  7404  7412  7419  7427  7435  7443  7451  7459  7466  7474  7482  12  2  3  4 

5*6  7482  7490  7497  7505  7513  7520  7528  7536  7543  7551  7559  12  2  3  4 

5  7  7559  7566  7574  7582  7589  7597  7604  7612  7619  7627  7634  12  2  3  4 
5*8  7634  7642  7649  7657  7664  7672  7679  7686  7694  7701  7709  112  3  4 
5.9  7709  7716  7723  7731  7738  7745  7752  7760  7767  7774  7782  112  3  4 

6.0  0  7782  7789  7796  7803  7810  7818  7825  7832  7839  7846  7853  112  3  4 

6  1  7853  7860  7868  7875  7882  7889  7896  7903  7910  7917  7924  112  3  4 
6  2  7924  7931  7938  7945  7952  7959  7966  7973  7980  7987  7993  112  3  3 
63  7993  8000  8007  8014  8021  8028  8035  8041  8048  8055  8062  112  3  3 
6.4  8062  8069  8075  8082  8089  8096  8102  8109  8116  8122  8129  112  3  3 
6  5  8129  8136  8142  8149  8156  8162  8169  8176  8182  8189  8195  112  3  3 
6  6  8195  8202  8209  8215  8222  8228  8235  8241  8248  8254  8261  112  3  3 
6  7  8261  8267  8274  8280  8287  8293  8299  8306  8312  8319  8325  112  3  3 

6  8  8325  8331  8338  8344  8351  8357  8363  8370  8376  8382  8388  112  3  3 
6.9  8388  8395  8401  8407  8414  8420  8426  8432  8439  8445  8451  112  3  3 

7.0  0  8451  8457  8463  8470  8476  8482  8488  8494  8500  8506  8513  112  2  3 

7  1  8513  8519  8525  8531  8537  8543  8549  8555  8561  8567  8573  112  2  3 
7  2  8573  8579  8585  8591  8597  8603  8609  86l5  8621  8627  8633  112  2  3 
7  3  8633  8639  8645  8651  8657  8663  8669  8675  8681  8686  8692  112  2  3 
7.4  8692  8698  8704  8710  8716  8722  8727  8733  8739  8745  8751  112  2  3 
7  5  8751  8756  8762  8768  8774  8779  8785  8791  8797  8802  8808  112  2  3 
7  6  8808  8814  8820  8825  8831  8837   8842  8848  8854  8859  8865  112  2  3 

7  7  8865  8871  8876  8882  8887  8893   8899  8904  8910  8915  8921  112  2  3 

7.8  8921  8927  8932  8938  8943  8949   8954  8960  8965  8971  8976  112  2  3 

7.9  8976  8982  8987  8993  8998  9004  9009  9015  9020  9025  9031  112  2  3 
8.0  0  9031  9036  9042  9047  9053  9058   9063  9069  9074  9079  9085  112  2  3 

8  1  9085  9090  9096  9101  9106  9112  9117  9122  9128  9133  9138  112  2  3 
8  2  9138  9143  9149  9154  9159  9165  9170  9175  9180  9186  9191  112  2  3 
83  9191  9196  9201  9206  9212  9217  9222  9227  9232  9238  9243  112  2  3 
8.4  9243  9248  9253  9258  9263  9269  9274  9279  9284  92S9  9294  112  2  3 
8  5  9294  9299  9304  9309  9315  9320  9325  9330  9335  9340  9345  112  2  3 
8*6  9345  9350  9355  9360  9365   9370   9375  9380  9385  9390  9395  112  2  3 

8  7  9395  9400  9405  9410  9415  9420  9425  9430  9435  9440  9445  0  112  2 
88  9445  9450  9455  9460  9465  9469  9474  9479  9484  9489  9494  0  112  2 
8".9  9494  9499  9504  9509  9513   9518   9523  9528  9533  9538  9542  0  112  2 

9.0  0  9542  9547  9552  9557  9562   9566   9571  9576  9581  9586  9590  0  112  2 

9  1  9590  9595  9600  9605  9609  9614  9619  9624  9628  9633  9638  0  112  2 
9*2  9638  9643  9647  9652  9657  9661  9666  9671  9675  9680  9685  0  112  2 
9*3  9685  9689  9694  9699  9703  9708  9713  9717  9722  9727  9731  0  112  2 
9^4  9731  9736  9741  9745  9750  9754  9759  9763  9768  9773  9777  0  112  2 
9  5  9777  9782  9786  9791  9795  9800  9805  9809  9814  9818  9823  0  112  2 
9*6  9823  9827  9832  9836  9841  9845  9850  9854  9859  9863  9868  0  112  2 
9  7  9868  9872  9877  9881  9886  9890  9894  9899  9903  9908  9912  0  112  2 
98  9912  9917  9921  9926  9930  9934  9939  9943  9948  9952  9956  0  112  2 
g'g  9956  9961  9965  9969  9974   9978   9983  9987  9991  9996  0  112  2 

175) 


Logarithms  to  the  Base  e 


1 
These  two  pages  give  the  natural  (hy-    2 
perbolic,  or  Napierian)  logarithms  of    3 
numbers  between  1  and  10,  correct  to    4 
four  places.  Moving  the  decimal  point    5 
n  places  to  the  right  (or  left)  in  the  num-    6 
ber  is  equivalent  to  adding  n  times  2.3026    7 
(or  n  times  3.6974)  to  the  logarithm.        8 

9 

2.3026 

4.6052 
6.9078 
9.2103 
11.5129 
13.8155 
16.1181 
18.4207 
20.7233 

1  0.6974-3 

2  0.3948-5 

3  0.0922-7 

4  0.7897-10 

5  0.4871-12 

6  0.1845-14 

7  0.8819-17 

8  0.5793-19 

9  0.2767-21 

Tenths  of  th8 
Tabular  Oifferencfl 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

1 

2  3  4  5 

1.0 

0.0000 

0100 

0198 

0296 

0392 

0488 

0583 

0677 

0770 

0862 

0.0953 

10 

19  29  38  48 

1.1 

0953 

1044 

1133 

1222 

1310 

1398 

1484 

1570 

1655 

1740 

1823 

9 

17  26  35  44 

1.2 

1823 

1906 

1989 

2070 

2151 

2231 

2311 

2390 

2469 

2546 

2624 

8 

16  24  32  40 

1.3 

2624 

2700 

2776 

2852 

2927 

3001 

3075 

3148 

3221 

3293 

3365 

7 

15  22  30  37 

1.4 

3365 

3436 

3507 

3577 

3646 

3716 

3784 

3853 

3920 

3988 

4055 

7 

14  21  28  34 

1.5 

4035 

4121 

4187 

4253 

4318 

4383 

4447 

4511 

4574 

4637 

4700 

6  13  19  26  32 

1.6 

4700 

4762 

4824 

4886 

4947 

5008 

5068 

5128 

5188 

5247 

5306 

6  12  18  24  30 

1.7 

5306 

5365 

5423 

5481 

5539 

5596 

5653 

5710 

5766 

5822 

5878 

6  11 17  23  29 

1.8 

5878 

5933 

5988 

6043 

6098 

6152 

6206 

6259 

6313 

6366 

6419 

5  11  16  22  27 

1.9 

6419 

6471 

6523 

6575 

6627 

6678 

6729 

6780 

6831 

6881 

0.6931 

5  10  15  21  26 

3.0 

0.6931 

6981 

7031 

7080 

7129 

7178 

7227 

7275 

7324 

7372 

7419 

5  10  15  20  24 

2.1 

7419 

7467 

7514 

7561 

7608 

7655 

7701 

7747 

7793 

7839 

7885 

5 

9  14  19  23 

2.2 

7885 

7930 

7975 

8020 

8065 

8109 

8154 

8198 

8242 

8286 

8329 

4 

9  13  18  22 

2.3 

8329 

8372 

8416 

8459 

8502 

8544 

8587 

8629 

8671 

8713 

8755 

4 

9  13  17  21 

2.4 

8755 

8796 

8838 

8879 

8920 

8961 

9002 

9042 

9083 

9123 

9163 

4 

8  12  16  20 

2.5 

9163 

9203 

9243 

9282 

9322 

9361 

9400 

9439 

9478 

9517 

9555 

4 

8  12  16  20 

2.6 

9555 

9594 

9632 

9670 

9708 

9746 

9783 

9821 

9858 

9895 

0.9933 

4 

8  11  15  19 

2.7 

0.9933 

9969. 

[0006 

0043 

0080 

0116 

0152 

0188 

0225 

0260 

1.0296 

4 

7  11  15  18 

2.8 

1.0296 

0332 

0367 

0403 

0438 

0473 

0508 

0543 

0578 

0613 

0647 

4 

7  1114  18 

2.9 

0647 

0682 

0716 

0750 

0784 

0818 

0852 

0886 

0919 

0953 

1.0986 

3 

7  10  14  17 

3.0 

1.0986 

1019 

1053 

1086 

1119 

1151 

1184 

1217 

1249 

1282 

1314 

3 

7  10  13  16 

3.1 

1314 

1346 

1378 

1410 

1442 

1474 

1506 

1537 

1569 

1600 

1632 

3 

6  10  13  16 

3.2 

1632 

1663 

1694 

1725 

1756 

1787 

1817 

1848 

1878 

1909 

1939 

3 

6  9  12  15 

3.3 

1939 

1969 

2000 

2030 

2060 

2090 

2119 

2149 

2179 

2208 

2238 

3 

6  9  12  15 

3.4 

2238 

2267 

2296 

2326 

2355 

2384 

2413 

2442 

2470 

2499 

2528 

3 

6  9  1214 

3.5 

2528 

2556 

2585 

2613 

2641 

2669 

2698 

2726 

2754 

2782 

2809 

3 

6  8  1114 

3.6 

2809 

2837 

2865 

2892 

2920 

2947 

2975 

3002 

3029 

3056 

3083 

3 

5  8  1114 

3.7 

3083 

3110 

3137 

3164 

3191 

3218 

3244 

3271 

3297 

3324 

3350 

3 

5  8  1113 

3.8 

3350 

3376 

3403 

3429 

3455 

3481 

3507 

3533 

3558 

3584 

3610 

3 

5  8  1013 

3.9 

3610 

3635 

3661 

3686 

3712 

3737 

3762 

3788 

3813 

3838 

1.3863 

3 

5  8  1013 

4.0 

1.3863 

3888 

3913 

3938 

3962 

3987 

4012 

4036 

4061 

4085 

4110 

2 

5  7  10  12 

4,1 

4110 

4134 

4159 

4183 

4207 

4231 

4255 

4279 

4303 

4327 

4351 

2 

5  7  1012 

4.2 

4351 

4375 

4398 

4422 

4446 

4469 

4493 

4516 

4540 

4563 

4586 

2 

5  7  912 

4.3 

4586 

4609 

4633 

4656 

4679 

4702 

4725 

4748 

4770 

4793 

4816 

2 

5  7  911 

4.4 

4816 

4839 

4861 

4884 

4907 

4929 

4951 

4974 

4996 

5019 

5041 

2 

4  7  911 

4.5 

5041 

5063 

5085 

5107 

5129 

5151 

5173 

5195 

5217 

5239 

5261 

2 

4  7  911 

4.6 

5261 

5282 

5304 

5326 

5347 

5369 

5390 

5412 

5433 

5454 

5476 

2 

4  6  911 

4.7 

5476 

5497 

5518 

5539 

5560 

5581 

5602 

5623 

5644 

5665 

5686 

2 

4  6  811 

4.8 

5686 

5707 

5728 

5748 

5769 

5790 

5810 

5831 

5851 

5872 

5892 

2 

4  6  810 

4.9 

5892 

5913 

5933 

5953 

5974 

5994   6014 
C76^ 

6034 

6054 

6074 

1.6094 

2 

4  6  810 

Logarithms  *o  the  Base  e 


0 


5.0 

1.6094 

6114 

6134 

6154 

6174 

S.l 

6292 

6312 

6332 

6351 

6371 

5.2 

6487 

6506 

6525 

6544 

6563 

5.3 

6677 

6696 

6715 

6734 

6752 

5.4 

6864 

6882 

6901 

6919 

6938 

5.5 

7047 

7066 

7084 

7102 

7120 

5.6 

7228 

7246 

7263 

7281 

7299 

5.7 

7405 

7422 

7440 

7457 

7475 

5.8 

7579 

7596 

7613 

7630 

7647 

5.9 

7750 

7766 

7783 

7800 

7817 

6.0 

1.7918 

7934 

7951 

7967 

7984 

6.1 

8083 

8099 

8116 

8132 

8148 

6.2 

8245 

8262 

8278 

8294 

8310 

6.3 

8405 

8421 

8437 

8453 

8469 

6.4 

8563 

8579 

8594 

8610 

8625 

6.5 

3718 

8733 

8749 

8764 

8779 

6.6 

8871 

8886 

8901 

8916 

8931 

6.7 

9021 

9036 

9051 

9066 

9081 

6.8 

9169 

9184 

9199 

9213 

9228 

6.9 

9315 

9330 

9344 

9359 

9373 

7.0 

1.9459 

9473 

9488 

9502 

9516 

7.1 

9601 

9615 

9629 

9643 

9657 

7.2 

9741 

9755 

9769 

9782 

9796 

7.3 

1.9879 

9892 

9906 

9920 

9933 

7.4 

2.0015 

0028 

0042 

0055 

0069 

7.5 

0149 

0162 

0176 

0189 

0202 

7.6 

0281 

0295 

0308 

0321 

0334 

7.7 

0412 

0425 

0438 

0451 

0464 

7.8 

0541 

0554 

0567 

0580 

0592 

7.9 

0669 

0681 

0694 

0707 

0719 

8.0 

2.0794 

0807 

0819 

0832 

0844 

8.1 

0919 

0931 

0943 

0956 

0968 

8.2 

1041 

1054 

1066 

1078 

1090 

8.3 

1163 

1175 

1187 

1199 

1211 

8.4 

1282 

1294 

1306 

1318 

1330 

8.5 

1401 

1412 

1424 

1436 

1448 

8.6 

1518 

1529 

1541 

1552 

1564 

8.7 

1633 

1645 

1656 

1668 

1679 

8.8 

1748 

1759 

1770 

1782 

1793 

8.9 

1861 

1872 

1883 

1894 

1905 

9.0 

2.1972 

1983 

1994 

2006 

2017 

9.1 

2083 

2094 

2105 

2116 

2127 

9.2 

2192 

2203 

2214 

2225 

2235 

9.3 

2300 

2311 

2322 

2332 

2343 

9.4 

2407 

2418 

2428 

2439 

2450 

9.5 

2513 

2523 

2534 

2544 

2555 

9.6 

2618 

2628 

2638 

2649 

2659 

9.7 

2721 

2732 

2742 

2752 

2762 

9.8 

2824 

2834 

2844 

2854 

2865 

9.9 

2925 

2935 

2946 

2956 

2966 

6194 
6390 
6582 
6771 
6956 

7138 
7317 
7492 
7664 
7834 

8001 
8165 
8326 
8485 
8641 

8795 
8946 
9095 
9242 
9387 

9530 
9671 
9810 
9947 
0082 

0215 
0347 
0477 
0605 
0732 

0857 
0980 
1102 
1223 
1342 

1459 
1576 
1691 
1804 
1917 

2028 
2138 
2246 
2354 
2460 

2565 
2670 
2773 
2875 


Tenths  of  the 
Tatiular  Difference 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

1 

2 

3 

4  5 

6214 

6233 

6253 

6273 

6292 

2 

4 

6 

8  10 

6409 

6429 

6448 

6467 

6487 

2 

4 

6 

8  10 

6601 

6620 

6639 

6658 

6677 

2 

4 

6 

8  10 

6790 

6808 

6827 

6845 

6864 

2 

4 

6 

7  9 

6974 

6993 

7011 

7029 

7047 

2 

4 

6 

7  9 

7156 

7174 

7192 

7210 

7228 

2 

4 

5 

7  9 

7334 

7352 

7370 

7387 

7405 

2 

4 

5 

7  9 

7509 

7527 

7544 

7561 

7579 

2 

3 

5 

7  9 

7681 

7699 

7716 

7733 

7750 

2 

3 

5 

7  9 

7851 

7867 

7884 

7901 

1.7918 

2 

3 

5 

7  8 

8017 

8034 

8050 

8066 

8083 

2 

3 

5 

7  8 

8181 

8197 

8213 

8229 

8245 

2 

3 

5 

7  8 

8342 

8358 

8374 

8390 

8405 

2 

3 

5 

6  8 

8500 

8516 

8532 

8547 

8563 

2 

3 

5 

6  8 

8656 

8672 

8687 

8703 

8718 

2 

3 

5 

6  8 

8810 

8825 

8840 

8856 

8871 

2 

3 

5 

6  8 

8961 

8976 

8991 

9006 

9021 

2 

3 

5 

6  8 

9110 

9125 

9140 

9155 

9169 

3 

4 

6  7 

9257 

9272 

9286 

9301 

9315 

3 

4 

6  7 

9402 

9416 

9430 

9445 

1.9459 

3 

4 

6  7 

9544 

9559 

9573 

9587 

9601 

3 

4 

6  7 

9685 

9699 

9713 

9727 

9741 

3 

4 

6  7 

9824 

9838 

9851 

9865 

1.9879 

3 

4 

6  7 

9961 

9974 

9988j0001 

2.0015 

3 

4 

5  7 

0096 

0109 

0122 

0136 

0149 

3 

4 

5  7 

0229 

0242 

0255 

0268 

0281 

3 

4 

5  7 

0360 

0373 

0386 

0399 

0412 

3 

4 

5  7 

0490 

0503 

0516 

0528 

0541 

3 

4 

5  6 

0618 

0631 

0643 

0656 

0669 

3 

4 

5  6 

0744 

0757 

0769 

0782 

2.0794 

3 

4 

5  6 

0869 

0882 

0894 

0906 

0919 

2 

4 

5  6 

0992 

1005 

1017 

1029 

1041 

2 

4 

5  6 

1114 

1126 

1138 

1150 

1163 

2 

4 

5  6 

1235 

1247 

1258 

1270 

1282 

2 

4 

5  6 

1353 

1365 

1377 

1389 

1401 

2 

4 

5  6 

1471 

1483 

1494 

1506 

1518 

2 

4 

5  6 

1587 

1599 

1610 

1622 

1633 

2 

3 

5  6 

1702 

1713 

1725 

1736 

1748 

2 

3 

5  6 

1815 

1827 

1838 

1849 

1861 

2 

3 

5  6 

1928 

1939 

1950 

1961 

2.1972 

2 

3 

4  6 

2039 

2050 

2061 

2072 

2083 

2 

3 

4  6 

2148 

2159 

2170 

2181 

2192 

2 

3 

4  5 

2257 

2268 

2279 

2289 

2300 

2 

3 

4  5 

2364 

2375 

2386 

2396 

2407 

2 

3 

4  5 

2471 

2481 

2492 

2502 

2513 

2 

3 

4  5 

2576 

2586 

2597 

2607 

2618 

2 

3 

4  5 

2680 

2690 

2701 

2711 

2721 

2 

3 

4  5 

2783 

2793 

2803 

2814 

2824 

2 

3 

4  5 

2885 

2895 

2905 

2915 

2925 

2 

3 

4  5 

(77) 


PART  II 


THE    USE  OF  THE    DIAGRAMS 

The  steam  tables  give  values  of  the  simultaneous  physical  coordinates  (or  proper- 
ties) of  steam,  such  as  the  pressure,  specific  volume,  temperature,  entropy,  total 
heat,  and  internal  energy.  When  certain  of  these  physical  coordinates  are  known,  the 
remainder  can  be  obtained  from  the  tables,  either  directly,  or  by  an  interpolation. 
The  values  tabulated  are  for  dry  and  saturated  steam  and  for  superheated  steam; 
if  the  steam  is  wet,  its  properties  must  be  calculated. 

The  simultaneous  properties  of  steam  can  also  be  shown  by  the  use  of  a  steam 
diagram.  The  diagram  may  be  drawn  on  a  plane  which  has  any  independent  pair  of 
the  properties  as  its  coordinates;  for  example,  the  ordinates  and  abscissae  may  be, 
respectively,  pressures  and  specific  volumes,  or  temperatures  and  entropies,  or  total 
heats  and  entropies,  or  total  heats  and  pressures.  Each  point  on  such  a  plane  repre- 
sents steam  in  a  perfectly  definite  condition :  that  is,  with  all  its  physical  coordinates 
fixed.  On  such  a  plane  it  is  possible  to  plot  a  steam  diagram,  or  chart,  consisting  of 
a  number  of  curves,  each  of  which  goes  through  all  points  on  the  plane  having  a  cer- 
tain constant  value  of  some  one  physical  coordinate.  If  a  well-selected  and  sufficient 
number  of  such  curves  is  drawn  for  each  physical  coordinate,  then,  for  any  point 
on  the  plane,  all  the  properties  of  steam  can  be  determined  by  reading  the  corre- 
sponding ordinate  and  abscissa,  and  by  interpolation  in  the  plotted  families  of  curves. 
For  example,  on  a  pressure-volume  plane  on  which  families  of  constant  entropy 
curves,  and  of  constant  total  heat  curves,  are  drawn,  there  can  be  read  ofif  by  inspec- 
tion the  pressure,  volume,  entropy,  and  total  heat,  corresponding  to  any  point  on 
the  plane. 

The  families  of  curves  which  are  drawn  may  include  curves  of  constant  dryness 
factor  (quality)  of  saturated  steam;  consequently  the  diagram  may  give  by  inspection 
the  properties  of  wet  steam.    This  is  an  advantage  over  the  tables. 

Of  the  various  planes  on  which  these  diagrams  may  be  drawn,  some  are  more  con- 
venient than  others.  Any  one  of  them  will  serve  if  the  only  purpose  in  view  is  to 
find  single  values  of  physical  coordinates.  For  this  purpose,  the  relative  advantages 
of  the  various  planes  is  a  question  only  of  the  accuracy  and  ease  with  which  the 
desired  quantities  can  be  read. 

A  diagram  may,  however,  have  uses  other  than  merely  showing  the  simultaneous 
properties  of  steam.  It  may  be  used  for  the  solution  of  certain  problems,  if  the 
proper  plane  is  chosen  and  the  necessary  families  of  curves  are  drawn  on  it.  It  should 
be  clearly  borne  in  mind  that  the  choice  of  a  plane  for  this  purpose  has  no  relation 
to  the  choice  of  a  plane  on  which  to  represent  the  cycle  of  operations  of  a  steam 


(78J 


THE  USE  OF  THE  DIAGRAMS 

engine  or  other  steam  appliance.  For  tlie  latter  purpose  two  special  planes  are  of 
particular  value,  (i)  the  pressure-volume  plane,  and  (2)  the  temperature-entropy 
plane.  The  pressure-volume  plane  shows  the  amount  of  external  work  done  while 
the  steam  is  going  through  any  series  of  changes;  the  temperature-entropy  plane, 
in  a  similar  way,  shows  the  heat  added  to  or  abstracted  from  the  steam.  To  find 
the  work  done  or  the  heat  exchange,  it  is  only  necessary  that  the  steam  cycle  should 
be  drawn  on  those  planes;  the  presence  of  families  of  curves  of  the  physical  co- 
ordinates is  of  no  use  in  finding  those  quantities.  In  other  words,  the  plane  alone  is 
required  for  that  purpose,  not  a  steam  diagram  on  that  plane. 

A  steam  diagram  on  the  pressure-volume  plane,  or  on  the  temperature-entropy 
plane,  does  not  offer  any  particular  advantages  over  other  diagrams  for  finding  steam 
quantities.  For  the  solution  of  many  problems  of  common  occurrence  such  a  dia- 
gram is  decidedly  less  useful  and  convenient  than  a  diagram  in  which  the  total  heat 
of  steam  is  one  of  the  coordinates. 

By  the  total  heat  of  steam  is  meant  the  sum  of  its  internal  energy,  E,  and  of  the 
heat  equivalent  of  the  product  of  its  pressure  and  specific  volume,  or 

H  =  E  -|- 144  Apv. 

(It  should  be  noted  that  total  heat  defined  in  this  way  differs  slightly  from  the  total 
heat  as  found  in  Regnault's  investigations  of  saturated  steam  and  as  usually  given 
in  steam  tables;  for  a  discussion  of  this,  see  page  loi.) 

The  total  heat  of  steam  is  a  quantity  which  enters  into  a  large  number  of  problems. 
It  represents  the  energy  (other  than  kinetic  energy)  entering  any  piece  of  apparatus 
with  every  pound  of  steam  that  goes  to  it,  and  the  energy  (other  than  kinetic)  leav- 
ing it  with  every  pound  of  steam  that  leaves  it.  In  most  steam  appliances,  under 
steady  conditions  of  operation,  the  weight  of  steam  entering  per  unit  of  time  is  equal 
to  the  weight  of  steam  leaving.  In  such  an  appliance  if  H^  is  the  total  heat  of  one 
pound  of  the  entering  steam,  and  H^  is  the  total  heat  of  one  pound  of  the  leaving 
steam,  then  H,  —  H^  is  the  energy  given  up  in  the  apparatus  by  each  pound  of  steam. 
In  a  steam  engine  H^  — H^  is  the  sum  of  the  work  done  and  of  the  external  heat-losses; 
in  a  boiler  its  value  is  negative  and  represents  the  heat  supply  per  pound  of  steam 
formed;  in  a  non-conducting  steam  nozzle  it  is  the  heat  that  is  converted  into  ki- 
netic energy;  in  a  throttling  calorimeter  its  value  is  zero  because  there  is  no  external 
work  done,  no  heat  conduction,  and  no  change  in  kinetic  energy. 

On  a  steam  diagram  on  which  the  ordinates  are  total  heats,  the  quantity  H_  —  H, 
is  represented  by  the  vertical  drop  between  the  points  representing  the  entering 
and  leaving  conditions.  Vertical  distances  measure  the  energy  given  up  in  a  steam 
appliance,  with  a  constant  scale  all  over  the  diagram.  In  flow  of  steam  problems, 
this  constancy  of  scale  permits  the  immediate  graphical  determination  of  the  velocity 
of  flow  by  merely  transferring  the  vertical  distance  H,  —  H,  to  a  velocity  scale  at  the 
side  of  the  diagram.  It  is  in  this  respect  especially  that  a  total  heat-entropy  diagram 
is  greatly  superior  to  a  temperature-entropy  diagram. 


(79) 


THE  USE   OF  THE   DIAGRAMS 

Two  diagrams  are  presented,  both  with  total  heats  as  ordinates.  By  the  superposi- 
tion of  three  families  of  curves  it  would  have  been  possible  to  give  all  the  data  on  one 
diagram;  but  that  would  have  led  to  confusion  if  the  curves  had  been  as  closely 
spaced  as  is  requisite  for  accurate  interpolation. 

The  diagrams  give  information  as  to  the  total  heat,  entropy,  and  specific  volume 
of  wxt  and  of  superheated  steam,  within  a  pressure  range  from  .5  to  600  lbs.  per  sq, 
in.,  and  for  steam  in  any  condition  between  a  quality  of  about  .7  and  a  superheat 
of  about  600°  F.  If  the  properties  of  water  or  the  latent  heat  of  steam  come  into  the 
problem,  the  tables  must  be  used  to  supplement  the  readings  from  the  diagrams. 

The  principal  advantages  of  the  diagrams  over  the  tables  are  that  they  give  the 
properties  of  wet  steam,  and  that  they  permit  an  expeditious  solution  of  many 
problems  without  calculation  and  with  a  degree  of  accuracy^  which  is  sufficient  for 
the  ordinary  purposes  of  the  engineer. 

The  method  of  solution  of  some  of  the  more  commonly  occurring  problems  is  given 
below. 

Properties  of  Steam 

The  two  diagrams  give  the  values  of  five  of  the  physical  coordinates  of  steam: 
pressure,  quality,"  entropy,  total  heat,  and  specific  volume.  If  any  two  of  these 
coordinates  are  known,  the  remaining  three  can  be  found  by  inspection.  In  some 
cases  it  will  be  more  expeditious  (and  it  will  always  be  more  accurate)  to  use  the 
tables  instead  of  the  diagrams,  but  in  other  cases,  as  when  wet  steam  is  used,  the 
diagrams  will  save  time  and  calculation.  Pressures,  qualities,  and  total  heats  can 
be  found  on  both  diagrams;  if  entropy  is  involved.  Diagram  I  must  be  used;  if 
specific  volume  is  involved,  Diagram  II  must  be  used.  The  pressure  scale  on  the  top 
of  Diagram  II  is  more  open  than  the  pressure  scale  of  Diagram  I,  and  consequently 
somewhat  greater  accuracy  is  obtainable  by  using  Diagram  II  in  cases  where  either 
diagram  can  be  used. 

The  method  of  finding  a  desired  quantity  is  the  same  in  all  cases.  The  point  of 
intersection  of  the  lines  (actual  or  interpolated)  representing  the  two  known  quantities 
is  located  on  the  appropriate  diagram;  the  position  of  this  point  with  reference  to  the 
lines  representing  the  desired  quantity  determines  the  actual  value  of  that  quantity. 

Examples. 

I.  A  vessel  of  4  cu.  ft.  capacity  contains  0.2  lbs.  of  water  and  0.8  lbs.  of  steam. 
What  is  the  pressure? 

'  The  accuracy  of  a  two-color  diagram  depends  on  the  accuracy  of  registration  of  the  two  print- 
ings. The  original  drawings  showed  in  no  place  an  error  of  as  much  as  -5V  inch.  The  photographic 
reproduction  of  these  drawings  has  resulted  in  minor  local  distortions,  which  in  the  lower  corners 
of  Diagram  II  amount  to  J,j  inch.  This  is  the  maximum  distortion,  and  it  occurs  in  the  least  important 
part  of  the  diagram. 

^  In  what  follows,  the  word  quality  means,  the  dryness  factor  if  the  steam  is  saturated,  the  number 
of  degrees  of  superheat  if  the  steam  is  superheated.    Pressures,  throughout,  are  absolute  pressures. 


(80) 


THE   USE   OF   THE   DIAGRAMS 

The  intersection  of  the  steam  quality  line,  .80,  with  the  specific  volume 
line,  4  cu.  ft.,  on  Diagram  II,  occurs  at  a  steam  pressure  of  87  lbs.  per  sq. 
in.  abs. 

2.  Measurements  from  an  indicator  card  show  that  at  a  certain  instant  during 

expansion  the  volume  of  the  steam  is  1.6  cu.  ft.  and  the  pressure  40  lbs. 

per  sq.  in.  abs.    If  the  weight  of  steam  in  the  cylinder  is  0.20  lbs.,  what  is 

the  quality  of  the  steam  at  that  instant? 

1.6 
The  specific  volume  of  the  steam   is   —  =8  cu.  ft.    From  Diagram  II, 

.20 

steam  of  that  volume  and  of  40  lbs.  pressure  has  a  quality  of  .764. 

3.  What  is  the  entropy  of  i  lb.  of  steam  at   too  lbs.  pressure  and  a  tempera- 

ture of  450°  F.  ? 

From  the  table  on  Diagram  I,  the  temperature  of  saturated  steam  at  100 
lbs.  pressure  is  seen  to  be  328°  F.;  the  steam  is  consequently  superheated 
450—328  =  122°  F.  From  Diagram  I,  steam  at  100  lbs.  pressure,  superheated 
122°  F.,  has  an  entropy  1.678. 

4.  An  indicator  (pressure- volume)  card  is  to  be  redrawn  on  the  temperature- 

entropy  plane.  What  are  the  temperature  and  entropy  corresponding  to 
the  condition  defined  in  example  2  ? 

Steam  at  40  lbs.  pressure  has  a  temperature  of  267°  F.,  or  267-1-460  =  727° 
abs. 

The  entropy  is  seen,  by  Diagram  I,  to  be  1.373. 

5.  What  is  the  heat  supply  per  lb.  of  steam  to  a  boiler  with  feed  water  at  100°  F., 

generating  steam  at  160  lbs.  pressure  and  of  a  quality  .99? 

The  total  heat  of  steam  (Diagram  II)  at  160  lbs.  pressure  and  quality  .99 
is  1186  B.  t.  u.;  the  feed  water  contains  approximately  100  —  32=68  B.  t.  u. 
The  heat  supply  per  lb.  of  steam  is  consequently  1186  —  68  =  1118  B.  t.  u. 

6.  What  is  the  volume  of  5  lbs.  of  steam  at  i  lb.  pressure  and  a  quality  .80? 

The  specific  volume  (Diagram  II)  is  265  cu.  ft.;  the  volume  of  5  lbs.  is 
consequently  5x266  =  1330  cu.  ft. 


Internal  Energy 

The  internal  energy  of  steam  of  known  pressure,  p,  and  specific  volume,  v,  is 
given  bv  the  equation  ^     _, 

Example  7.  A  cylinder  contains  1  lb.  of  steam  at  a  pressure  of  80  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 
and  occupying  a  volume  of  7  cu.  ft.  What  is  the  internal  energy  of  the 
steam  ? 

The  total   heat  of   the  steam  (Diagram  II)  is  1274  B.  t.  u.    The  internal 

energy  is  00  t^  . 

^•'  1274— .1852x80x7  =  1170  B.t.u. 


(81) 

10555 


THE  USE  OF  THE  DIAGRAMS 

Adiabatic  Expansion 

During  adiabatic  expansion,  entropy  is  constant.  Vertical  lines  on  Diagram  I  are 
lines  of  constant  entropy.  A  vertical  line  is  consequently  the  locus  of  the  points 
representing  the  condition  of  steam  which  is  expanding  adiabatically.  Two  of  the 
three  quantities,  pressure,  specific  volume,  and  quality,  will  generally  be  known  at 
some  one  point  on  the  adiabatic  curve;  this  suffices  for  finding  the  entropy.  When 
the  entropy  and  one  other  property  of  the  steam  are  known,  the  condition  of  the 
steam  is  fixed. 

To  find  the  quality  of  steam  which  has  expanded  adiabatically  to  some  known 
pressure,  locate  the  intersection  of  the  known  entropy  and  pressure  lines;  its  position 
with  reference  to  the  constant  quality  lines  gives  the  desired  quality. 

Example  8.  Steam  at  1 20  lbs.  pressure,  superheated  100°  F.,  expands  adiabatically. 
Find  its  quality  and  the  ratio  of  expansion  when  the  pressure  reaches  15  lbs. 
per  sq.  in. 

The  entropy  of  the  steam  (Diagram  I)  is  1.651;  at  15  lbs.  pressure,  steam 
of  the  same  entropy  has  a  quality  .928.  The  initial  volume  (Diagram  H) 
was  4.33  cu.  ft.;  the  final  volume  is  24.4  cu.  ft.    The  ratio  of  expansion  is 

.24.4 

4-33 

I'o  find  the  pressure  of  steam  which  has  expanded  adiabatically  to  a  known  quality, 
locate  the  intersection  of  the  known  entropy  and  quaUty  lines.  The  desired  pressure 
is  given  by  the  position  of  the  intersection  with  reference  to  the  constant  pressure 
lines. 

Example  9.   Steam  at  a  pressure  of  150  lbs.  per  sq.  in.,  superheated  60°  F.,  expands 
adiabatically.    At  what  pressure  will  the  steam  become  dry  and  saturated? 
The  entropy  (Diagram  I)  is  1.6105 ;  the  corresponding  entropy  line  crosses 
the  dry  and  saturated  steam  line  at  90  lbs.  pressure. 

To  find  the  pressure  and  quality  of  steam  which  has  expanded  adiabatically  to 
a  known  volume,  requires  the  use  of  both  diagrams.  The  desired  pressure  and  quality 
lie  on  the  known  constant  entropy  line  of  Diagram  I,  and  on  the  known  constant 
specific  volume  line  of  Diagram  II.  Find  by  inspection  of  fhe  two  diagrams  the  one 
pair  of  simultaneous  values  of  pressure  and  quality  which  are  common  to  both  lines; 
or,  assume  various  final  pressures,  find  the  corresponding  final  volumes,  and  inter- 
polate. 

Example  10.  Steam  of  140  lbs.  pressure,  superheated  120°  F.,  expands  adia- 
l)atically  with  a  ratio  of  expansion  of  6.  What  are  the  pressure  and  quality 
at  the  end  of  expansion? 

The  initial  specific  volume  (Diagram  II)  is  3.85  cu.  ft.;  the  final  specific 
volume  is  6x3.85=23.10  cu.  ft.    The  entropy  (Diagram  I)  is  1.6503.   With 


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THE  USE   OF  THE  DIAGRAMS 

this  entropy,  steam  at  17  lbs.  has  a  quality  .934  corresponding  to  a  volume 
of  21.8  cu.  ft.;  at  15  lbs.  the  quality  is  .927,  and  volume  24.4.  The  final 
pressure  is  evidently  between  15  and  17  lbs.  At  16  lbs.  the  quality  is  .931 
and  volume  23.0.  By  interpolation  the  desired  pressure  is  15.9  lbs.  per 
sq.  in.,  and  the  corresponding  quality  .930. 

Work  done  during  Adiabatic  Expansion 

The  work  done  during  adiabatic  expansion  cannot  be  taken  directly  from  the 
diagrams.  It  is  equal  in  amount  but  opposite  in  sign  to  the  change  of  internal  energy 
during  expansion. 

The  simplest  way  of  obtaining  the  work  done  from  the  diagrams  is  to  find  H^ — H^ 
for  adiabatic  expansion,  and  to  subtract  from  it  the  second  term  in  the  equation 
given. 

Example  11.  How  much  work  is  done  on  unit  mass  of  steam  at  15  lbs.  pressure 
and  quality  .90  when  it  is  compressed  adiabatically  to  one-fourth  its  origi- 
nal volume? 

By  a  process  similar  to  that  given  in  example  10,  the  pressure  at  the  end 
of  compression  is  found  to  be  72  lbs.  per  sq.  in.,  and  the  corresponding 
quality  .988.  The  volumes  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  the  compression  are 
23.62  and  5.905  cu.  ft.  respectively. 

The  work  done  by  the  steam  is 

H-H-iAAA{p^v^^p^v^) 

=  1054-1169-. 1852(15x23. 62 -72x5-905) 
=  -115-13 
=  -128  B.  t.  u. 

or  the  work  done  on  the  steam  is  128  B.  t.  u. 

Work  done  in  the  Rankine  Ideal  Cycle 

In  the  Rankine  cycle,  steam  is  admitted  at  a  constant  pressure,  expands  adia- 
batically to  the  back  pressure  and  is  exhausted  against  a  constant  back  pressure. 
The  engine  is  supposed  to  have  no  clearance.  It  is  an  ideal  steam-engine  cycle, 
with  no  internal  friction,  no  heat  losses  and  no  free  or  imperfectly  resisted  expan- 
sion. In  such  a  cycle  all  the  energy  that  is  taken  from  the  steam  must  be  con- 
verted into  work.  The  work  done  per  lb.  of  steam  is  consequently  H^  —  H^.  As 
the  only  expansion  that  takes  place  is  adiabatic,  the  steam  that  is  leaving  has  the 
same  entropy  as  the  entering  steam. 

To  find  the  work  done  by  unit  mass  of  steam,  in  a  Rankine  cycle  admitting  steam 
of  known  qualitv  and  pressure,  and  expanding  to  a  known  back  pressure,  locate  the 


(83) 


THE  USE  OF  THE  DIAGRAMS 

point  representing  the  quality  and  pressure  of  the  admission  steam,  and  measure 
the  vertical  distance  from  this  point  to  the  known  back  pressure  line.  This  distance 
represents  the  work  done  in  B.  t.  u. 

Example  12.  Steam  initially  at  150  lbs.  pressure,  superheated  150°  F.,  goes 
through  a  Rankine  cycle  with  a  back  pressure  of  2  lbs.  per  sq.  in.  How 
much  work  is  done  by  unit  mass  of  steam? 

The  total  heat  of  steam  at  150  lbs.  pressure,  superheated  150°  F.  (Dia- 
gram I),  is  1275  B.  t.  u.  Steam  of  the  same  entropy  at  2  lbs.  abs.  pressure 
has  a  total  heat  of  964  B.  t.  u.   The  work  of  the  Rankine  cycle  is 

1275-964=311  B.  t.u. 

The  Flow  of  Steam 

In  a  steam  engine  the  resistance  to  expansion  is  ofifered  by  the  piston,  and  the 
useful  work  is  done  on  the  piston;  in  a  steam  nozzle  the  resistance  to  expansion  is 
offered  by  the  steam  which  is  ahead,  and  consequently  the  work  is  done  on  the 
steam,  and  results  in  giving  it  kinetic  energy. 

If  steam  is  admitted  to  a  properly  designed,  non-conducting  nozzle  without  inter- 
nal friction,  it  will  expand  adiabatically.  Since  there  is  no  heat  loss,  and  no  external 
work  done,  all  the  energy  that  is  taken  from  the  steam  must  be  converted  into  kinetic 
energy.  The  kinetic  energy  of  the  escaping  steam  is  consequently  H^  —  H^.  The 
velocity  corresponding  to  this  kinetic  energy  of  unit  mass  of  steam  can  be  read 
directly  from  the  scale  to  the  left  of  Diagram  I.  It  is  evident  that  the  kinetic  energy 
of  the  escaping  steam  is  equal  to  the  work  that  would  have  been  done  by  the  steam  in 
a  Rankine  cycle  with  the  same  back  pressure. 

To  find  the  velocity  with  which  steam  escapes  from  a  properly  designed  friction- 
less  nozzle,  measure  with  a  pair  of  compasses  the  change  in  the  total  heat  of  the 
steam  during  adiabatic  expansion  and  transfer  this  measurement  to  the  veloci*^^y 
scale. 

Example  13.  Steam  at  100  lbs.  pressure,  superheated  60°  F.,  expands  in  a  nozzle 
to  a  pressure  of  2  lbs.  per  sq.  in.   What  is  its  final  velocity? 

The  change  in  the  total  heat  is  1219—954  =  266  B.  t.  u.   This  is  seen  by 
the  scale  on  Diagram  I  to  correspond  to  a  velocity  of  3650  ft.  per  second. 

Example  14.    A  four-stage  impulse  turbine  supplied  with  steam  as  in  example 

13  and  with  expansion  to  the  same  pressure,  is  designed  for  equal  velocity 

of  steam  in  each  of  the  stages.    What  is  that  velocity? 

.266 
The  kinetic  energy  of  the  steam  in  each  stage  is  —  =66.5  B.  t.  u.    This 

corresponds  to  a  velocity  of  1825  ft.  per  second. 


(84) 


THE   USE  OF  THE  DIAGRAMS 

Designing  a  Nozzle 

The  design  of  a  steam  nozzle  for  a  desired  weight  flow  is  determined  by  the  throat 
(smallest  cross  section)  of  the  nozzle.  The  pressure  at  the  throat  will  be  about  .58 
of  the  initial  pressure  whenever  the  ratio  of  the  final  pressure  to  the  initial  pressure 
is  less  than  that  quantity;  for  ratios  greater  than  .58  the  throat  pressure  is  the  same 
as  the  final  pressure.  To  determine  the  throat  area,  find  the  velocity  of  the  steam 
at  the  throat  from  Diagram  I  and  its  specific  volume  from  Diagram  II.  The  specific 
volume  multiplied  by  the  desired  weight  flow  in  lbs.  per  second  is  the  volume  flowing 
per  second  past  the  throat.  This  volume  divided  by  the  velocity  at  the  throat  is  equal 
to  the  area  of  the  throat,  in  square  feet. 

Example  15.  50  lbs.  of  steam  at  160  lbs.  pressure,  superheated  100°  F.,  flow  per 
minute  through  a  nozzle  into  the  atmosphere  (15  lbs.  per  sq.  in.).  \\'hat 
is  the  smallest  cross  section  of  the  nozzle? 

The  entropy  of  the  steam  is  1.629  ^^^  i^^  total  heat  1251  B.  t.  u.  At 
the  throat  the  pressure  is  approximately  i6ox.58=92.8  lbs.  per  sq.  in.; 
the  total  heat  is  1202  B.  t.  u.,  and  the  specific  volume  is  4.98.  The  kinetic 
energy  at  the  throat  is  1251  —  1202=49  B.  t.  u.,  which  corresponds  to  a 
velocity  of  1575  ft.  per  second.    The  volume  flowing  per  second  past  the 

throat  IS  — X4. 98=4. 15  cu.  ft.    The  throat   area  is  consequently X 

60  1575 

144  =  .380  sq.  ins. 

Throttling 

If  steam  expands  through  a  small  orifice  (or  a  porous  plug)  without  the  addition 
or  abstraction  of  heat,  and  is  brought  finally  to  its  initial  velocity,  its  total  heat  will  be 
unchanged.  This  must  be  the  case  because  none  of  the  heat  is  converted  into  exter- 
nal work  or  kinetic  energy  and  no  heat  is  added  or  abstracted,  so  that  H^  —  H^=o. 
The  process  is  called  throttling,  and  occurs  when  steam  goes  through  a  reducing  valve 
and  also  in  the  throttling  calorimeter.  Horizontal  lines  on  Diagrams  I  and  II  are 
lines  of  constant  total  heat  and  consequently  show  the  changes  in  the  condition  of 
steam  which  result  from  throttling. 

Example  16.  Steam  at  200  lbs.  pressure,  quality  .99,  passes  through  a  reducing 
valve.  At  what  pressure  must  the  valve  be  set  in  order  to  discharge  dry  and 
saturated  steam? 

Inspection  of  Diagram  I  or  II  shows  that  dry  and  saturated  steam  at  119 
lbs.  has  the  same  total  heat  as  steam  at  200  lbs.  and  quality  .99. 

Example  17.  Steam  in  a  throttling  calorimeter  has  a  pressure  of  17  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 
and  a  temperature  of  265°  F.  The  initial  pressure  of  the  steam  was  100 
lbs.  per  sq.  in.    What  was  its  initial  quality? 


(85) 


THE  USE   OF  THE  DIAGRAMS 

.Saturated  steam  at  17  lbs.  has  a  temperature  of  219°  F.;  the  superheat 
in  the  calorimeter  is  consequently  265  —  219=46°  F.  The  initial  quality  of 
the  steam  is  seen  by  inspection  to  be  .987, 

Hirn's  Analysis 

In  making  Hirn's  analysis  of  the  performance  of  a  steam  engine  it  is  necessary  to 
find  (from  the  measured  pressure,  volume,  and  weight  of  steam  acting)  the  internal 
energy  of  the  steam  in  the  cylinder  at  admission,  cut  off,  release,  and  compression. 
These  quantities  are  readily  found  by  the  method  already  outlined. 

Temperature-Entropy  Diagram 

In  redrawing  an  indicator  (pressure-volume)  diagram  on  the  temperature-entropy 
plane,  the  assumption  is  made  that  the  whole  of  the  working  substance  remains  in 
the  cylinder  throughout  the  cycle,  and  that  heat  is  added  to  and  abstracted  from  it 
while  it  is  in  the  cylinder.  That  is,  the  boiler,  cyHnder,  and  condenser  operations  are 
all  assumed  to  take  place  in  the  cylinder.  It  is  most  convenient,  moreover,  to  draw  the 
diagram  for  unit  mass  of  steam,  which  is  readily  done  after  determining  the  proper 
scale  of  volumes  for  the  indicator  diagram.  The  process  then  becomes  extremely 
simple :  the  temperature  and  entropy  corresponding  to  a  series  of  points  on  the  indi- 
cator diagram  are  found  as  in  example  4  and  are  plotted.  It  should  be  noted,  however, 
that  the  diagrams  do  not  give  information  for  qualities  below  about  .7.  Consequently 
some  of  the  points  on  the  temperature-entropy  diagram  must  be  calculated. 

Other  Problems 

Many  special  problems  of  less  common  occurrence  than  the  foregoing  can  be 
easily  solved  by  the  use  of  the  diagrams.  For  example,  suppose  it  is  proposed  to  spray 
into  a  gas-engine  cylinder  a  certain  weight  of  water  at  a  certain  instant,  and  it  is 
desired  to  know  what  will  be  the  resulting  pressure  and  temperature  in  the  cylinder. 
The  partial  pressure,  temperature  and  total  heat  of  the  steam  formed  will  be  repre- 
sented by  the  coordinates  of  some  point  on  a  definite  constant  specific  volume  line 
on  Diagram  II;  the  exact  position  of  the  point  on  the  line  can  easily  be  determined 
from  the  conditions  of  the  problem  by  trial  and  interpolation. 


(86) 


PART  III 

DISCUSSION    OF    SOURCES 

The  computation  of  a  steam  table  requires  as  its  foundation  experimental  data  of 
several  different  kinds.    The  most  important  are: 

1.  An  evaluation  of  the  absolute  thermodynamic  scale; 

2.  Data  on  the  variation  of  the  specific  heat  of  water  with  temperature; 

3.  Data  on  the  mechanical  equivalent  of  heat; 

4.  Data  on  the  pressure-temperature  relation  for  saturated  steam; 

5.  Data  on  the  specific  heat  of  superheated  steam; 

6.  Data  on  the  specific  volume  of  superheated  steam; 

7.  Data  on  the  total  heat  of  saturated  steam. 

Each  of  these  subjects  will  be  discussed  in  a  separate  section.  Besides  them  one  needs: 
A  comparison  of  the  fundamental  units  of  length  and  of  weight  in  the 

English  and  metric  systems; 
Data  on  the  density  of  water  at  various  temperatures; 
A  value  for  the  density  of  mercury  at  the  temperature  of  melting  ice. 

In  each  of  these  last  three  cases  there  are  trustworthy  values  so  generally  accepted 

as  to  need  no  discussion. 

§  I.  Absolute  Temperature 

An  evaluation  of  the  absolute  thermodynamic  scale  is  necessary  because  of  the  use 
which  must  be  made  of  absolute  temperatures  in  the  computation  of  entropies.  Two 
distinct  problems  are  involved.  The  first  is  the  determination  of  the  absolute  tem- 
perature of  melting  ice,  that  is,  the  location  of  the  absolute  zero;  and  the  second  is 
the  determination,  degree  by  degree,  of  the  difference  between  the  absolute  scale 
and  that  of  the  nitrogen-in-glass  thermometer  which  is  the  usual  standard  in  scien- 
tific work.  For  the  present  purpose  the  second  of  these  problems  need  not  be  con- 
sidered, for  the  variation  of  the  nitrogen  thermometer  from  the  absolute  scale  is  no- 
where greater  than  a  twentieth  of  a  degree  Fahrenheit  between  0°  and  400°;  above 
400°  even  considerably  larger  errors  in  the  temperature  scale  would  be  within  the 
limit  of  error  of  the  rest  of  the  experimental  data. 

The  determination  of  the  absolute  zero  has  recently  been  most  satisfactorily  accom- 
plished. Three  papers  may  be  mentioned,  which  will  themselves  give  references  to 
many  more,  namely  those  of  Berthelot,*  Buckingham,^  and  Rose  Innes.^  Berthelot 
worked  by  two  very  different  methods,  the  first  based  on  the  fact  that  as  the  pressure 

'  Trav.  et  Mem.  Bur.  Int.,  voi.  13  (iqo^). 

'  Bui.  of  the  Bur.  of  Stan.,  vol.  3  (1907),  pp.  237-293  (Reprint  No.  57). 

'  Phil.  Mag.  (6),  vol.  15  (1908),  pp.  301-316. 


(87) 


DISCUSSION   OF   SOURCES   (§§i,  2) 


in  a  gas  thermometer  approaches  zero,  the  gas  becomes  more  and  more  perfect,  and 
the  second  based  on  the  Joule-Thomson  effect.  Buckingham  worked  only  from  the 
Joule-Thomson  effect.  Rose-Innes  also  used  the  Joule-Thomson  observations,  but 
supplemented  them  as  far  as  possible  by  much  more  accurate  recent  data  on  coeffi- 
cients of  expansion.  The  values  which  these  investigators  give  for  the  temperature 
of  the  ice-point  are :  — 


Author 

Berthelot 

<( 

Buckingham 
Rose-Innes 


Year 

1903 
1907 
1Q08 


Method 
Extrapolation  to  p=o 
Joule-Thomson  effect 


Final  Value 

Gases 

FOR   ICE-POINT 

H.  and  N2 

491.54°  F. 

^2,   Nz,   CO2  and  air. 

4QI-63 

a          a           u           ((         u 

491.71 

Hz  and  Nz 

491.64 

J.-T.  eflfect  and  other  data 
Of  these  values  the  last  is  probably  the  best.   Incidentally,  it  agrees  almost  exactly 
with  the  mean  of  the  other  three.   Since  the  temperature  of  melting  ice  on  the  ordi- 
nary Fahrenheit  scale  is  32°,  the  value  that  must  be  added  to  temperatures  on  the 
ordinary  scale  to  reduce  them  to  absolute  temperatures  is 

49i°.64-32°.oo=459°.64. 


80°  40°  60°  80°  my  120*  140"  160^  i8(r  800°      ,  220° 

Fig.   I.  —  The  specific  heat  of  water   between   tlie  freezing  and   boiling   points   according  to    Barnes  [B]- 
Dieterici  (Z>)  and  Liidin  (Z,).    The  dotted  curve  is  (2  B  +  D)/^. 


§2.  The  Variation  of  the  Specific  Heat  of  Water  with  Temperature 

The  only  sets  of  experiments  available  over  the  whole  range  from  32°  to  212°  F. 
are  those  of  Liidin,'  Barnes,^  and  Dieterici.^  Since  this  part  of  the  discussion  is  con- 
cerned only  with  the  shape  of  the  curve  of  variation  of  the  specific  heat,  c,  with  tem- 

*  Inaug.  Diss.,  Zurich,  1895:  recomputed,  Fortsch.  d.  Phys-  vol.  56"  (1900),  p.  304. 
'  Phil.  Trans.,  vol.  199A  (1002),  pp.  149-263. 
'  Wied.  Ann.,  (4)  vol.  16  (1905),  pp.  593-620. 


(88) 


DISCUSSION   OF   SOURCES   (§2) 


perature,  and  not  with  its  height,  the  actual  values  of  each  of  these  observers  have 
been  multiplied  by  such  a  constant  as  to  make  the  average  value  of  c  between  32°  and 
212°  exactly  i.  This  is  equivalent  to  expressing  each  set  of  values  in  terms  of  the 
well-known  Bunsen  or  mean  calorie,  if  the  temperatures  are  on  the  Centigrade  scale, 
or  in  terms  of  a  corresponding  mean  B.t.u.,  if  the  temperatures  are  on  the  Fahren- 
heit scale.  The  resulting  curves  are  oq 
shown  in  Figure  i.  Liidin's  values 
are  generally  regarded  as  the  least 
trustworthy,  partly  because  of  the 
difficulties  inherent  in  calorimetry 
by  the  method  of  mixtures,  and  partly 
because  his  maximum  just  below 
the  boiling  point  is  not  corroborated 
by  either  of  the  other  observers,  or 
by  Regnault,  either  for  water  or  for 
any  other  liquid.  Of  the  other  two 
pieces  of  work,  Dieterici's  is  not  as 
convincing  as  the  extraordinarily 
good  work  of  Barnes  as  regards 
either  perfection  of  method  or  con- 
sistency of  results.  Barnes'  values 
have  therefore  been  given  most 
weight  in  arriving  at  a  representa- 
tive curve.  Liidin's  values  have  been 
given  no  direct  weight  whatever,  but 
the  fact  that  his  curve  and  Dieterici's 
both  differ  from  that  of  Barnes  in 
the  same  direction  throughout  en- 
courages one  to  give  to  Dieterici's 
values  rather  more  weight  in  com- 
j)arison  with  Barnes'  than  might 
otherwise  have  seemed  desirable.^ 
The  values  finally  chosen  are  a  mean 
between  those  of  Barnes  and  those 
of  Dieterici,  giving  the  former  twice  as  much  weight  as  the  latter.  The  curve  repre- 
senting these  mean  values  is  dotted  in  Figure  i,  and  its  ordinates  are  tabulated  in 
the  sixth  column  of  Table  6  at  the  end  of  Part  I  of  this  book.  The  values  there 
given  for  temperatures  below  the  freezing  point  are  from  the  work  of  Barnes  and 
Cooke.'    The  values  of  the  heat  of  the  liquid,  in  Tables  i,  2  and  3,  were  obtained 


D17 


Fig.  2.  —  A  large  scale  drawing  of  a  piece  out  of  the  lower 
left-hand  corner  of  the  steam  dome  on  the  ordinary  pv 
plane,  illustrating  the  meaning  of  "the  heat  of  the 
liquid."  Abscissse  are  in  cu.  ft. ;  ordinates  are  in  lbs. 
per  sq.  in. ;  temperatures  are  on  the  Fahrenlieit  scale. 


by  a  step  by  step,  numerical  evaluation  of  the  integral 
'  See  also  p.  gi. 
-  Phys.  Rev.,  vol.  15  (1902),  pp.  65-72 


'SI 


dt. 


(89) 


DISCUSSION  OF  SOURCES   (§2) 

It  should  be  noticed  that  between  32°  and  212°  F.  there  are  two  theoretically  distinct 
sets  of  numbers  which  could  properly  be  given  under  the  heading  "  the  heat  of  the 
liquid  "  in  a  steam  table,  according  to  whether  water  at  32°  and  atmospheric  pres- 
sure, or  water  at  32°  and  the  pressure  of  its  saturated  vapor,  is  used  as  the  zero  of 
total  heat.  Figure  2  represents,  drawn  to  scale,  but  much  magnified,  the  lower  left- 
hand  corner  of  the  steam  dome  on  the  usual  pv  plane.  According  to  the  first  scheme, 
water  at  the  point  b  is  chosen  as  the  zero  of  total  heat,  and  the  values  of  h  which  cor- 
respond to  temperatures  between  32°  and  212°  are  those  along  the  line  be.  According 
to  the  second  scheme,  water  at  the  point  a  is  the  zero  of  total  heats,  and  the  values 
of  h  given  are  those  along  the  water-line  ac.  Since  the  internal  energy,  e,  of  water  at  b 
is  very  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  water  at  a,  practically  all  of  the  difference  between 
the  h  at  b  and  the  h  at  a  comes  in  the  second  term  of  the  usual  equation 

h=e-\- 144  Apv. 

Graphically,  this  difference  is  the  equivalent  in  heat  units  of  the  area  of  the  rectangle 
between  the  vertical  line  ab  of  Figure  2  and  the  p  axis;  and  in  general  the  differ- 
ence between  the  two  possible  values  of  h  at  any  temperature  is  the  area  of  a  similar 
rectangle  to  the  left  of  some  vertical  line  between  ac  and  be. 

A  comparison  of  the  two  possible  sets  of  h  values  with  each  other,  and  with  the 
values  of  e  along  the  same  two  lines,  is  given  in  the  following  table.  The  "mean 
B.  t.  u.,"  which  is  the  heat  unit  employed,  is,  by  definition,  the  one  hundred  and 
eightieth  part  of  the  change  in  total  heat  along  be. 


Description 

Value  at 

32° 

212° 

Range 

e  along  ac 
e  along  be 
h  along  ac 
h  along  be 

0.00000 
0.00002 
0.00026 
0.04362 

179.99813 
179.99813 
180.04362 
180.04362 

179.99813 
I  79.99811 
180.04336 
180.00000 

The  distinction  between  the  two  possible  sets  of  h  values  is  of  practical  importance 
only  in  accurate  calorimetry  by  the  method  of  mixtures,  and  for  that  purpose  //  values 
along  be  are  preferable.  They  are  given  to  two  decimal  places  in  Table  i  to  facilitate 
this  use  of  them.  As  a  matter  of  convenience  they  have  been  reduced  to  b  as  the  zero 
state,  and  satisfy  the  unusual  but  equally  permissible  equation  of  definition 

h—e  +  144  Apv—  0.04362 

At  high  temperatures  only  values  on  the  second  scheme  are  possible,  so  that,  in 
careful  thinking,  different  interpretations  of  the  phrase  "heat  of  the  liquid"  are 
necessary  in  different  temperature  ranges. 

Above  212°  there  are  available  only  two  investigations,  Dieterici's  and  Regnault's.^ 
The  latter's  observations  were  by  the  method  of  mixtures,  the  mean  temperature  of 
the  cold  water  in  the  calorimeter  varying  from  55°  to  70°  F.  Since  the  specific  heat  of 
'  M^m.  de  I'Inst.  de  France,  vol.  21  (1847),  pp.  729-748. 


(90) 


DISCUSSION   OF   SOURCES   (§2) 

water  changes  rapidly  with  the  temperature  in  that  range,  it  has  seemed  worth  while 
to  recompute  Regnault's  results  on  the  basis  of  the  curve  just  obtained  for  c  below 
212°.  Figure  3  shows  on  a  large  scale  the  difference  between  the  recomputed  heat  of 
the  liquid  from  Regnault's  data  and  that  on  the  assumption  that  r  is  constant  and 
equal  to  one.  In  other  words,  ordinates  in  Figure  3  are  the  increments  that  must  be 
added  to  the  mere  temperature  difference  (/— 212)  to  give,  for  any  temperature  /,  the 
heat  of  the  liquid  above  that  at  212°.  The  curve  R,  representing  Regnault's  observa- 
tions, does  not  approach  zero  at  212°  as  it  should,  which  means  that  Regnault's  experi- 
ments are  inherently  inconsistent  with  the  c  curve  adopted  above  for  the  range  from 
32°  to  212°.   Regnault's  experiments  require  the  curve  to  be  lower  at  room  tempera- 


•200° 


300° 


400" 


•"IG.  3.  —  The  heat  of  the  liquid  (/i)  above  the  boiling  point.  Abscissse  are  temperatures  on  the  Fahrenheit 
scale.  Ordinates  are  A//  in  B.  t.  u.  where  A/i  is  what  must  be  added  to  (/  — 32)  to  give  /i.  The  recom- 
puted results  of  Regnault's  forty  experiments  are  represented  by  small  circles,  and  their  means,  in  six 
groups, by  large  circles  (curve  A*);  curved?'  is  curve  R  scaled  down  to  pass  through  o  at  ^=212^.  Curve  /* 
is  Peabody's  recomputation  of  Regnault's  curve,  also  scaled  down  to  pass  through  o  at  ^  =  212°.  Curve  D 
represents  Dieterici's  formula  and  is  the  one  used  in  this  book.  The  black  dots  are  five  of  Dieterici's 
twenty  experimental  means.  The  middle  one  of  the  five  shown  is  the  most  inconsistent  of  the  whole 
twenty.    Dieterici's  formula  represents  fairly  well  his  other  values  at  temperatures  above  400^  F. 

jures  and  consequently  higher  near  the  boiling  point  than  is  the  mean  cur\ie  chosen 
above  —  that  is,  they  require  a  curve  still  more  like  Dieterici's  and  still  1*^55  like 
Barnes'  than  that  chosen,  thus  justifying  the  decision  that  Dieterici's  results  should 
have  a  weight  of  at  least  one  in  three.  Perhaps  they  should  have  had  even  more  weight, 
but  the  work  of  Barnes  has  always  been  regarded  as  of  such  extraordinary  e.xcellence 
that  this  has  not  seemed  best  at  the  present  time. 

If  Regnault's  values  are  multiplied  by  such  a  constant  factor  as  will  make  them  ap- 
proach zero  at  212°,  his  curve  lies  below  either  Dieterici's  or  that  marked  P  in  Figure  3, 


(91) 


DISCUSSION   OF   SOURCES   (§§2,  3) 

which  represents  Peabody's  version  of  Regnault's  experiments/  but  turns  sharply  up 
across  Peabody's  curve  toward  Dieterici's  near  400°  F.  The  arbitrary  nature  of  this 
scaling-down  process  is,  however,  an  argument  against  the  acceptance  of  the  resulting 
curve. 

Dieterici's  curve  is  also  open  to  objection  in  that  his  observed  points  do  not  lie  as 
near  it  as  might  be  wished,  especially  in  the  temperature  range  of  Figure  3.  The  posi- 
tion of  his  curve  is  fixed  largely  by  the  points  at  higher  temperatures. 

The  whole  subject  is  still,  therefore,  in  an  unsatisfactory  condition  above  212°. 
Fortunately  it  makes  very  little  difference  in  the  properties  of  saturated  steam  which 
values  are  used  for  the  heat  of  the  liquid.  For  instance,  the  whole  of  the  outstanding 
discrepancy  at  400°  would  make  about  a  thirtieth  of  one  per  cent  difference  in  the 
entropy  of  saturated  steam  at  that  temperature.  The  values  of  Dieterici  above  212° 
have,  therefore,  been  chosen  because  of  the  great  range  covered  by  his  experiments, 
even  though  this  involves  a  slight  discontinuity  in  dh/dl^c  at  212°.  His  formula  for 
the  mean  specific  heat  from  32°  F.  to  1°  F.  may  be  written 

Cw=o.9983— 0.000  028  8(/— 32)-|-o.ooo  002  i33(/-32)2  mean  B.  t.  u. 
Strictly  speaking,  this  formula  leads  to  values,  not  of  h,  but  of  e,  but  the  differ- 
ence is,  in  general,  smaller  than  the  outstanding  uncertainties  in  either,  being 
0.046  B.t.u.  at  212°,  about  0.2  B.t.  u.  at  300°,  and  only  0.85  B.t.u.  at  400°. 
Neglecting  it,  as  has  been  done  in  these  tables  at  temperatures  below  450°,  simply 
means  using  as  standard  a  compromise  (namely  curve  D  on  Figure  3)  between  the 
true  Dieterici  curve,  which  would  lie  somewhat  higher  than  curve  D,  and  Regnault's 
results  as  represented  by  either  curve  R  or  curve  P.  Above  450°,  where  the  differ- 
ence between  e  and  h  gets  big,  it  has  been  allowed  for. 

§3.  The  Mechanical  Equivalent  of  Heat 

The  values  of  the  specific  heat  of  water  discussed  in  the  last  section  are  in  thermal 
units;  some  one  of  them  must  now  be  determined  in  mechanical  units.  For  this 
purpose  there  are  available  the  experiments  of  Rowland,"  and  of  Reynolds  and  Moor- 
by,"*  by  whom  mechanical  work  was  transformed  directly  into  heat,  and  the  experi- 
ments of  GrifiEiths,*  of  Schuster  and  Gannon,^  and  of  Barnes,^  by  whom  electrical 
energy  was  changed  into  heat.  These  investigations  have  recently  been  discussed 
by  Smith,^  who  accepts  as  most  trustworthy  the  mean  of  the  values  of  Reynolds 
and  Moorby  and  of  Barnes,  namely 

I  mean  calorie  =4. 1834  x  10^  ergs. 

'  Reduced  to  mean  B.t.u.  by  subtracting  a  seventh  of  one  per  cent 
'  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.,  vol.  15  (1880),  pp.  75-200. 

*  Phil.  Trans.,  vol.  190A  (1898),  pp.  301-422. 

*  Phil.  Trans.,  vol.  184A  (1893),  pp.  361-504. 
^  Phil.  Trans.,  vol.  186A  (1895),  pp.  415-467. 
'  Phil.  Trans.,  vol.  199A  (1902),  pp.  149-263. 
'  Monthly  Weather  Review,  October,  1907. 


(92) 


DISCUSSION   OF  SOURCES   (§§3,  4) 
To  change  this  into  English  units,  one  needs  the  conversion  factor^ 

I  kg.  =  2.204622  lbs. 
and  a  value  of  the  gravitation  constant  g  for  which 

^=980.665  cms.  per  sec.^ 
has  been  adopted  as  standard  by  international  agreement.^  The  result  is 

I  mean  B.  t.  u. =777. 54  standard  ft.  lbs. 
This  value  has  been  used  in  these  tables. 

§4.  Pressures  and  Temperatures  of  Saturated  Steam 

The  classical  experiments  on  this  subject  were  performed  by  Regnault  ^  in  the 
year  1847,  and  are  even  now  models  of  accuracy.  They  covered  the  range  from  —27° 
to  363°  F.  They  have  been  recomputed  with  slightly  var}^'ing  results  by  several  au- 
thors, among  whom  are  Broch,^  Peabody,^  and  Henning.®  Since  Regnault's  time, 
many  other  investigations  have  been  published,  eleven  of  which  are  carefully  dis- 
cussed by  Henning.^  He  uses  as  a  standard  of  reference  a  formula  of  Thiesen,^  which 
expresses  p  in  mms.  of  mercury  (at  0°  C.)  as  a  function  of  /  in  degrees  Centigrade, 
as  follows:  — 

P 

(/-i- 273)  log  —-=5. 409  (/-ICO) -0.508x10-^  ((36s -/)4- 265*). 
700 

The  deviations,  from  this  formula,  of  Regnault's  obsen'ations  and  of  those  of  the 
eleven  later  investigators  are  plotted  on  a  large  scale  in  Henning's  paper,  and  a 
correction  curve  for  the  formula  obtained  graphically.  The  conclusions  reached  in 
this  paper  were  the  basis  of  the  original  computations  for  these  tables.  The  use  of 
Thiesen's  formula  is  greatly  facilitated  by  a  table  in  Henning's  paper,  giving  p  in 
mms.  of  mercury  for  every  degree  from  0°  to  200°  C. 

More  recently,  in  August,  1908,  Holborn  and  Henning  have  published  the  results  of 
new  experiments  at  the  Reichsanstalt  covering  the  range  from  125°  to  400°  F.  with 
extraordinary  precision,  and  have  proposed  a  new  correction  curve  for  Thiesen's 

'  See  Fischer,  Bui.  of  the  Bur.  of  Stan.,  vol  i  (1904-5),  p.  380. 

*  Troisieme  Conf.  gen.  des  poids  et  mes.,  1901,  pp.  66-68. 

'  Mem.  de  I'Inst.  de  France,  vol.  21  (1847),  pp.  465-633;  for  a  most  excellent  account  in  English 
of  these  experiments  see  Risteen,  The  Locomotive,  published  by  the  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspec- 
tion and  Insurance  Co.,  vol.  26  (July,  1906),  pp.  85-94. 

*  Trav.  et  Mem.  Bur.  Int.,  vol.  lA  (1881),  pp.  19-39. 

*  Steam  Tables,  yth  ed.  (1907),  pp.  2-6. 

'  Wied.  Ann.,  (4)  vol.  22  (1907),  pp.  609-630. 
Loc.  cit.;   see  also  Risteen,  The  Locomotive,  vol.  26  (1907),  pp.  183-190,  246-254;  and  voi. 
ay  (1908),  pp.  54-62. 

-  Wied.  Ann.,  N.  F.,  vol.  67  (1899),  p.  692. 


(93) 


DISCUSSION   OF   SOURCES   (§4) 

formula  based  on  their  own  work  down  to  125°  F.  and  on  Thiesen's  experiments 
near  the  freezing  point.  Above  212°  the  new  curve,  Henning's  1907  curve,  and  the 
curve  which  represents  Henning's  recomputation  of  Regnault's  observations,  all 
agree  within  a  twentieth  of  a  degree  Fahrenheit,  so  that  the  pressure-temperature 
relation  may  be  regarded  as  satisfactorily  known.  Below  212°  the  new  saturation 
temperatures  run  slightly  higher  than  those  of  the  1907  paper,  the  greatest  change 
being  0.12°  F.  at  a  pressure  of  i  lb.  Those  parts  of  the  tables  which  are  affected  by 
the  change  have  been  j-ecomputed  and  corrected  in  page  proof. 


5' 
A' 

.2° 

.1' 

0" 

-J" 

Fig.  4.  —  Correction  curve  for  Thiesen's  formula,  according  to  Holborn  and  Henning  (1908).    Abscissae  are 
temperatures  ;   ordinates  are  A^  =  ^'obs.  —  ^calc. 

To  make  Thiesen's  formula  available  in  English  units,  one  needs  the  density  of 
mercury  at  o°  C.    According  to  Thiesen  and  Scheel  ^ 

I  cu.  cm.  of  Hg.  at  o°  C.  weighs  13.59545  grs. 

In  the  computation  of  the  condenser  vacuum  column  in  Table  i,  giving  p  in  inches 
of  mercury,  one  needs  also 

I  meter=39.37  U.  S.  standard  inches.^ 
Thiesen's  formula,  expressed  in  English  units,  is 


/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

y 

y 

.'' 

^ 

-^ 

^ 

y 

K 

0" 

2( 

)0'' 

300° 

.     40 

(/  + 459-6)  log 


14.70 


=  5.409  (/-2i2)-8.7ixio-'°  ((689-/)"  -4770, 


where  p  is  in  lbs.  per  sq.  in.  and  /  is  in  ordinary  Fahrenheit  degrees.  The  correc- 
tion curve  of  the  1908  paper  of  Holborn  and  Henning  is  plotted  in  English  units  in 
Figure  4,  in  which  ordinates  are  A/=observed  temperature  minus  the  i  in  Thiesen's 


1  Z.  S.  f.  Instrkde.,  vol.  18  (1898),  p.  138. 

^  This  is  the  legal  definition  of  the  U.  S.  standard  inch.    See  Fischer,  Bui.  of  the  Bur.  of  Stan. 
vol.  I  (1904-5),  pp.  365-381,  particularly  p.  380. 


(94) 


i6.8 

16.8 

48.6 

46.6 

47-1 

109.7 

107.1 

112. 5 

186.7 

189.0 

207.7 

DISCUSSION   OF   SOURCES   (§§4,  5) 

formula.  To  use  this  curve  to  get  the  pressure  corresponding  to  a  given  temperature 
/°,  one  first  subtracts  from  that  /  the  A/  given  by  the  curve,  and  then  substitutes  the 
remainder  in  Thiesen's  formula. 

At  the  very  high  temperatures  considered  at  the  end  of  Table  i,  three  researches  are 
available,  namely  those  of  Battelli,^  of  Cailletet  and  Colardeau,-  and  of  Knipp.^  The 
results  of  these  observers  are  not  in  good  agreement,  as  the  following  table  shows. 
The  values  of  Cailletet  and  Colardeau  were  used  in  the  preparation  of  Table  i.* 

Tkmp.  Pressure  :n  Atmosphbrbs  According  to 

Fahr.  Battelli  C   and  C.  Knipp 

400° 
500° 
600° 
680° 


§5.  The  Specific  Heat  of  Superheated  Steam 

Here,  as  before,  the  classical  research  is  that  of  Regnault,^  published  in  the  year 
1862.  Contrary  to  an  assumption  sometimes  seen  in  the  literature,  his  work  does  not 
even  seem  to  prove  that  the  specific  heat  at  constant  pressure  (C^)  of  superheated 
steam  is  independent  of  either  the  pressure  or  the  temperature,  for  he  made  only  four 
series  of  experiments,  and  these  were  all  at  atmospheric  pressure  and  covered  nearly 
the  same  temperature  range.  He  worked  by  the  method  of  mixtures,  injecting  a  known 
weight,  first  of  slightly  superheated  steam,  and  then  of  highly  superheated  steam, 
into  a  calorimeter  filled  with  water  at  room  temperature.  His  computations  are  in 
error  because,  instead  of  weighing  the  cold  water  in  the  calorimeter,  he  measured  it 
volumetrically  in  a  suitable  cast-iron  tank.  His  justification  of  this  was  that  although, 
by  reason  of  the  thermal  expansion  of  the  water  as  compared  with  that  of  the  tank, 
there  was  less  water  by  weight  at  room  temperature  than  at  0°  C,  which  was  his  stand- 
ard temperature,  nevertheless  the  fact  (which  he  thought  to  be  true  at  low  as  well 
as  at  high  temperatures)  that  the  specific  heat  of  water  increased  with  the  temperature, 
made  the  water  in  the  calorimeter  more  effective  thermally,  gram  for  gram,  and  just 
about  made  up  for  neglecting  its  change  of  density.  But  we  now  know  that  at  room 
temperatures  the  specific  heat  of  water  decreases  with  rising  temperature.  His  data 
have,  therefore,  been  recomputed,  using  his  own  value  for  the  expansion  coefficient 
of  his  sheet-iron  tanks  and  modern  data  for  the  density  and  specific  heat  of  water. 
This  slightly  reduces  each  of  his  four  values  of  C^  to  the  following  figures:  — 

'  Mem.  d.  R.  Ace.  d.  Sc,  Turin  (2),  vol.  43  (1892),  pp.  63-98;  see  also  Ann.  de  Chem.  et  de 
Phys.  (6),  vol.  26  (1892),  pp.  410-425;  and  especially  Risteen,  The  Locomotive,  vol.  26  (October, 
1906),  pp.  116-126,  and  vol.  26  (July,  1907),  pp.  213-219. 

'  Joum.  de  Phys.  (2),  vol.  10  (1891),  pp.  333-340;  also  Ann.  de  Chem.  et  de  Phys.,  vol.  25 
(1892),  pp.  519-534;  also  Physikalische  Revue,  vol.  i  (1892),  pp.  14-21;  ajso  a  short  note  in  C.  R. 
vol.  112  (1891),  pp.  563-565;  see  Risteen,  The  Locomotive,  vol.  26  (July,  1907),  pp.  219-221. 

'  Phys.  Rev.,  vol.  11(1900),  pp.  141-144. 

*  Mem.  de  ITnst.  de  France,  vol.  26  (1862),  pp.  167-178. 

*  See  page  4. 

(95) 


Temp.  Range  (0°) 

R's  Value  of  Cp 

New  Value  ok  Cp 

127. 7-231. 1 

(0.46881)1 

(0.4655) 

137.7-225.9 

0.481 1 1 

0.4769 

I  24.3-210.4 

0.48080 

0.4736 

122. 8-216.0 

0.47963 

0.4780 

Mean  of  last  three 

0.48051 

0.4762 

DISCUSSION  OF   SOURCES    (§s) 

Series  i. 
Series  2. 
Series  3. 
Series  4. 

It  will  be  seen  presently  that  the  new  figures  agree  better  with  modern  work  than 
do  the  older  ones. 

It  is  only  within  a  few  years  that  reliable  determinations  of  Cp  at  other  pressures 
than  I  atmosphere  have  been  made.  The  best  of  these  are  probably  those  of  Knob- 
lauch and  Jakob,-  which  were  carried  out  with  great  care  by  the  electrical  method. 
Steam  from  a  boiler  was  superheated  in  an  apparatus  consisting  of  a  long  pipe  some 
inches  in  diameter  filled  with  a  dense  grid  of  resistance  wire,  wound  on  insulating 
frames.  The  energy  necessary  for  superheating  was  introduced  electrically  in  the 
first  sections  of  this  pipe  and  the  rest  of  the  resistance  wire  served  to  mix  the  steam 
and  bring  it  into  a  homogeneous  state.  It  then  passed  into  a  calorimeter  where  a 
small  amount  of  additional  energy  was  introduced  electrically,  careful  measurements 
being  made  of  the  temperatures  of  the  steam  when  entering  and  leaving  this  calori- 
meter. The  losses  due  to  radiation  and  conduction  were  determined  by  separate 
experiments.  The  Cp  of  the  steam  in  the  calorimeter  could  then  be  easily  computed. 
The  results  of  these  experiments  have  been  used  as  the  basis  for  the  computation  of 
these  tables. 

They  have,  however,  been  modified  in  two  respects.  In  the  first  place,  the 
curve  giving  the  Cp  of  steam  at  atmospheric  pressure  has  been  lowered  in  the 
high  temperature  region,  so  as  to  agree  better  with  the  values  obtained  by  Hol- 
born  and  Henning^  at  very  high  temperatures.  Their  work,  like  Regnault's, 
was  only  at  atmospheric  pressure,  but  they  reached  temperatures  as  high  as 
2450°  F.,  and  others  by  different  methods  have  gone  even  higher.  All  these 
results  agree  in  giving  smaller  values  of  Cp  than  an  extrapolation  of  Knoblauch 
and  Jakob's  atmospheric  curve  would  indicate.  It  has  therefore  been  lowered 
so  as  to  join  continuously  with  the  curve  of   Holborn  and  Henning.*    The  high 

*  "  . .  .  les  resultats  de  la  premiere  serie,  qui  m'inspirent  moins  de  confiance  que  les  autres.  . . ." 
Regnault,  p.  178. 

2  Forischarb.,  Berlin,  Hefte  35  and  36  (1906),  pp.  iog-152. 

'  Wied,  Ann.,  (4)  vol.  18  (1905),  pp.  739-756;  and  (4)  vol.  23  (1907),  pp.  809-845. 

*  (Note  added,  June,  191 2).  The  propriety  of  this  change  in  the  original  curve  of  Knoblauch  and 
Jakob  has  been  justified  since  the  first  copies  of  this  book  were  printed  by  the  results  of  a  new 
investigation  by  Knoblauch  and  Mollier  (Z.  V.  D.  I.,  191 1,  pp.  665-674)  covering  the  same  range 
of  pressure  as  their  earlier  investigation,  but  extending  to  over  1000°  F.  This  work  shows  that  their 
former  Cp  curve  for  i  atmosphere  rose  too  sharply  near  650°  F.  and  that  the  true  curve  lies  nearly  as 
it  was  drawn  in  figure  5.  Their  results  run  a  little  higher,  however,  than  Holborn  and  Henning's, 
and  it  is  therefore  possible  that  the  values  of  C/  used  in  this  book  for  the  highest  temperatures  are  a 
little  too  low.  No  error  of  commercial  importance  is  involved. 


m 


DISCUSSION    OF    SOURCES    (§5) 


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Fig.  5.  —  The  specific  heat  at  constant  pressure  of  superlieated  steam  as  used  in  this  book,  extrapolated  from 
Knoblauch's  data.  The  saturation  line  is  drawn  according  to  his  formula,  and  the  curves  at  moderate  pres- 
sures and  superheats  follow  iiis  curves  as  nearly  as  possible.  The  curves  at  very  low  pressures  close  to 
saturation  are  higher  than  Knoblauch's  curves  because  of  thermodynamic  evidence,  and  because  of  Reg- 
nault's  results  at  atmospheric  pressure.  The  15  lb.  curve  at  higli  superheats  follows  Holborn  and  Hen- 
ning's  curve.  The  other  curves  are  spaced  at  very  high  superheats  in  accordance  with  information  derived 
from  the  Joule-Thomson  effect. 


(97) 


DISCUSSION   OF   SOURCES    (§§5,6,7) 

temperature  ends  of  the  other  curves,  for  pressure  higher  than  15  lbs.,  have  then 
been  spaced  in  accordance  with  information  which  can  be  derived  from  a  study  of 
the  Joule-Thomson  effect  in  superheated  steam  and  in  other  vapors.^ 

The  second  modification  of  Knoblauch's  curves  is  at  the  low  temperature  end  of 
the  15  lb.  curve  and  those  near  it.  These  run  lower  than  even  the  recomputed  results 
of  Regnault's  observations,  to  which  considerable  importance  may  well  be  attached 
in  the  present  unsettled  state  of  the  subject.  There  are  also  certain  theoretical  con- 
siderations based  on  the  thermodynamics  of  the  Joule-Thomson  effect  which  seem 
to  set  0.45  as  a  lower  limit  to  the  lower  end  of  the  saturation  line  on  the  C^  diagram, 
a  value  also  somewhat  higher  than  Knoblauch's.  For  these  reasons,  the  curves  below 
100  lbs.  have  all  been  slightly  raised  on  the  C^  diagram.  The  difference  at  15  lbs.  is 
only  0.007  B.  t.  u. 

The  finally  accepted  values  of  C^,  which  were  used  in  the  preparation  of  these  tables, 
are  plotted  in  Figure  5.  They  have  received  additional  confirmation  from  the  fact  that 
all  of  seven  different  kinds  of  large  scale  steam  diagrams  which  have  been  plotted 
in  the  course  of  this  work,  and  particularly  the  total  heat-temperature  diagram  on 
which  the  lines  of  constant  pressure  seem  to  be  very  sensitive  to  inconsistencies  in 
the  assumed  values  of  C.,  ran  more  smoothly  with  these  values  of  C^  than  with  cer- 
tain other  suggested  values  which  were  first  tried. 

§6.  The  Specific  Volume  of  Superheated  Steam 

Of  the  various  sets  of  values  of  the  specific  volume  of  superheated  steam  at  different 
pressures  and  temperatures,  that  of  Knoblauch,  Linde  and  Klebe  ^  seems  to  be  the 
best,  and  has  been  used  in  this  work.^  Linde's  characteristic  equation,*  expressing 
T'  as  a  function  of  p  and  /,  may  be  written 

/1 50,300,000  \ 

^7;=o.5962  r-/>(i  +  o.ooi4  P)[ y~i 0-0833  j, 

where  p  is  in  lbs.  per  sq.  in.,  v  is  in  cu.  ft.,  and  r=/-|-459.6  is  the  absolute  temper- 
ature on  the  Fahrenheit  scale. 

§7.  The  Total  Heat  of  Saturated  Steam 

It  is  in  their  values  for  the  total  heat  of  saturated  steam  that  these  tables  differ  most 
essentially  from  all  that  have  preceded  them.  It  has  been  the  custom  for  makers 
of  steam  tables  to  use  Regnault's  classic  formula,^  now  sixty-one  years  old,  which 
gives  as  the  total  heat  of  saturated  steam 

B.  =  1091.7  -I-  0.305  (/  -  32). 

'  Davis,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  44  (1909). 

^  Forscharb.,  Berlin,  Heft  21  (1905),  pp.  33-55. 

'  But  see  p.  103. 

*  Forscharb.,  Berlin,  Heft  21  (1905),  pp.  64-69. 

'  Mem.  de  I'lnst.  de  France,  vol.  21  (1847),  pp.  635-728. 


m 


DISCUSSION   OF   SOURCES   (§7) 

It  has  for  some  time  been  known  that  this  formula  was  considerably  in  error,  especially 
at  low  temperatures,  and  it  is  worth  noticing  that  of  the  eight  other  vapors  studied 
by  Regnault,  five  gave  curves  of  the  second  degree,  concave  downward,  for  i?  as  a 
function  of  /. 

Since  Regnault 's  time,  measurements  of  great  value,  either  of  the  total  heat  itself, 
or  of  the  heat  of  vaporization,  which  amounts  to  the  same  thing,  have  been  made  at 
various  temperatures  between  32°  and  212°  F.  by  Dieterici,  Smith,  Griffiths,  Henning 
and  Joly,  all  of  which  have  been  admirably  discussed  by  Smith  in  the  paper  previ- 
ously referred  to/  Their  values  as  recomputed  by  him  are  given  in  the  following 
table:  — 

Obskrvbr 

C.  Dieterici,  Konigl.  Tech.  Hochschule,  Hanover,  Germany. 
Wied.  Ann.,  vol.  37  (1889),  pp.  494-508.^ 


A.  W.  Smith,  University  of  Michigan,  U.  S.  A. 
Phys.  Rev.,  vol.  25  (1907),  pp.  145-170. 


E.  H.  Griffiths,  Cambridge,  England. 

Phil.  Trans.,  vol.  186A  (1895),  pp.  261-341. 


F.  Henning,  Reichsanstalt,  Berlin,  Germany. 
Wied.  Ann.,  (4)  vol.  21  (1906),  pp.  849-8^ 


Temperature 

Total  Heat 

Degrees  Fahr. 

B.  T.V. 

32.0 

1073-4 

57-1 

1084.7 

70.1 

1090.7 

82.5 

1096.2 

103.6 

IIO4.6 

86.0 

1097.8 

104-3 

IIO4.9 

76.9 

1094.5* 

103.9 

IIO4.2* 

121. 7 

IIII.2* 

86.2 

1097.6* 

120.5 

III4.4 

148.7 

II24.7 

171. 2 

"34-5 

192.7 

1144.0 

213.1 

1151.1 

211. 9 


II50.0 


J.  Joly,  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  Ireland. 

In  an  appendix  to  Griffiths'  paper  above  (p.  322). 

*  These  four  values  were  considered  by  the  experimenters  less  reliable  than  their  other  results. 

These  values  have  been  plotted  on  a  large  scale  and  a  graph  drawn  representing 
satisfactorily  practically  all  of  them,  from  which  the  values  used  in  this  book  at  tem- 
peratures below  212°  were  then  read  off.  Regnault 's  formula,  and  those  tables 
which  are  based  on  it,  are  right  at  170°  F.,  but  are  too  high  by  18  B.  t.  u.  at  32°  F. 

Above  212°,  Regnault's  values  may  be  replaced  by  a  second  degree  equation  re- 
cently proposed  by  one  of  the  present  authors  ^  on  the  basis  of  a  recomputation  of  the 
throttling  experiments  of  Grindley,  Griessmann  and  Peake,  with  the  help  of  the  C. 
measurements  of  Knoblauch  and  Jakob,  already  referred  to.  The  method  used  is 
illustrated  by  Figure  6,  the  left-hand  half  of  which  represents  a  throttling  curve  of  the 

*  Monthly  Weather  Review,  October,  1907. 

'  See  also  Wied.  Ann.,  (4)  vol.  16  (1905),  pp.  593—620. 

^  Davis,  Proc.  Am.  Soc.  of  Mech.  Engs.,  vol.  30  (November,  1908),  pp.  1419-1432. 


(99) 


DISCUSSION   OF   SOURCES   (§7) 

sort  published  in  the  papers  mentioned.  Supposedly  dry  and  saturated  steam  at  the 
pressure  and  temperature  corresponding  to  the  point  A  is  first  throttled  to  a  lower 
pressure  and  temperature  corresponding  to  the  point  B;  then  in  a  later  experiment 
in  the  same  run,  it  is  throttled  from  exactly  the  same  initial  condition  A  to  the  con- 
dition C;  then  to  D  and  so  on.  The  well-known  law  of  throttling  is  that  the  total 
heat  in  the  condition  B,  or  C,  or  D,  is  equal  to  that  in  the  initial  condition  A. 

The  point  B  represents  superheated  steam  at  the  pressure  p^;  the  point  B'  repre- 
sents saturated  steam  at  the  same  pressure;  the  amount  of  superheat  at  B  is  the 
known  temperature  there  minus  the  temperature  at  B',  which  can  be  taken  from  a 
steam  table.  Also,  by  definition,  the  total  heat  at  B  equals  that  of  saturated  steam 
at  the  same  pressure  (point  B')  plus  the  amount  of  heat  required  to  superheat  it  at 
constant  pressure  from  B'  to  B.  This  is  the  integral  of  C^  from  B'  to  B,  or  simply 
the  mean  C.  from  saturation  multiplied  by  the  known  superheat.  If  C.  is  known, 
this  integral  or  increment  in  the  total  heat  between  B'  and  B  is  easily  evaluated. 

The  value  obtained  is  not  only  the  difference  between  the  total  heat  of  saturated 
steam  at  B'  and  that  of  superheated  steam  at  B;  it  is  also  the  difference  between 
the  total  heat  of  saturated  steam  at  B'  and  that  of  saturated  steam  at  A;  that  is,  be- 
tween the  two  corresponding  ordinates  of  a  curve  giving  the  total  heat  of  saturated 
steam  as  a  function  of  the  temperature.  To  draw  a  piece  of  this  curve,  one  chooses 
arbitrarily  some  horizontal  line  such  as  xy  in  Figure  6,  and  lays  off  below  it,  at  the 
proper  temperatures,  the  distances  bb',  cc',  dd',  etc.,  which  represent  on  the  desired 
i?-scale  the  integrals  or  total  heat  differences  between  B'  and  B,  C  and  C,  D'  and 
Z>,  etc.  The  curve  ab'c'd'  is  an  isolated  piece  of  the  true  curve  of  total  heat  against 
temperature.  The  relative  height  of  its  points,  that  is,  its  shape,  is  accurately  de- 
termined; its  absolute  height  above  the  assumed  zero  of  total  heat,  namely,  water 
at  32°  and  atmospheric  pressure,  is  not  yet  known. 

In  the  paper  referred  to,  twenty-four  overlapping  pieces  of  this  sort  were  super- 
posed and  gave  a  well-defined  curve.  Its  height  was  then  so  determined  as  to  make 
it  pass  through  the  mean  of  the  values  near  the  boiling  point  of  Henning  and  of  Joly, 
each  reduced  to  212°.   The  resulting  curve  leads  to  the  formula 

i7  =  ii5o.3-Ho.3745(/-2i2)-o.ooo55o(/-2i2)^ 

It  agrees  satisfactorily,  in  the  range  from  212°  to  400°  F.,  with  the  values  which  Linde  * 
computes  from  the  volume  measurements  of  Knoblauch,  Linde  and  Klebe,  and  also 
with  the  values  recently  proposed  by  Henning^  on  the  basis  of  an  extrapolation  of 
a  formula  representing  his  results  below  212°.^  It  is  certainly  much  better  than  Reg- 
nault's  formula,  and  is  probably  within  a  tenth  of  one  percent  of  the  truth  throughout 
the  range  considered.  If  it  be  even  that  much  in  error,  it  is  probably  because  it  runs 
too  low  at  the  high  temperatures.   It  has  been  used  for  the  range  above  212°  in  these 

'  Forscharb.,  Berlin,  Heft  21  (1905),  pp.  69-72. 

*  Wied.  Ann.,  (4)  vol.  21  (1906),  p.  870. 

'  See  also  Peabody.  Proc.  Am.  Soc.  of  Mech.  Engs.,  vol.  31  (1909). 


(100) 


DISCUSSION   OF   SOURCES   (57) 

tables.  It  shows  that  Regnault's  formula,  and  those  tables  which  are  based  on  it, 
are  too  high  by  6  B.  t.  u.  at  175°,  are  right  at  280°,  and  are  too  low  at  higher  tempera- 
tures, the  error  increasing  as  the  square  of  (/— 175). 

It  has  been  pointed  out  ^  that  the  "total  heat  of  saturated  steam"  obtained  in  this 
way  is,  rigorously,  slightly  different  from  that  measured  by  Regnault.  The  new  H 
is  defined  by  the  equation  already  mentioned  in  section  2, 

H=E-\- 1/^^  Apv— 0.0^     mean  B.t.u., 

where  E  is  the  internal  energy  of  the  saturated  steam  and  v  is  its  volume.  Regnault's 
H  was  smaller  by  the  amount  of  the  feed-pump  work  required  to  force  water  at  the 


Fig.  6.  —  Showing  how  the  total  heat  curve  ab'c'd'  is  obtained  from  a  throttling  curve,  ABCD. 

temperature  0}  the  room  into  an  enclosure  against  the  pressure  of  the  high  tempera- 
ture steam  under  investigation.  Regnault's  H  gives  accurately  the  heat  required  to 
turn  feed  water  under  pressure  at  his  room  temperature  into  steam  in  the  delivery 
pipe,  but  is  not  as  useful  for  other  purposes  as  the  H  defined  above;  furthermore, 
it  is  not  an  accurately  definable  concept,  depending  as  it  does  not  only  on  the  tem- 
perature of  the  saturated  steam  itself,  but  also  on  the  temperature  of  the  feed  water. 
It  is  desirable,  therefore,  to  displace  it  in  both  scientific  and  technical  thinking  by 
an  H  defined  as  above.   This  is  the  usual  practice  abroad. 

From  H  it  is  easy  to  compute  L,  the  latent  heat  of  evaporation,  by  subtracting  h, 
the  heat  of  the  liquid.  .      ^^     , 

In  many  places  in  Tables  i  and  2,  the  values  given  for  H,  h  and  L  will  fail  to  satisfy 
this  equation  by  one  unit  in  the  last  place.  This  is  because  they  were  made  to  satisfy 
it  when  carried  to  an  extra  decimal  place,  the  discrepancy  coming  in  when  the  extra 
place  was  dropped. 

*  Heck,  Jour,  of  the  Aro,  Soc.  of  Mech.  Engs.,  vol.  31  (1909),  p.  301. 


ClOl) 


DISCUSSION   OF   SOURCES   (§§7,  8) 

At  the  end  of  Table  i,  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  obtain  by  an  extrapolation  at 
least  a  qualitative  idea  of  the  variation  of  L  and  H  with  temperature  in  the  range 
between  400°  and  the  critical  point.  For  this  purpose  L  is  easier  to  work  with  than 
H,  because  its  behavior  at  the  critical  temperature  itself  is  definitely  known,  at 
least  if  the  usually  accepted  ideas  about  the  critical  point  are  assumed  to  be  correct. 
These  demand  that  at  that  point  L=o  and  dLldt=m.\rm'S,  infinity.  As  to  H,  it  can 
be  proved  on  the  same  hypotheses  that  </i?/<^/= minus  infinity,  but  no  information 
can  be  obtained  as  to  the  value  of  H  itself.  The  two  assumed  facts  about  L  led 
Thiesen  ^  to  suggest  as  an  empirical  formula 

where  t^  is  the  critical  temperature  of  water  and  C  and  n  are  constants  to  be  determined 
experimentally.  For  n  Thiesen  used  |,  and  Henning  was  led  by  his  experiments 
below  212°  F.  to  ^=0.31249.  A  redetermination  of  this  constant  with  the  help  of 
the  new  values  above  212°,  just  described,  leads  to  w  =0.3150.  If  138.81  B.  t.  u.  be 
used  for  C,  Thiesen's  formula  represents  not  only  the  seventeen  values  below  212° 
already  tabulated,  but  also  the  eighteen  mean  values  from  which  the  new  equation 
above  2 12°  was  obtained,  with  an  average  error  of  only  one  sixteenth  of  one  per  cent. 
It  has,  therefore,  been  used  as  the  basis  of  an  extrapolation  to  the  critical  point.  The 
resulting  values,  which  are  given  at  the  end  of  Table  i,  are,  of  course,  only  qualita- 
tively reliable.  (See  also  page  4.) 

§8.  The  Specific  Volume  of  Saturated  Steam 

The  adoption  of  a  set  of  values  for  the  total  heat  of  saturated  steam  makes  possible 
two  useful  computations.  The  first  of  these  has  already  been  mentioned  on  page  96, 
and  gives  C^  close  to  the  saturation  line  by  means  of  the  formula  ^ 


dH 

L      Lfdv\ 

c^= 

_^  +  -    _  ). 

^      dt 

T      u\dtjp 

The  results  of  such  a  computation  have  been  published  elsewhere,^  and  seem  to 
justify  the  decision  that  Knoblauch's  values  of  C^  are  preferable  to  Thomas'. 

Of  much  greater  importance  is  the  possibility  of  computing  u,  the  change  of  volume 
during  vaporization,  by  means  of  Clapyron's  equation,  where  p  is  in  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

L  I 


144/ir    {dpldt\^i. 

The  necessary  values  of  dpidt  were  obtained  by  the  method  suggested  in  Henning's 
1907  paper,  the  derivative  of  Thiesen's  formula  for  p=j{t)  being  computed  arith- 
metically, and  an  unimportant  correction  factor  being  obtained  graphically  from  the 

'  Verb.  Phys.  Ges.  zu  Berlin,  vol.  i6  (1897),  pp.  80-82. 

'^  For  derivation,  see,  for  example,  Griessmann,  Forscharb.,  Berlin,  Heft  13  (1904),  p.  8. 
^  Davis,  Proc.  Am.  Soc.  of  Mech.  Engs.,  vol.  30  (November,  1908),  pp.  1429-1431;  and  vol.  .31 
(February,  1909),  pp.  309-310. 


om 


DISCUSSION   OF   SOURCES   (§§8,9) 

correction  curve  representing  Henning's  new  results.  To  the  values  of  u  thus  obtained 
must  be  added  the  specific  volume,  v' ,  of  water  ^  to  give  the  specific  volume,  v,  of  satu- 
rated steam. 

The  results  differ  considerably  from  those  obtainable  from  Regnault's  total  heats 
(see  curve  R  of  Figure  7).  They  agree  remarkably  well  with  the  actual  measurements 
of  Knoblauch,  Linde  and  Klebe  between  212°  and  360°  F.  (see  curve  K  of  Figure  7), 
the  discrepancy  only  once  reaching  0.2%,  which  is  the  limit  of  error  assigned  by  the 
experimenters  to  their  work. 

itr 


2% 


R 

\ 

K 

■"°0°  100°  200°  300°  400°  500' 

Fig.  7.  —  This  figure  shows  the  percentage  deviation  from  the  new  values  of  the  specific  volume  of  saturated 
steam,  first,  of  Regnault's  values  as  given,  for  example,  in  the  1907  edition  of  Peabody's  tables  (curve  R), 
and  second  of  Knoblauch's  e.xperimental  values  (curve  K).  The  irregularity  below  100°  is  caused  by  the 
curious  curvature  in  the  lower  part  of  the  curve  of  Figure  4. 

In  Table  3  the  values  of  v  at  saturation  are  the  Clapyron  values  just  described,  while 
above  50°  superheat,  Linde'L  characteristic  equation  has  been  used.  Between  satura- 
tion and  50°  superheat  the  values  are  such  as  to  give  a  gradual  transition.  At  high 
superheats  Linde's  equation  is  wholly  an  extrapolation,  and  the  values  of  v  should 
not  be  accepted  with  much  confidence,  the  limit  of  error  being  uncertain. 

§9.  The  Specific  Volume  of  Steam  at  Very  High  Temperatures 

The  extrapolated  values  of  the  latent  heat  of  vaporization  discussed  in  section  6, 
together  with  the  data  on  vapor  tensions  at  very  high  temperatures  discussed  in  sec- 
tion 4,  make  possible  at  least  a  qualitatively  accurate  computation,  by  Clapyron's 
equation,  of  the  change  of  volume  during  vaporization  up  to  and  including  the  value 
u=o  at  the  critical  point.  Furthermore,  the  values  of  the  specific  volume  of  water  in 
Landolt  and  Bernstein's  tables  run  to  about  600°  F.,  so  that  up  to  that  temperature 
the  specific  volume  of  saturated  steam  can  be  computed  by  the  method  used  at  ordi- 
nary temperatures. 

Above  600°  another  device  is  furnished  by  a  law  proposed  in  1886  by  Cailletet  and 
Mathias,^  called  "the  law  of  the  straigh  diameter."  According  to  this  law,  if  the 
means  of  the  densities  of  a  saturated  vapor  and  its  liquid  at  the  same  pressure  and 
temperature  are  plotted  (as  abscissae)  against  the  corresponding  temperatures  (as 
ordinates),  the  resulting  curve  is  so  nearly  straight  and  so  nearly  vertical  up  to  and 
including  the  critical  point  itself,  that  its  abscissa  al  even  a  somewhat  uncertain 

'  The  required  values  of  the  specific  volume  of  water,  v',  were  taken  from  the  3d  (1905)  edi- 
tion of  Landolt  and  Bernstein's  "  Physikalische  Tabellen." 

^  Comptes  Rendus,  vol.  102  (1886),  pp.  1202-1207;  and  vol.  104  (1887),  pp.  1563-1568. 


(103) 


DISCUSSION   OF   SOURCES   (§9) 

critical  temperature  is  a  very  good  determination  of  the  critical  density.  This  law 
has  been  experimentally  verified  for  many  different  substances  by  Mathias,  Young, 
Guye,  Tsuruta  and  others/  It  is  found  that  the  diameter  is  usually  not  exactly 
straight,  but  that  a  second  degree  equation 

represents  even  the  most  exact  experimental  data  with  satisfactory  accuracy,  except 
in  the  case  of  the  alcohols,  which  require  an  additional  term  in  P.  The  method  is 
now  regarded  as  furnishing  by  far  the  best  attainable  value  of  the  critical  density  of  a 
substance. 

The  application  of  this  law  to  water,  which  seems  to  be  new,  is  illustrated  in  Figure 
8.  This  figure  shows  not  only  the  diameter  itself  (large  circles),  but  also  the  vapor 
and  liquid  densities  (small  circles)  of  which  its  points  are  the  means.  The  steam 
dome  on  this  figure  is  analogous  to  that  on  the  ordinary  pv  plane  except  that  right 
and  left  are  interchanged,  and  that  the  shape  of  the  top  is  much  flattened  because 
of  the  crowding  of  a  large  pressure  range  into  a  small  temperature  range.  The  cur- 
vature in  the  diameter  is  noticeable  but  regular,  and  its  points  can  be  represented 
well  within  the  limit  of  error  of  the  data  by  the  formula 

^  =  28.424  — 0.016  5o(/  — 320)  — 0.000013  2(/  — 320)^. 

The  substitution  in  this  formula  of  the  critical  temperature,  ^^  =  689°  F.,  gives  for 
the  critical  density  and  volume  the  values 

5^  =  20.5  lbs.  per  cu.  ft., 
z;^ =0.049  cu.  ft.  per  lb.* 

These  may  be  compared  with  the  only  values  previously  reported,  namely  Battelli's^ 
experimental  value  ,v^=  13.0  lbs.  per  cu.  ft.  (point  B  in  Figure  8),  Nadejdine's  ^  experi- 
mental value  5^  =  26.8  lbs.  per  cu.  ft.  (point  N  in  Figure  8),  and  Dieterici's  *  value  s^  =  15.5 
lbs.  per  cu.  ft.  (point  D  in  Figure  8).  Neither  of  the  experimental  methods  of  the 
first  two  observers  is,  in  general,  comparable  with  that  of  Cailletet  and  Mathias  for 
the  accurate  determination  of  a  critical  volume,  although  each  is  admirably  adapted 
to  the  determination  of  a  critical  pressure.  It  is  probable,  therefore,  that  the  new 
value  of  the  critical  density  is  much  better  than  either  of  the  older  experimental  ones. 
Dieterici's  value  was  computed  on  the  basis  of  Young's  law  that,  for  "normal  sub- 

*  Mathias,  Ann.  de  la  Fac.  des  Sci.  de  Toulouse,  1892;  C.  R.,  vol.  115  (1892),  pp.  35-38;  Mem. 
de  la  See.  Roy.  des  Sci.  de  Liege  (3),  vol.  2  (1899);  Journ.  de  Phys.  (4),  vol.  4  (1905),  pp.  77-91. 

Young,  Journ.  of  the  Chem.  Soc,  vol.  63,  trans.  (1893),  pp.  1237-1240;  Phil.  Mag.,  vol.  34 
(1892),  pp.  503-507;  and  vol.  50  (1900),  pp.  291-305. 

Guye,  Archives  des  Sci.  Phys.  et  Nat.  (3),  vol.  31  (1894),  pp.  43-46. 

Tsuruta,  Phys.  Rev.,  vol.  10  (1900),  pp.  116-118. 

See  also  Young's  "Stoichiometry,"  Longmans,  1908,  pp.  165-170. 

'  Mem.  dell.  Ac.  di  Torino,  (2)  vol.  41  (1890),  pp.  25-78;  Physikalische  Rev.,  vol.  2  (1892) 
pp.  1-32. 

'  Universitatskija  Investia  Kiew,  vol.  6  (1885),  pp.  32-33. 

*  Wied.  Ann.,  (4)  vol.  15  (1904),  pp.  860-864. 

*  These  values  should  now  {igi6)  be  /e=7o6.i°  F.,  5c  =  2o.i  lbs.  per  cu.  ft,  ^£=0.050  cu.  ft 
per  lb. 

C104) 


DISCUSSION  OF  SOURCES   (§9) 

stances,"  the  ratio  of  the  actual  density  at  the  critical  point  to  that  predicted  by  the 
gas  law  is  very  nearly  the  same  for  all  substances,  an  average  value  being  3.7.  The 
discrepancy  between  the  experimental  value  just  found  and  the  computed  value  is 
of  the  same  sort  as  the  well-established  discrepancies  in  the  case  of  methyl  and  ethyl 
alcohol  and  of  acetic  acid,  which  are  regarded  as  indicating  the  existence  of  double 


30<% 


Fig.  8. —  A  determination  by  means  of  Cailletet  and  Mathias's  law  of  the  straight  diameter  of  the  critical 
volume  of  water  and  of  the  specific  volumes  of  water  and  of  steam  at  very  high  temperatures. 

and  triple  molecules  in  those  substances.  A  similar  explanation  in  the  case  of  water 
is  very  reasonable,  since  liquid  water  is  known  to  be  very  highly  associated  at  ordi- 
nary temperatures. 

The  equation  for  s,  written  above,  gives  at  any    temperature  in  the  previously 
unknown  range  between  600°  and  689°  a  value  of 


<i.,.+'i. 


=  ■(-  + 

2  \v^,       v.. 


'St. 


Also  Clapyron's  equation  gives  a  value  of 


A  simple  algebraic  manipulation  of  s  and  ti  gives  both  v^^  and  v^.  The  values  at 
the  end  of  Table  i  were  obtained  in  this  way.  They  are,  of  course,  only  qualita- 
tively reliable  because  of  the  uncertainty  in  L  and  the.efore  in  w. 


(105) 


DISCUSSION  OF  SOURCES   (§  lo) 

§  10.  The  Computation  of  the  Tables 

The  processes  by  which  the  various  values  set  down  in  the  tables  were  obtained 
from  these  experimental  data  are  in  most  cases  obvious.  In  Tables  i  and  2,  the  first 
eight  columns  depend  directly  on  the  data  selected.  The  ninth  column,  giving  the 
internal  energy  of  evaporation,  comes  from  the  formula 

I—L—144  Apu; 

and  the  tenth  column,  giving  the  internal  energy  of  saturated  steam,  from  the  corre- 
sponding formula  „     ^,  , 
^          °                                         £=ii  — 144  Apv. 

The  entropy  of  the  liquid,  in  column  eleven,  was  computed  by  a  step  by  step,  numer- 
ical evaluation  of  the  integral 


c 

-dt 

T 


up  to  212°,  and  above  212°  by  an  ordinary  integation  of  Dieterici's  second  degree 
formula  for  c.  The  entropy  of  evaporation  in  column  twelve  is  LIT.  Column  thir- 
teen is  the  sum  of  columns  eleven  and  twelve. 

In  all  these  cases,  the  required  quantities  were  computed  (usually  to  at  least  one 
extra  significant  figure)  for  each  of  a  suitably  selected  set  of  standard  pressures  or 
temperatures,  and  the  intermediate  values  filled  in  by  interpolations  involving,  at 
times,  differences  of  orders  as  high  as  the  fifih.  For  such  quantities  as  u  and  v,  the 
interpolation  is  easier  and  more  accurate  if  log  u  and  log  v  are  used  instead  of  the 
quantities  themselves. 

In  Table  3,  the  total  heat  and  entropy  increments  from  saturation  at  a  number 
of  standard  pressures  were  computed  by  step  by  step  numerical  integrations  of  the 
Cp  curves  and  the  results  plotted  on  a  large  scale.  Smooth  curves  were  then  drawn 
for  each  of  the  superheats  required  and  the  increments  read  off  for  the  intermediate 
pressures.    A  similar  process  was  carried  through  for  the  specific  volumes. 

Since  Holborn  and  Henning's  observations  on  the  C.  of  superheated  steam  at  atmos- 
pheric pressure  run  to  very  high  temperatures,  and  since  the  spacing  of  the  Cp  curves 
for  higher  pressures  is  no  more  uncertain  at  2000°  superheat  than  at  600°  superheat, 
it  is  possible  to  carry  Table  3  to  extremely  high  superheats  w'ith  an  accuracy  limited 
chiefly  by  the  errors  already  present  below  600°.  This  has  been  done  for  several 
typical  pressures  in  Table  4,  and  similar  values  for  intermediate  pressures  can  be 
obtained  by  interpolation. 

The  final  values  in  all  of  the  tables  have  been  checked  by  the  method  of  differences, 
by  an  independent  computer,  and  as  an  additional  precaution,  many  well-scattered 
numbers  have  been  recomputed  from  the  original  formulae  by  still  another  person 
not  otherwise  connected  with  the  work.  The  authors  will  be  glad  to  receive  information 
as  to  any  errors  that  may  be  discovered. 


p- 


1. 


